Conflict Management Styles in Organizations

This assignment delves into the crucial topic of conflict management styles within organizations. It examines different approaches to resolving conflicts, including collaborative, compromising, avoiding, accommodating, and competing styles. The assignment likely analyzes the theoretical underpinnings of these styles, presents relevant research findings on their effectiveness, and discusses practical implications for managing conflict in diverse organizational contexts.

EMPLOYEE RELATIONS

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Task 1: Context of employee relations in a changing background..................................................2
1.1 Description of unitary and pluralistic frame of reference......................................................2
1.2 Impact of trade unionism in employee relations....................................................................3
1.3 Role of main players in employee relations...........................................................................4
Task 2: Nature of industrial conflict and its resolution process......................................................5
2.1 Steps to follow in order to deal with conflict situations........................................................5
2.2 Key characteristics of employee relations in a conflict situation...........................................7
2.3 Impact of process used in conflict resolution.........................................................................8
Task 3: Collective bargaining and process of negotiation...............................................................9
3.1 Role of negotiation in collective bargaining..........................................................................9
3.2 Impact of negotiation strategy..............................................................................................10
Task 4: Concept of employee participation and involvement.......................................................11
4.1 Impact of EU on industrial democracy in the UK...............................................................11
4.2 Comparison between the methods that are used to enhance employee involvement in
decision-making process............................................................................................................12
4.3 Impact of HRM on employee relations................................................................................13
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................14
Reference list.................................................................................................................................15
Page 1 of 17

Introduction
The business organizations these days are very much aware of the fact that employees are the
biggest strength factors in order to have a competitive advantage over the rival business
organizations. Therefore, every business organization tries to maintain healthy employee
relations. According to Karl et al. (2016), this can enhance the overall performance of the
business organization and can provide them with a competitive advantage over the other business
organizations.
The main aim of this particular study is to evaluate the importance of employee relations in terms
of a business organization. Along with that, the study also aims to satisfy the fact that how the
business organizations these days maintain the aspect related to the employee relation. In
addition to that, the study has also described the role of human resource management in order to
maintain the conflict situations in the organization. Along with that, the study also provides an
ample amount of information regarding the process of collective bargaining and negotiation
process.
Task 1: Context of employee relations in a changing background
1.1 Description of unitary and pluralistic frame of reference
Unitary frame of reference
Unitary frames which start starting with the qualities and supposition said that working
environment clash may be not expected on act alternately connection between the administration
faculty and Worker. A clash begins starting with two's behaved alternately event which felt the
impact on the other representative on submitting further issue.
Pluralistic frame of reference
In this frames, those association deviates firm under capable and different sub-group. Every
aggregation need its identity or legitimate devotion what's more admiration for their article also a
pioneer. According to Hooghe and Oser (2016), those two fundamental sub-groups in the
Page 2 of 17

pluralist see need aid those oversaw economy What's more exchange unions. Subscribing will
distinctive values Also targets. For the great part association pluralism represents similarly as
additional suitableness and immaculate. This may be additionally preferred with describing work
connections.
1.2 Impact of trade unionism in employee relations
The trade union may be influenced when progressions are aggravated previously, association
arrangements. Therefore, The point when progressions would be settled on for exchange union it
effects Worker relationship. The principal objective of the trade union may be should bring out
the association the middle of those workers with those administration frameworks with the goal
that misconceptions need aid uprooted. A trade union is set inside an association to gather
representative idea and pasquinade it of the management. Hence, that procedure about group
bartering takes spot to resolution clash circumstances (Heery, 2016). The part of the trade union
is connected with ensuring profession integrity, providing for helter-skelter pay of the labor,
ensures Worker safety Furthermore provide for retirement Furthermore wellbeing reductions.
In addition to that, such approach needs to be constructed workable for fabricating a solid
coordinated effort for national and the worldwide organizations which need expanded worker
enthusiasm. Because of the progressions in the arrangements trade union have the capacity
should impact substance What's more progression for occupation. Hence, human privileges need
aid pushed for the assistance for exchange union. Similarly, innovations were embraced which
need to be aided the workers will lessen their trouble with Lesquerella occasion when utilization.
Legislations in Employment Protection Act 1975, Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, Sex
Discrimination Act 1975 might have been produced to ensuring work premium Also provides for
the esteem of the association. The rate from claiming vocation may be lessened following the
shaping of the trade union (Harvey et al. 2017).
However, the interest to trade union needs to be constructed intense progressions alongside
period. It needs to be indicated enthusiasm toward giving work to instruction Furthermore
preparing of the workers will move forward their information Also create abilities. Such
progressions need to be influenced representative connection. Expressed that those trade unions
need set their organization security which will be dependent upon representative privileges
Page 3 of 17

Furthermore occupation creation that needs to aid them intending to social union. Worker
connection need turned into stronger likewise trade union took assurance of giving the protected
attempting condition, wage security What's more ability portability. Such approach needs to be
provided for the certainty of the laborers to a worth of effort to the association and assistance
them to boosting benefit.
1.3 Role of main players in employee relations
Employees
Those workers take part in choice making and stake their choices in front of the administration.
They tune in of the bosses and move forward their attempting state. Those staffs connected with
an association offer their thoughts and see with economy.
Employers
When it hails will giving livelihood chances those managements are the primary hotspot for
expressing those pay structure. They arrange those terms furthermore states in regards
occupation. Businesses need aid those connected with the undertaking about recruiting hopefuls
that will be best suiting for association part. Moreover, preparation is provided for on sake of the
manager along these lines that assignment can be a chance to be conveyed crazy unhesitatingly.
Besides, Worker inspiration will be administered also made with do their regarded assignment
viably. With the association about employer, association revels in viable correspondence
channels which create common reductions. Moreover, according to Gold (2017), directors
alternately other bosses are a greater amount worried about accomplishing a large amount of
worth of effort effectiveness along these lines that aggressive playing point can be picked up.
They additionally assume their part in posting of the professional unions and stake suitableness
choice making with representatives.
Government
The part of administration should make furthermore uphold working environment agreement
because of which a few approaches What's more regulations need aid executed. The
administration tries with support success in the public eye toward giving Equity to each distinct.
Page 4 of 17

Moreover, legislature tenets are made to behavior a reasonable association and provide An
reasonable choice.
Trade unions
The part of a trade union will be mostly connected with those representatives as group bartering
takes spot which examines vocation terms also states. They secure employee’s good concerning
illustration a few legislations need aid embraced toward them. The part of those trade union will
be to speak to the employee’s assumption in front of the administration.
Employee association
Representative cooperation serves parts over navigating lawful scene which empowers to staying
up to date with progressions on working state. Generally, such companionship may be set up will
the table preparation of the parts and provide for recruitment backing. There is representative
cooperation that takes part in group bartering for the parts (Dyer and Song, 2015).
Task 2: Nature of industrial conflict and its resolution process
2.1 Steps to follow in order to deal with conflict situations
Below are six steps that can help the managers to deal with the conflict situations in the
workplace.
Find out the reason
Clearing up includes getting of the heart of the clash. Those objective from claiming this step
may be will get both sides should consent once the thing that the difference is. On do this, you
need with talk about the thing that necessities need aid not being met looking into both sides of
the clash Furthermore guarantee shared comprehension. Throughout the process, acquire
likewise considerably majority of the data concerning illustration time permits starting with each
side's purpose about perspective. Keep on going should solicit inquiries until you are sure that
the sum gatherings included (you Furthermore the individuals with respect to whichever side of
the conflict) see those issue.
Page 5 of 17

Generate a common goal
In this venture of the process, both sides concur on the fancied Conclusion of the clash. "The
point when people recognize that they're working towards the same goal, then they're the entire
more adept to take part truthfully on verify that the scope that conclusion objective together". To
finish this, talk what each party might want with view happen What's more Figure a shared
characteristic ahead both sides as a beginning stage to An imparted Conclusion. That shared
characteristic can be a chance to be concerning illustration straightforward similarly as "both
sides need to end those clash ".
Find out ways to meet the goal
According to Devonish (2013), this includes listening, communicating, furthermore
conceptualizing together. Proceed for both sides working together will talk routes that they can
meet those objective they assented to for venture 2. Continue onward until every last one of
alternatives needs aid debilitated.
Find out the barriers regarding goal
In this step of the process, the two gatherings recognize what need brought them under the clash
Furthermore discuss the thing that issues might prevent An determination. Comprehension those
workable issues that might make encountered along the best approach gives you proactively
Figure results Also have arrangements set up will handle issues. Define the thing that can and
can't a chance to be changed in those circumstances. To the things that can't a chance to be
changed, examine approaches for getting around the individuals barricades.
Agree on a particular way to resolve conflict
Both gatherings need with come to a Decision on the best determination. Begin by distinguishing
results that both sides might live with. Ask both sides furthermore perceive the place there may
be shared conviction. Then begin on examine the obligation every party need on keeping up the
result. It’s likewise paramount to utilize this chance on get of the root foundation to guarantee
this clash won't come up once more. A ton of times when we attempt with fix problems, we get
so made up for lost time over settling it that we don't recognize what we have to do thereabouts it
doesn't happen.
Page 6 of 17

Acknowledge the agreed solution
Both sides compelling reason with own their obligation in the determination of the clash also
express distinctly what they have concurred with (Chan et al. 2014). Since both gatherings need
to be recognized win-win circumstance.
2.2 Key characteristics of employee relations in a conflict situation
Worker relations assume a paramount part so as to deal with the clash circumstances for an
association. When it goes off the magic Characteristics of the representative relations with wrist
bindings the clash situations, it relies upon those kinds of the clash. A standout amongst the
qualities that those business association needs to administer so as will relieve those clash issues
is the participation amidst those workers. The representative's compelling reason should
comprehend that truth that what they need aid really completing what's more entryway they
might help one another so as to improve that general profit of the association. Alongside that,
oversaw economy of the association also needs on urge those methodologies of open Also
transparent correspondence amidst those workers. It could help that administration of the
association to purpose those clash circumstances. What's more on that, BMA what’s more NHS
additionally requires manufacturing trust amidst them. So, that they might see all the every
other’s circumstances and In light of their common understanding, they can be detracting any
choice. On the different hand, the representative relations might assistance the workers will get
the consideration of the audience. Therefore, it could effectively help the management of a
business association to decrease the measure from claiming clash in the association. Moreover,
as the workers might attempt should see all the every other’s situation; accordingly, it might
furnish them for that simplicity about Comprehension those general clash circumstances.
Alongside that, In those business association need An solid representative connection amidst
their employee, that point it might be simple to those oversaw economy on recognizing any sort
of clash that might emerge in the business association. According to Carmody-Bubb et al.
(2015), solid representative connection not best predicts the approaching clash situation, it may
be additionally equipped with figure out the purpose behind the clash circumstances. Alongside
that, In those representatives for an association bring a suitableness connection amidst them it
may be simple to oversee the clash circumstances. Furthermore will that, an additional part that
Page 7 of 17

might a chance to be thought seriously about will be the transform of the arrangement. Alongside
that, whether every last one of representative’s attempts to assist one another to their business
functionalities, after that it can be naturally diminishes the measure of clash amidst those
associations.
2.3 Impact of process used in conflict resolution
In any sort of situation, if there may be an inclusion for more than one person, those possibilities
about clash climbs up. Therefore, it may be the obligation of the economy of the business
association will handle an alternate sort of clash circumstances that thus enhances the general
gainfulness. The following need aid the distinctive sort of clash determination methodology also
their effect.
Obliging
Those methodologies about pleasing principally puts underscore on the collaboration instead of
the emphaticness. This sort of approach principally happens when a party may be contributing in
place to secure a victory, similarly as they are not capable on recognize an elective alternative.
This sort of methodology mostly assembles a solid association amidst the workers. What's more
on that, it also assembles a suitableness relationship with those administrations of the workers.
Avoiding
Avoiding those clash circumstance implies that a standout amongst the gatherings avoiding those
correspondence in regards those issue that generates those clash. According to Carlson (2016), a
standout amongst those profits of this approach is those reality that In Any individual of the
gatherings abstains from the communication, it promptly stops the clash circumstance.
Therefore, it can be a chance to be said that this specific approach mostly serves those business
association to prevent the clash circumstance instantly.
Collaborating
This specific style basically includes those diverse gatherings the individuals fill in together to
purpose those clash issue Furthermore both of the gatherings come into the correspondence
Page 8 of 17

methodology for a winning attitude. It is a correct arrangement style so as to purpose the formal
clash particular circumstances. A standout amongst the greatest preferences about this approach
will be those ways it generates the sense of arrangement amidst those parties, accordingly those
clash might a chance to be figured out how inside a short the long run compass.
Trade off
Haggling will be viewed as similarly as the approach from claiming trade off that is utilized
within those clash determination procedure. The gatherings connected with those clashes might
need those readinesses on trade off the procedure about clash determination. Similarly as it needs
a large amount for passionate value, Hence it could help the business association to unravel those
clash issues internally.
Meeting
In this specific approach, those clash determination basically includes a standout amongst those
party’s wishes most importantly alternate gatherings included in the clash transform. The
primary advantage about this methodology is the emphaticness way. It can be assistance a
business association to decrease those numbers from claiming clash issues.
Task 3: Collective bargaining and process of negotiation
3.1 Role of negotiation in collective bargaining
Possibilities to clash determination done arrangement and haggling assume a basic part On An
business association. Both the arrangement and haggling might be utilized within little and
enormous approaches Concerning illustration these parts could lessen the clash determination
methodology. Arrangement may be the transform that is primarily utilized when two individuals
bring the same sort of objective, however, both the individuals clash due to that way they
contrast in the methodology of arriving at that destination. The clash determination methodology
infers the certainty that how the clash circumstances might make determined. Arrangement will
be the procedure that terminates those clash procedure. Therefore, according to Brès et al.
(2017), it is low recurrence vital for the business association to arrange those separate clash
issues so as to purpose them. There will be three essential level of arrangement. That is energy
Page 9 of 17

alongside privileges and premium. The arrangement that primarily depends on the energy
incorporates an alternate sort of dangers Also intimidation. However, it may be not a long haul
methodology in view it need A percentage sort negative sway on the relationship the middle of
the gatherings the individuals need aid included in the clash circumstances.
At it goes of the arrangement that is basically dependent upon those contracts, the individuals
principally prompt those legitimate activity that is unreasonable Furthermore drawn out also.
Therefore, the administration if below recurrence watchful same time actualizing this kind for
arrangement approach in place to purpose the clash circumstance. Alongside that, at its hails of
the interest-based negotiations, it principally characterizes the individual’s ranges that those
business associations strive for. The benefits of the business associations’ rarely included done
solid correspondence transform alongside coordinated effort that primarily brings about a win-
win circumstances for the gatherings the individuals would included in the clash. Therefore, it
could make said that those arrangement transform aides to decrease the clash on an association.
However, Now and again arrangement Also haggling will be viewed as concerning illustration
same, Anyhow they need aid distinctive to nature. Therefore, according to Bradley et al. (2015),
the administration needs on a chance to be mindful of the use of the transform Furthermore
requirement will recognize those certainty that if they are negotiating or haggling so as to
decrease those clash.
3.2 Impact of negotiation strategy
So as to decrease the measure about organizational conflict, that arrangement procedure will be
low recurrence supportive to the business associations. There are three distinctive routes on
which the oversaw economy from claiming an association could actualize all the the arrangement
methodology. The Conclusion of the arrangement may be subject to the approach. These
methodologies alternately methodologies need aid characterized underneath for their sway
looking into organizational clash.
Disruptive arrangement
This will be otherwise called a focused methodology. It may be basically In view of the
perspective that special case man might win done a clash circumstance. Likewise there is an
altered measure from claiming assets Furthermore they would separated equally, thusly a greater
Page 10 of 17

amount person gets the lesquerella different gets. A standout amongst the conflicted gatherings
might attempt will persuade different viewing their capability on attain those objectives Also
destinations. Alongside that, they could also impact the opposite person’s faith. Therefore, it can
be diminish those possibilities from claiming clash in the business association.
Bargain methodology
This specific methodology is an alternate method that of the arrangement transforms that might
resolve the clash amidst two gatherings. In place on evade the lose-lose situation, both those
conflicted gatherings provide for dependent upon a and only what they really settle for
something short of what that. Therefore, according to Birdie et al. (2016), it could a chance to be
said that trade off is acknowledged concerning illustration those most ideal with arrange amidst
both the gatherings by persuading one another.
Integrator arrangement
This may be otherwise called community oriented methodology what's more it will be better than
alternate arrangement methods. This specific approach brings about giving fulfillment on both
the conflicted gatherings. What's more on that, there need aid plentiful amount for assets that can
make separated amidst both of the gatherings. Therefore, the associations might use this
methodology in place to purpose the clash circumstances.
Task 4: Concept of employee participation and involvement
4.1 Impact of EU on industrial democracy in the UK
Offering that obligation What's more power during those workplace, workers included in the
choice making procedure all together plan the streamlined vote based system. Those presence
from securing those streamlined majority rules system need been in the authoritative structure
from claiming Numerous of the European nations Eventually Tom's perusing the vicinity from
claiming an Combative association between those administrators and the unions of the British
organizations need exhibited An poor fit of the idea of streamlined popular government. Owing
of the huge position of the representatives to a firm the European enactment bring attempted will
Page 11 of 17

sway will expansion the rate for association of the laborers in the choice making methodology of
a firm.
Because of those impact of those European Union on the British industry, the organizations need
attempted with actualize all the new accomplices built connections. Under this format, those
unions Furthermore administration faculty of the associations acted towards the same objectives.
In place will teach that representative and the magnet, those preferences for directing, including
that worker in the choice making methodology the Unions were acknowledged the extreme
organization. According to Baillien et al. (2014), this thereby brought about upgrade of the
worker execution furthermore expanded their commitment of the advancement and growth of the
organization.
Hence the idea about inclusion of the Worker in the choice making procedure turned into a
productive methodology. There will be an improvement from claiming fill in chamber that that
recommended methodologies for the change of the benefits of the business. The laborers
Shareholders what’s more specialist’s accomplices given those alternative of hosting their stake
in the proprietorship of the business. Furthermore will these, those shareholdings would
frequently all the energized toward the utilization of stake alternative and sparing plan. Done
United Kingdom's exactly of these schemes demonstrated on a chance to be viable with the idea
of providing for noteworthy importance will specialists hosting a stake in the benefits of the
business. Compensation dumping might be expanded eventually Tom's perusing the European
fiscal union may be danger that is faced.
4.2 Comparison between the methods that are used to enhance employee involvement in
decision-making process
In the choice making process, the idea about Worker cooperation Might be in the manifestation
of interview what’s more inclusion in the choice making methodology. Delivering the
conclusions from claiming workers throughout any choice may be a manifestation about
interview. However, it will be not obligatorily that those suppositions of the representatives are
acknowledged alternately indeed going with get the conclusions of the workers. It is the casual
course of action about representative support with expansion their inclusion in the choice making
procedures Furthermore actually to other authoritative exercises. Throughout the vital
Page 12 of 17

formulation, objective setting or At whatever sort for choice making interview is viewed will be
a standout amongst those best techniques on energize Worker association. Throughout the choice
making the methodology alternately key detailing if the legitimate heads of the offices discover
that suppositions of the representatives might be executed that there might make those
consolidation for that idea in that specific region of the association (Antonioli and Mazzanti,
2017).
Same time the raising of the voice of the workers in the different types of decision-making, force
and so forth develop those worker investment. It indeed includes the receiving, assessing What's
more actualizing the slants or the choice being the noteworthy stakeholders from claiming an
association. Under those workers participation, those representatives is viewed on be a standout
amongst those A large portion important advantages of the organization. There are different
types of investment done which the expansive level participation, support to ownership, support
to aggregate bargaining, support through control Also investment through an occupation are
some of the majority real manifestations of cooperation. Alongside this, the mentality surveys
are likewise viewed to be a standout amongst the fundamental routines on Normal Worker
support. As the mentality surveys include those workers by asking for their perspectives on the
authoritative matters. The technique Might a chance to be used to get perspectives something
like the Worker assent clinched alongside connection to the particular occupation evaluation, pay
determination.
4.3 Impact of HRM on employee relations
The human assets need aid viewed with make a standout amongst those key benefits of the
associations since those authoritative executions may be majorly subject to those mankind's asset
Branch. Therefore, its vital to those oversaw economy for an association with wrist bindings its
human asset successfully. Those human asset directors hopeless make an immense effect on the
Worker relations. Since, the Branch bargains for the representative for a you quit offering on that
one looking into person groundwork. In light of those Harvard model for HRM those human
asset administration comprises for six different segments each for which impacts the Worker
relations. The stakeholders interests, HRM policies, HRM outcomes, long haul results and
circumstances bravadoes every from claiming which figure out the relations of the representative
for the firm (Antia et al. 2013).
Page 13 of 17

The policies, wages, salary, attempting hours and so on are a portion of the variables can't make
created at those will of the power without endeavor those parts of the exchange unions under it.
Same time the Michigan model showed concerning illustration the thing that is known as
difficult HRM. Since under this applied model the representative are only viewed with make
asset that necessities on make used eventually Tom's perusing those firm clinched alongside
calculative request on get together the key objectives Furthermore destinations of the type. Under
this concert, those representative and the components co partnered with them need aid provided
for the negligible quality they are simply acknowledged those implies Eventually Tom's perusing
which the firm Might addition focused preference. Therefore, under such a situation those
representative relations create as an issue at the association needs with set up standard to those
human asset administrations.
Conclusion
Upon drawing conclusions, it might be stated that those Worker relations assumes a key part of
the benefits of the business success, nature of mechanical clash what’s more resolutions system.
That representative connection may be a standout amongst those ideas that hold an extraordinary
effect on the aggregate bargaining, transactions and the idea of worker support and inclusion.
Therefore, an association needs to embrace every last one of activities that Might move forward
the representative contribution also investment in the authoritative exercises this might thereby
help done improvising the Worker relations element.
Page 14 of 17

Reference list
Antia, K.D., Zheng, X. and Frazier, G.L., 2013. Conflict management and outcomes in franchise
relationships: the role of regulation. Journal of Marketing Research, 50(5), pp.577-589.
Antonioli, D. and Mazzanti, M., 2017. Towards a green economy through innovations: The role
of trade union involvement. Ecological Economics, 131, pp.286-299.
Baillien, E., Bollen, K., Euwema, M. and De Witte, H., 2014. Conflicts and conflict management
styles as precursors of workplace bullying: A two-wave longitudinal study. European Journal of
Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(4), pp.511-524.
Birdie, A.K. and Jain, M., 2016. Role of trade union movement to improve regional labor
standards within SADC. th 6 Floor, Vikrant Tower, 4 Rajendra Place, New Delhi 110 008 Ph.
011-23635815. Fax [phone] E-mail: src@ srcirhr. com; Website: www. srcirhr. com, 51(4),
p.517.
Bradley, B.H., Anderson, H.J., Baur, J.E. and Klotz, A.C., 2015. When conflict helps:
Integrating evidence for beneficial conflict in groups and teams under three perspectives. Group
Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 19(4), p.243.
Brès, L., Raufflet, E. and Boghossian, J., 2017. Pluralism in organizations: Learning from
unconventional forms of organizations. International Journal of Management Reviews.
Carlson, J.D., 2016. Rights versus Right Order: Two Theological Traditions of Justice and Their
Implications for Christian Ethics and Pluralistic Polities. Journal of the Society of Christian
Ethics, 36(2), pp.79-100.
Carmody-Bubb, M.A., Duncan, P.A. and Ree, M.J., 2015. Emotional intelligence and personality
predict conflict management style: examining relationships and factor structures. Journal of
Behavioral Studies in Business Volume.
Chan, J.C., Sit, E.N. and Lau, W.M., 2014. Conflict management styles, emotional intelligence
and implicit theories of personality of nursing students: A cross-sectional study. Nurse education
today, 34(6), pp.934-939.
Page 15 of 17

Devonish, D., 2013. Workplace bullying, employee performance and behaviors: The mediating
role of psychological well-being. Employee Relations, 35(6), pp.630-647.
Dyer, B. and Song, X.M., 2015. The relationship between strategy and conflict management: A
Japanese perspective. In Proceedings of the 1995 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual
Conference (pp. 126-132). Springer, Cham.
Gold, M., 2017. ‘A Clear and Honest Understanding’: Alan Fox and the Origins and Implications
of Radical Pluralism. Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, (38), pp.129-166.
Harvey, G., Hodder, A. and Brammer, S., 2017. Trade union participation in CSR deliberation:
an evaluation. Industrial Relations Journal, 48(1), pp.42-55.
Heery, E., 2016. British industrial relations pluralism in the era of neoliberalism. Journal of
Industrial Relations, 58(1), pp.3-24.
Hooghe, M. and Oser, J., 2016. Trade union density and social expenditure: a longitudinal
analysis of policy feedback effects in OECD countries, 1980–2010. Journal of European Public
Policy, 23(10), pp.1520-1542.
Karl, K., Peluchette, J.V.E. and Hall, L.M., 2016. Employee beliefs regarding the impact of
unconventional appearance on customers in Mexico and Turkey. Employee Relations, 38(2),
pp.163-181.
Page 16 of 17