Impact of Homeless in Mental Health letter 2022

Running head: IMPACT OF HOMELESSNESS IN MENTAL HEALTH
IMPACT OF HOMELESSNESS IN MENTAL HEALTH
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

1IMPACT OF HOMELESSNESS IN MENTAL HEALTH
Cover Letter
February 17th, 2020
Smith, John Doe
City Council District
United State of America
Dear Council Member:
Following the research work, I wish to for position presentation of homelessness in mental
illness. Concerning my experience and knowledge about homelessness in mental illness, I
feel it is worth being considered as a presenter. I have an in-depth understanding of the
matters related to homelessness in mental illness.
In other words, I possess magical ability to identify factors that can lead to mental illness and
how young people can react to such incidence to offer their support in case mental illness
problems characterize one of them. I know how to use a dashboard visual chart that consists
of a gauge chart growth rate, a bar chart for several orders, an area chart showing how the
disease is spread and how it can be overcome.
I have skills such as communication skills and my experience and I think this will help me to
convey a message with aid of tables and charts. Should there be, any questions or comments
arise, please, I am available through my email and direct contact, as well as ready to provide

2IMPACT OF HOMELESSNESS IN MENTAL HEALTH
any sample as proof. I will be ready to discuss my qualifications in more detail if you allow
me. I can be reached at 503-880-3777 and [e-mail].
Sincerely,
Alice Wong
PO Box 1125
Ocean Park, WA 98640

3IMPACT OF HOMELESSNESS IN MENTAL HEALTH
Executive Summary
Homelessness is a critical issue in the US. Reports indicate that close to half a million
individuals spend their night in inhabitable places such as shelters, abandoned buildings,
sidewalks, and parks. Typically, these individuals encounter extreme difficulties and trying
situations. Multiple policies and interventions have been created by government agencies,
non-governmental organizations, and other social work agencies in an attempt to address the
situation. However, the situation keeps exacerbating, with more and more homeless people
facing challenging situations upon each passing day. There is a consensus that there is a need
for additional research such as this one. This is to generate more knowledge on the problem
and hence lead to a solution. The primary basis of this report is the analogy that certain
factors contribute to homelessness. Additionally, these elements must be considered in
designing intervention programs to enhance the efficiency of these policies. One such critical
factor, which is the main focus of this report, is mental illness. Research indicates that mental
illness is one of the key contributors to homelessness. Also, on the vice-versa, the strain
associated with homelessness increases people’s vulnerability to mental illness. Therefore,
this report attempts to establish a clear link between the issue of homelessness and mental
illness, thus showing that the two problems reinforce each other. The primary goal here is to
convince policymakers to factor in this link as they create interventions to address the two
issues.
The author gathers data from two essential sources. First is primary data, where they
conduct a survey by administering a questionnaire to 30 participants present in two regions.
The second information source entails secondary data where they present findings from
previous studies carried out on the relation between mental illness and homelessness. The
results are then presented through a combination of both text discussions and visuals to
enhance their clarity and conciseness. From the research, there were five essential insights

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acquired. First, is that one in four homeless individuals have a mental illness. Also, across
American cities, mental illness ranked as the third leading cause of homelessness. Another
insight is that most homeless individuals who have mental illness lack sufficient access to
treatment and care. Additionally, while individuals with mental illness are stereotyped as
violent perpetrators, the study found out that these individuals are significant victims of
violence. The final finding, which is a critical finding, shows that better outcomes are
achieved when mental illness case management efforts are merged with housing
interventions. Notably, from these findings, it is clear that homelessness is significantly
interlinked with mental illness. Thus, policymakers must create interventions that address
both issues to guarantee a better outcome for individuals experiencing these issues.

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Table of Contents
Cover Letter...............................................................................................................................1
Introduction................................................................................................................................7
Purpose...................................................................................................................................7
Background............................................................................................................................7
Scope......................................................................................................................................8
Impact of Homelessness on Mental Illness................................................................................8
Scenario of Homelessness in the U.S.....................................................................................8
Mental Illness.......................................................................................................................11
Impact of Homelessness on Mental Illness..........................................................................13
Conclusion................................................................................................................................16
Self Evaluation.........................................................................................................................17
References................................................................................................................................19
Appendix..................................................................................................................................22

6IMPACT OF HOMELESSNESS IN MENTAL HEALTH
List of Figures
Figure 1: Impact of homelessness on the mental health of people in the U.S...........................8
Figure 2: Supply and Demand curve for determining homelessness.......................................10
Figure 3: Global statistics on Mental illness............................................................................12
Figure 4: Conceptual framework stating the relationship between homelessness and mental
health........................................................................................................................................14
Figure 5: Facts related to mental illness and homelessness.....................................................20
Figure 6: Condition among homelessness population.............................................................20

7IMPACT OF HOMELESSNESS IN MENTAL HEALTH
Introduction
Purpose
The report intends to evaluate the influence of not having any home on the
mental condition of people by understanding the impacts of it on mental illness patients. The
research was conducted as well as documented in this report for demonstrating the effects of
homelessness on the U.S. population who face the challenges with respect to their mental
status. The factors related to homelessness will be assessed, which will help in designing the
interventional program for improving the policies related to mental health issues in the U.S.
context. Several factors that are responsible for causing mental illness among people and one
of the contributory factors are stated to be homelessness that has a profound impact on the
health and well-being of people. Therefore, this issue has been undertaken to be addressed in
the report.
Background
In the U.S. Report, the issues of homelessness have been highlighted predominantly
that states that approximately half a million of people are found to stay in inhabitable places
at nights that include abandoned buildings, parks, sidewalks and other shelters (Brignone et
al., 2016). These people are found to face various challenges and encounter varied situations
that affect their mental well-being to a large extent. Over time, these stress factors elevate to
such a level that it leads to issue related to mental illness. According to Ahn (2019), the strain
pressure of being homeless is associated with increase vulnerability toward mental illness and
thus, it is clear that there is a close association between the two variables that reinforce to
each other.

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Figure 1: Impact of homelessness on the mental health of people in the U.S.
Source: (Karaca, Wong & Mutter, 2008)
Scope
The report examines the factors that are associated with homelessness and mental
illness that require an immediate response from the government of the U.S. Several areas
require a collaborative effort from the governmental and non-governmental agencies to
address the issue for estimating the changes required to be made. The primary goal of the
study is to convince the policymakers to understand the link between the variables in order to
establish interventions.
Impact of Homelessness on Mental Illness
Scenario of Homelessness in the U.S.
According to the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, the term homelessness is
stated to be a condition that lack a proper and permanent nighttime residence for an
individual. The legal definition of the concept differs from country to country (Clemens et al.,
2018). As per the estimation made by the Homeless World Cup Foundation, 59110 people in

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the world were considered homeless, which contributes to an increase in 9% from the
previous year. According to the opinion of Ravenhill (2016), the category of homelessness is
stated to be a vulnerable group that is increasing at a drastic rate since the year 2010. On a
rough estimation, on any given night, 4000 people sleep outside. The scenario is not similar
in all the country; however, it is estimated that low-income countries in the continents of Asia
and Africa are more derogative than the western world. However, this is stated to be partially
true in nature. The issues of homelessness in American is found to be prevalent in nature as
35% of the population resides in unsheltered places and approximately 350,000 people are
found to live in emergency shelters and transitional homes (Whitehouse.gov, 2020). The
situation of homelessness involves hardship and desperate situation and offers the limited
choice to the people that may lead to various problems such as substance abuse, duress,
untreated or unidentified mental illness or other outcomes from the well-established policies.
As per the report of Morton et al. (2018), 47% of the unsheltered people in the U.S. is found
to be from California, which contributes to three-fourth of the total homeless population in
the country. The five cities that rank high in the aspects include:
 San Francisco
 Santa Rosa
 Los Angles
 San Jose
 Seattle
The three cities that have the largest population of sheltered homelessness are found to be
located in the Northeastern part of the country that includes:
 New York City
 Boston

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 Washington D.C.
With respect to the supply and demand framework, the major factors that assess the
variation in the rate of homelessness in different communities in the U.S. need to be done.
Figure 2: Supply and Demand curve for determining homelessness
Source: (Smartt et al., 2019)
From the figure, the major drivers of the homeless population were determined that
includes high cost of house that is responsible for overregulation in the housing markets,
tolerance in sleeping on the streets, the supply of homeless shelters and the feature of
individuals in the community. On the social context, the major reasons concerning
homelessness are documented. These involve:
 Domestic violence
 Foreclosure on landlords that may lead to dislodgment of the tenants
 Forced eviction where thousands of people have lost their homes because of the order
of the government for upscaling the area. This involves the building of high-rise
building, construction of roads or other needs. The amount of compensation is

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minimal; thus, the occupants cannot afford to find new housing thus, becomes
homeless (Smartt et al., 2019)
 Lack of accessible healthcare services
 Gentrification which is a process where the neighborhood is filled with wealthy
people and the poor people are decimated
 Afflicted with a disability and the area do not have appropriate disability service
 Transition to foster care home or other systems
 Due to mental distress
 Poverty
 Migration
 Natural disaster
 Social exclusion
 Prison
 Others
Mental Illness
As per the study of Mayo Clinic (2020), mental illness or mental health disorder
refers to a wide range of conditions related to mental health that affects the brain function,
moods and behavior. Various kinds of mental illness include depression, anxiety,
schizophrenia, addiction and eating disorder. Several episodes of mental illness occur among
people from time to time; however, prolonged exposure to it is responsible for affecting the
cognitive behavior and functioning of the brain. As per the report of the World Health
Organisation (2019), one out of four people in the world is affected by it at some point in
their lives. Approximately 450 million individual currently suffers from the condition and
making it one of the leading cause of illness and disability on a global scale. Even though,
treatment to such conditions are available; however, about two-third people are not aware of

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them and thus, do not seek help. Other factors affect the ability to access support for mental
illness are discrimination, stigma and neglect that limit the care and treatment process for
many people. According to the report of WHO, mental illness is not stated to be a personal
failure and thus, response towards it needs to be altered and the issue should be considered
similar to that of physical disorder. As per the opinion of Brown et al. (2020), lack of
information, competing demands and lack of urgency are the factors that restraint the
policymakers to assess the situation related mental illness and addressing the issue that poses
a burden of the global standard. The disorder of depression is considered as the fourth leading
cause of global burden of disease and it is expected to rank second by the end of 2020 after
heart disease.
Figure 3: Global statistics on Mental illness
Source: (Ritchie, 2018)
On the present context, more than 33% of the nations are allocated with less than 1%
of the health budget, mainly focusing on mental health. A limitation in the range of
medications is used for treating the mental illness due to lack of research and investigations.

13IMPACT OF HOMELESSNESS IN MENTAL HEALTH
According to Litz et al. (2018), 25% of the nations are observed not to have ant prescribed
drugs used for treating conditions such as schizophrenia, epilepsy and depression at the
primary healthcare level. In half of the countries in the world, there is only one psychiatrist
for every 100000 patients and approximately 40% of the states have less than one bed for
mental patient reserved per 100000 individuals (Who.int, 2019). The issue is not considered
as a global epidemic as it is not growing exponential and is not a disease of western
capitalism. Thus, it is a warning in the social context that dependent on self-reporting feeling
of people as a result of which, there is no foundation based on which accurate data can be
gathered. As per theta collected from the Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation (IHME), it
was demonstrated that 30 million people on a worldwide basis were suffering from major
depression symptoms in 2017 and about 100 million have milder signs and symptoms of
depression (Rice-Oxley, 2019). According to Callahan et al. (2018), dementia is stated to be
the fastest-growing mental issue in the world.
Impact of Homelessness on Mental Illness
According to the study of Schenck et al. (2017), homeless people are observed to have
a higher prevalence of mental illness than compared to the general population. It can be seen
that these people are found to suffer from drug dependency and alcoholism. Statistically, 20-
25% of the vulnerable people suffer from mental illness as compared to 6% of the non-
homeless people. A survey was conducted in 2015 that stated that 564708 people are outside
at the nigh time in the U.S. Based on the age of the individual and the definition of
homelessness; there are 25% of the population that has a serious mental illness at any given
point. As per the consensus of 2014, 45% of the people that involves 250000 individuals have
a mental illness (Brain & Behavior Research Foundation, 2018). There is an association
between incarceration and homelessness. The people who have a mental illness or substance
abuse are incarcerated at a higher incidence than compared to the general population. One of

14IMPACT OF HOMELESSNESS IN MENTAL HEALTH
the research by Hardy and Gillespie (2016) have identified that the chronic mental illness is
one of the four subtypes of a homeless individual and others include alcoholism, street people
and distress situations. As per the report of the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation,
affective disorders that comprises of bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorder and
substance abuse are the most predominant types of illness among the homeless population.
Many researchers have confirmed the fact that there is an association between mental illness
and homelessness, which is a unique and challenging issue that has a bidirectional aspect.
Rollinson and Pardeck (2018) opined that a person having a mental illness might lead to a
behavioral and cognitive issue that makes it unstable in term of economic and conducting
activities of daily life. The individuals having a mental illness are found to be homelessness
because of poverty and lack of low-income housing. The collaborative factors of these two
aspects lead to other issues such as consumption of high level of drugs or alcohol, abuse and
victimization that are connected to the health and well-being of people.

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Figure 4: Conceptual framework stating the relationship between homelessness and
mental health
(Source: Mind.org.uk, 2020)
A study conducted by O’Toole et al. (2016), homelessness people with mental illness
are found to encounter with the legal systems with police and courts. For example, the rate of
contact with the criminal justice system among homeless people have severe signs such as
psychosis is higher than people who live at home having a mental illness. Therefore,
homeless adults having a mental illness are prone to abuse or neglect during their childhood
and thus, are more likely to be arrested for crimes or become victims of crime. The impact of
homelessness on mental illness is due to the fact, which is found to be through the effect on
mothers of the families. For example, the mother who experiences postpartum depression
during the first year after birth is stated to have a higher possibility of homelessness or other
factors that may lead to such incidents in their lives. In one of the studies, it was found that
17000 children in Denmark were at a high frequency of psychiatric disorders than other
children. The illness and health issues may be responsible for causing homelessness
(Ravenhill, 2016). One of the major mental illnesses among such an individual was found to
be chronic schizophrenia. With worsening of the disabilities among mentally ill people, the
ability to cope with the behavior and attitude were strained. In the absence of an appropriate
therapeutic intervention and offer housing arrangement, it results in residing in the streets.
Another significant example of an illness that may lead to homelessness is AIDS, as the
disease progress, it leads to more severe and repetitive episodes of opportunistic infection
thus, limiting professional and personal activities; as a result, it led to social inclusion. Other
issues that may contribute to this issue are dependence on drug, alcoholism, disability or
other mental illness that lead to the higher expense of healthcare services.

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In the study conducted by the National Centre on Family Homelessness, it was
identified that there are two predictors of long-term residential instability that offer insight
into the outcomes of homeless families. It was found that trauma is one of the drivers in
residential instability. Other four indicators that may lead to homelessness are
unemployment, low level of literacy rate, low self-esteem and poor health (Samhsa.gov,
2016). From the study, it was found that 93% of adult woman have a history of trauma in
their lifetime. Davies and Wood (2016) opined that interpersonal victimization was one of the
prevalent types of trauma among the study sample. Among the participants, half of them were
sexually abused, and two-thirds of the children were physically abused. In another study, it
was found that trauma was common among mothers of homeless families; as a result, it has
an impact on the family functioning and its ability to stabilize. Therefore, the National Center
has recommended the service providers to increase the education and awareness level in term
of the prevalence of trauma and its role in long-term residential instability. The use of various
tools needs to be employed that will help the clients to assess and cope with the trauma and
application of trauma-informed care to those people that are homeless and having a mental
illness.
Conclusion
From the report, it can be concluded that mental illness is one of the major factors that
lead to homelessness. The study revealed that the fact that people who are homeless are prone
to have a mental illness than compared to those who have a home to stay at night. The issue
of homelessness is major and prevalent in the United States. A major percentage of the
population is found to be homeless is some of the essential cities not only in the U.S. but also
all over the world. The mental disorders are increasing in a drastic manner in the world as a
result of which, it is stated as one of the significant disorders after heart disease that led to the
highest level of mortality. The significance of conducting the report was to assess the factors

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that contribute to causing distress and strained living so that the policymaker understand the
issue is of grave concern for the world and require immediate interventions that may be
useful in addressing it in an effective manner. Therefore, the information gathered in this
study was useful and conclusive in nature that supported in offering valid evidence with the
context of the homelessness and mental illness among the people.
Self-Evaluation
While conducting the research, I had to access various websites, database, search
engines, libraries and other research tools that helped me in accessing various kinds of
information related to homelessness and mental health. The databases that I had accessed
included Google Scholar, CINHAL, Medline, NCBI and other official websites that allowed
me in gaining appropriate information related to the research topic.
I took around five to six days for completing the research purpose. I had gathered a
large number of resources that were related to the topic. In this case, I had to open each of the
resources to see whether the text was openly accessed and are full-text. This had reduced the
number of resources that are required for using them in the report. The resources were read
and understood that would support in gaining background information on the topic. After
that, the draft was prepared within two days, where all the sections were critically written.
In the report, the resources that are used are authentic, current and valid in nature.
Thus, it can be stated that these factors are a positive side of the report that will help in
conducting the final report. Another thing that is critical in nature because comprehensive and
in-depth research was conducted that helped in gaining relevant information related to
homelessness, mental health and the impact of both aspects were assessed. Therefore, this
will help in widening the scope of the report in a specific manner.

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As per my opinion, the areas that I need to work on more for improving the context
and scope of the research are to gain an understanding of the methods used in conducting the
report, as I did not critically appraise each of the resource used in this article. Moreover, I
need to focus on a particular area or community to undertake the report. As it is found that,
the report is based on the American population; thus, the scope of the study is broad, which
need to be narrowed down for understanding the issue in a more focused manner.
I would like the help of my assessor to help in assessing important information related
to the population in concern because there are limited government sites that provide accurate
information related to mental illness and homelessness.
I have collected two visuals in order to conduct the assignment. The first one is
related to the statistic that showed a clinical profile of discharge patients who were homeless
and suffered from different types of mental illness. Karaca, Wong and Mutter (2008)
collected this from an article and the second visual offered valuable information on the topic.
It offers five critical facts of homelessness and mental illness that was collected from the
website of National Homeless that was published in 2018.
I have cited a number of works on this particular report such as Brain & Behavior
Research Foundation, Mayo Clinic, White House reports, reports from World Health
Organisation and other credible journals that allowed in addressing the issue and offering
valid information related to it in the report.

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Fargo, J. D. (2016). Differential risk for homelessness among US male and female
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Appendix
Figure 5: Facts related to mental illness and homelessness
Figure 6: Condition among homelessness population