Impact of Recession on Side Hustles and Self-Employment in Nigeria

This report investigates the impact of economic recession on the proliferation of side hustles in Nigeria. It begins by outlining the research questions, aims, and objectives, focusing on the background, justification, and ethical considerations of the study, as well as its limitations. The literature review examines the causes and consequences of recession in Nigeria, including its effects on business development and side business formation. The methodology section details the research design, type, approaches, techniques, and ethical considerations, as well as the study and sample populations, data collection instruments, and methods of data analysis. The data analysis chapter presents both quantitative and qualitative findings, while the conclusion summarizes the study's findings, recommendations, and areas for future research. The research concludes that while recession has increased the number of self-employed individuals, most side hustles are illegal and do not contribute to Nigeria's economic growth.

Impact of recession has increased side hustle in Nigeria
Name of the student:
Name of the University:
Author note:

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Abstract:
Present paper was aimed to set out the course of the study through depicting the research
question, aim and objective of the same. This has primarily focus on the research
background, justification of the same and the ethical considerations that has research
followed for the analysis has been described. Besides this the study focused on the limitation
of the research.
From the entire discussion, the researcher has come to the conclusion that increasing side
hustle ultimately cannot improve the economic growth of Nigeria. This implies that most of
the side hustles fall under illegal activities, side as smuggling and so on. Hence, it is also
essential, in this section, to analyse whether the researcher has successfully fulfilled all
research question. From analysis, it is observed that recession has increased the number of
self-employed people in Nigeria though it cannot change the economic growth of this
country. Hence, based on entire analysis it can be said that the increasing number of side
hustle has increased after recession in an illegal way and for this it cannot contribute enough
to the country’s economic condition.
Keyword:
Side hustle in Nigeria, Nigeria side hustle, Nigeria side hustle recession impact, recession
impact on side hustle, recession impact on self emplloyment

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................3
1.1 Introduction:................................................................................................................3
1.2 Research aims and objective and question:......................................................................3
1.2.1 Research question:....................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Research aims:..........................................................................................................3
1.2.3 Research objective:...................................................................................................3
1.2 Research background:.................................................................................................3
1.3 Research justification:.................................................................................................4
2.8 Chapter summary:............................................................................................................4
1.5 Ethical consideration:.......................................................................................................5
1.6 Research limitation:.........................................................................................................5
1.7 Structure of the study:......................................................................................................6
1.8 Chapter summary:............................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................6
2.1 Introduction:.....................................................................................................................6
2.2 Economic Recession in Nigeria:......................................................................................7
2.3 Causes of Recession within Nigeria:................................................................................8
2.3.1 The economic recession in Nigeria due to the financial crisis:.................................8
2.3.2 Economic recession which has taken place through the other factors of Nigeria:..10
2.4 General Consequences of the Economic Recession in Nigeria:....................................11
2.5 Effect of the business development over the Economic Recession:..............................11
2.6 Impact of Recession over the side business formation:.................................................14
2.7 Side hustles in Nigeria:..................................................................................................14
2.8 Chapter summary:..........................................................................................................16
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................17
3.1 Research Design:............................................................................................................17
3.2 Research Type:...............................................................................................................18
3.3 Research approaches:.....................................................................................................19
3.4 Research Techniques and Ethics:...................................................................................20
3.5 Study Population:...........................................................................................................21
3.6 Sample population:.........................................................................................................22

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3.7 Sample techniques:.........................................................................................................22
3.8 Data Collection instrument and method of administration:...........................................22
3.9 Primary data:..................................................................................................................23
3.9.1 Design of questionnaire:.........................................................................................23
3.9.2 Interviews:...............................................................................................................23
3.10 Secondary data:............................................................................................................23
3.11Method of data analysis:...............................................................................................24
3.12 Limitations of Research:..............................................................................................25
3.13 Conclusion:..................................................................................................................26
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS..................................................................................26
4.1 Introduction:...................................................................................................................26
4.2 Data analysis:.................................................................................................................26
4.2.1 Quantitative data analysis:......................................................................................26
4.3 Secondary Qualitative Analysis:....................................................................................58
4.4.1 Impact of economic recession in Nigeria:...............................................................58
4.4.2 Improvement of Nigerian economy by adopting diversification:...............................59
4.3 Chapter summary:..........................................................................................................60
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.........................................60
5.1 Introduction:...................................................................................................................60
5.2 Finding of the study:......................................................................................................60
5.3 Conclusion and recommendation of the study:..............................................................61
5.4 Ethical consideration:.....................................................................................................62
5.5 Future work:...................................................................................................................62
References:...............................................................................................................................63

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
This introductory chapter is aimed to set out the course of the study through depicting the
research question, aim and objective of the same. This chapter will primarily focus on the
research background, justification of the same and the ethical considerations that has research
followed for the analysis has been described. Besides this this chapter focuses on the
limitation of the research.
1.2 Research aims and objective and question:
1.2.1 Research question:
Primary question of the study is as follows:
What is the impact of the recession on the side hustle of Nigeria?
1.2.2 Research aims:
Aim of the present study is as follows:
 To determine the impact of the recession on the side hustle of Nigeria
 To check the trend of the side hustle in Nigeria
 To validate whether side hustle has impact on the livelihood of the Nigerian people
 To judge how recession has impacted the life of Nigerian people
1.2.3 Research objective:
Objective of the present research is as follows:
 Checking the impact of the recession on the performance of Nigerian economy
 Determining the self-employment level of Nigeria under recession
 Analysing the effect of recession on the livelihood of the people considering private
savings and disposable income
 Judging the economic impact of side hustle in Nigeria
1.2 Research background:
The economic recession is also being referred as the financial crisis as well as the economic
crisis and the financial crisis as well. This is the time when the economy is slowed. This is
characterised with the devaluation of the financial institutions and the declining of the
productivity. This often takes place because of reckless and unsustainable money which is

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being lend. The economic recession is being known as the period of general decline of the
economy and is accompanied typically through a drop within the stock market and the
unemployment is increased and thus, a decline is observed within the housing market.
In the year 2016, in Nigeria, the things were turned austere specifically and gave birth to long
impregnate recession (Watkins, 2019). This gave rise to the rate of unemployment
considering the youths of Nigeria. As a flow, the goods prices and the services were
increased continuously by over 100% (Thieme, 2018). There was the devaluation of the
purchasing power. Failures were experienced within several companies which were highly
profiled. The production facilities of the multinational companies have shifted their facilities
out of Nigeria. This is the study where numerous measures are being suggested by the
researchers that is being required to recover the economy of Nigeria. Under this scenario it
can be seen that majority of the population of the state has been doing self-employable job
giving rise to the research regarding the same.
1.3 Research justification:
With the rise in the recession in Nigeria during 2009, there has been phenomenon growth in
the side hustle in the state. Cocoa Farming business of the country Nigeria as well as the
marketing of the production of cocoa within Nigeria has increased rapidly. The cocoa
farming business of Nigeria is being regarded as one of the major business investments of the
country regarding the foreign as well as the local investors in the business of agriculture.
Next to this, business of copy writing as well as the IT security and the Cyber Security side
hustle within Nigeria emerged as the prime alternative source of the Nigerian employment
(Kehoe, 2018). Though it was clear that side hustle has been largely impacted by the
recession in the state, yet no study has been there regarding the same. Thus analysing the
phenomenon is crucial as this will enable the government of Nigeria and the reader to
understand in terms of personal employment where Nigeria stand and what can be done for
future sustainability of the state.
2.8 Chapter summary:
For the prevention of the meltdown of the economy and to bounce back towards the
economic buoyancy within Nigeria, there should be the adoption of the numerous way-outs
as well as recommendation which is being required to be adopted in an efficient manner due
to the limitation of times. When these recommendations are being adopted by the
Government and the stakeholders as well, then it is required to be counted as an opportunity
for the country Nigeria. The recommendations are like:

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 The statutory responsibilities considering the law enforcement agencies are
required to be clearly stated for the prevention of the discharging of the
misalignment of the responsibilities,
 The corruption is being regarded as a deadly disease within the governance which
is being combated with the utilisation of the strict and the deadly punishments
like the death sentence as well as life imprisonment.
 The citizens of the country are required to be empowered for the making of the
reports, through the numerous means towards the established agencies which has
guided against the unlawful acts.
This is the study which has suggested a synchronisation among the fiscal measures as well as
the monitory policy towards the direction of the increment of the liquidity within the
economy, the decreasing rates of the interests, the employment and the increasing investment
along with the increment of the income of the economic entities. The recession is being
regarded as an economic cycle which is involved in affecting the entire economy all over the
world.
1.5 Ethical consideration:
Ethical consideration is one of the essential parts of every research work as it defines the dos
and don’ts of the researchers. As per the ethical code of conduct of the research, every
researcher is bound to follow the ethical perspectives of research so as to ensure no biasness
in survey and interviews (Ravenelle, 2019). The paper considers ethical consideration at the
time of survey. The researcher provides flexibility to each respondent for providing answers.
Moreover, the researcher does not reveal the identity of respondents for their security.
Besides this, it can also be mentioned that researcher also let the respondents know the reason
of survey so as to reduce the biasness in their responses. With flexibility in casting response,
researcher allow respondents to join with the survey freely underpinning the main focus of
the ethical code of conduct of research.
1.6 Research limitation:
When it comes to research limitation, then every research work have some. This present
study has been done considering the case of the Nigeria and it has considered both the
primary and secondary data for the analysis. However, it has not considered the interview that
can enable the researcher to get in depth knowledge about the real situation. Moreover,
though the researcher has followed the ethical codes of research, yet there is ample scope that
the collected data is not free from error as they have been collected virtually. Besides, it is

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also true that there was no outlier within the dataset, yet it is limited to Nigerian people only.
Thus, generalisation of the same cannot be done as different economy has different set of
characteristics that are unique in nature. Lastly, it can be stated that it has considered the
respondents irrespective of the region of Nigeria. Thus, this study only provides overall
recessionary impact on the side hustle in Nigeria, rather than providing region specific
outcome.
1.7 Structure of the study:
This study is divided into five chapters which are introductory chapter, literature review,
methodology, data analysis and conclusive chapter. Introductory chapter sets the course of
the study as it defines the main research question, aims and objective. Moving forward, in
case of literature review, it defines the previous literary studies and the evidences of the
recession on the side hustle of Nigeria. Through the utilisation of the previous literary
evidence, this chapter showcased the literature gap in case of the phenomenon under
research. In next chapter, research methodology has been explained. This chapter is one of
the essential chapters as it defines the method of data collection, method of data analysis and
the how all the calculations will be done. Besides this, this chapter defines the hypothesis
based upon which researcher has done data analysis in next chapter. In data analysis chapter,
researcher has showcased all the finding of the statistical analysis in tabular and graphical
format. With utilisation of the SPSS software, researcher has conducted inferential statistical
analysis and the outcome of the same has been presented in this chapter. Lastly, in fifth
chapter researcher has demonstrated all the finding and the limitation of the researcher.
Providing in depth discussion of the finding of the research, in this chapter, researcher, has
provided conclusion to the study.
1.8 Chapter summary:
Present chapter of the study was aimed to demonstrate the research question, aims and
objective of the research. Through depicting the research structure, it has demonstrated the
research justification, background of the research and the ethical perspective as well as
limitation that the present study have.
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction:
This is the study which will discuss about the effect of recession which has increased the side
hustle in Nigeria. Nigeria has experienced doldrums for a long period along with five
consecutive quarters when the economy is being shrinking. The economy as well as the

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business cycle is being regarded as one of the precious interesting topics within the modern
macroeconomics theory. The economy of Nigeria is being gradually shifting from the
economic recession towards the entire economic meltdown that is catastrophic, deadly as
well as heart-breaking in nature (Ravenelle, 2019). Nigeria is being regarded as the hub of the
economy of Western Africa which is stagnant. The declaration of the global financial crisis is
being followed. The financial crisis as well as the global economy is being regarded as a
major concern of the economists, the political leaders and the financial institution managers
over the world. When the global financial crisis is being expressed, then it is expedient as this
is being regarded as the foundation and the spine of the developing economy (Kilimani,
2017). This is the place where Nigeria is being included.
In the year 2016, in Nigeria, the things were turned austere specifically and gave birth to long
impregnate recession (Murray, 2018). This gave rise to the rate of unemployment
considering the youths of Nigeria. As a flow, the goods prices and the services were
increased continuously by over 100%. There was the devaluation of the purchasing power.
Failures were experienced within several companies which were highly profiled. The
production facilities of the multinational companies have shifted their facilities out of
Nigeria. This is the study where numerous measures are being suggested by the researchers
that is being required to recover the economy of Nigeria.
2.2 Economic Recession in Nigeria:
The word economic recession is comprised of two words that is the Economic and the other
is the Recession. As per the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the term Economic specifies about
the management of production, the distribution as well as the goods consumption and the
service consumption. Recession is mentioned as the time of reduced economic activities.
Earlier the economic activities are mentioned as the distribution, the production and
consumption (Wright et al., 2018). As per a study, the recession is being termed as a general
downturn within an economy. This is the thing which is linked with high employment,
maximum inflation and slowing of the gross domestic product.
The economic recession is also being referred as the financial crisis as well as the economic
crisis and the financial crisis as well. This is the time when the economy is slowed. This is
characterised with the devaluation of the financial institutions and the declining of the
productivity. This often takes place because of reckless and unsustainable money which is
being lend (Agri et al., 2017). The economic recession is being known as the period of
general decline of the economy and is accompanied typically through a drop within the stock

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market and the unemployment is increased and thus, a decline is observed within the housing
market.
As per some scholars, the cession is known as the period when there is a decline which is
observed significantly considering six months at a minimum. This specifies about a drop
within the following economic indicators:
 Real Gross Domestic Product.
 The individuals’ income level and the government revenue generation.
 Manufacturing,
 Employment and
 Retail Sales.
2.3 Causes of Recession within Nigeria:
There exist two chief reasons for the occurrence of the recession within Nigeria, which are:
 The economic recession which has taken place due to the financial crisis and the
global economic.
 Economic recession which has taken place through the other factors of Nigeria.
2.3.1 The economic recession in Nigeria due to the financial crisis:
The present global crisis has been introduced as a financial crisis which is presently known as
the global economic crisis. This is the crisis which is unprecedented regarding the severity of
the credit contraction. This is having the roots within the segment of banks while not
considering the foreign exchange or the securities market. This is the crisis which is being
born within US as there are certain laxities, which is there within US (Jack & Ibekwe, 2018).
This is then spread towards Europe and then over the entire developing countries and spread
globally. Some of the countries which is not being affected by the financial crisis whereas,
these countries then became effected in the second round as this crisis has turned into
economic issues now.
:

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Source: (Jack & Ibekwe, 2018)
An economic boom is being followed as the global financial crisis among the year 2003 and
the year 2007. This is the period, when the world economy is being expanding for an average
of 5% in a year. While, a combination of factors has precipitated the current crisis which has
combined the emergence of the subprime rates within the housing sector of USA, which is
being deepening the crisis of the financial market, the crude prices of oil is risen and the
surges within the commodity prices where the series of the bankruptcy is triggered, forced
mergers, employment loss, firm concerns and closures within the corridors of the analysts of
economic policy within USA and the major capitalist economies. Within the financial crisis
course, there is the dropping of the rate of the economic growth rate towards about 1%
among the fourth quarter of 2007 and third quarter of the year 2008 (Aminu & Oyefesbobi,
2018).
The sub-prime crisis impact has been spread well over US, which has reasoned a widespread
squeeze within liquidity as well credit. There is a hike within a price of the primary
commodities, the speculation has fuelled this partly, where the financial crisis is being shifted
towards the commodity markets. The challenge is being added considering the intent of
policy makers and avoiding the recession. The inflation is kept under control at the same
time. The negative effects of the financial crisis of the world has been revealed by the Global
Development Finance which has reasoned liquidity as well as the further assets has been
flown towards the developing countries within Nigeria for dropping by 41% in the year 2008

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(Otache, 2017). As per the same source, in the year 2007, from the peak of $ 1.2 million, the
expansion of the finance has been moved towards the developing countries which is being
sharply dropped down in the year 2008 to $ 707 million. This is being revealed, from the
projection about the dropping of the capital flows further by $363 billion in the year 2009
(Moa et al., 2016).
The current financial crisis which has happened globally has taken place because of
numerous factors which is comprised of numerous things like:
 The United States housing market is collapsed.
 The regulatory conditions of the tax financial.
 The implementation deficiency of the conditions of the strict corporate governance
within US and within most of the developing economies.
Many businesses are being crumbled due to the global financial crisis where the other
corporate giants which are formidable are being included over the world. Regarding these
unusual circumstances, the economic crisis of the country of Nigeria is being drawing the
attention. Nigeria has been passing through the booming cycle of oil from the late 1970 till
the commencement of this period. From the preceding decade, the economy of Nigeria is
caught within a prolonged stagnation which is obvious within the late period during the year
2015 (Eteng et al., 2018). This is the thing which is being coupled along with the financial
crisis which is systematic. This is the reason behind the tagging of the era of the researcher as
the crisis era. This has been marked as memorable due to the dropping of the economic
activity as well as, there is the weakening of the financial system.
2.3.2 Economic recession which has taken place through the other factors of Nigeria:
The oil boom is being regarded as the other reason of the economic recession within Nigeria.
There was a massive increase of the revenue of oil after the Middle-East war at the ear 1973.
This has structured unexpected, unprecedented and unplanned wealth considering the country
of Nigeria. This has given rise to a dramatic shift of the policy from an approach which is
holistic, till the time they are benchmarked against the oil sector state. Moreover, when the
environment of business is conducive considering the new investments, there is the
investment of the newfound wealth of the government within the socio-economic
infrastructure over the country, especially within the urban countries (Marshal & Solomon,
2017). While, a growth is being observed within the service sector. Many of the Nigerians,
those are able-bodied are being shifted because of the relative attractiveness of the urban
sector from the hinterland, where the farmlands are being abandoned considering the cities