Impact of Immigration on Wages and Employment

This assignment explores the effects of immigration on wages and employment in different countries. It includes a list of relevant sources such as research papers, articles, and books that provide insights into the impact of immigration on labor markets. The assignment also mentions refugee facts and figures from the Red Cross, highlighting the importance of considering the context of immigration when analyzing its effects on wages and employment.

Impacts of Immigrants on UK
Native Employment

ABSTRACT
Immigration has been increased in United Kingdom since last decade. People migrated in UK
with the hope to find good earning opportunities to live a sustainable and happy life. This
research aim to find out the effects of immigrations on employment in UK. As the result can help
the entrepreneur who running the business or thinking to have one, to see if immigrants are good
for economy or not. The objectives of this research are to explore there relationship between
immigrant and employment in UK. To determine the effect of immigrant on native born in UK.
The researcher has used precise research methodology in order to accomplish the aim and
objectives of the study. The participants of the research study were the employees working at
different restaurant. Questionnaire research instrument has been provided to them which
questions was based on likert scale. The analysis was done using SPSS. It was identified that
immigration does not affect as effectively on unemployment rate as it affect on wage rates.
Participants responds that immigration helps in enhancing the growth and development of UK.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 2: Literature review.......................................................................................................4
Job Opportunity......................................................................................................................4
Wages...................................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................20
3.1 Research Strategy...........................................................................................................20
3.2 Quantitative research method.........................................................................................21
3.3 Ethical Considerations....................................................................................................29
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS...................................................................32
4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................32
4.2 Primary data analysis......................................................................................................32
4.3 Findings and analysis.....................................................................................................47
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................50
5.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................50
5.2 Recommendation............................................................................................................50
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................52

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
“ Decades of record immigration have produced lower wages and higher unemployment
for our citizens” Donald Trump (2016) said, but Hillary Clinton (2016) said that “I believe that
when we have millions of hardworking immigrants contributing to our economy, it would be
self-defeating and inhumane to try to kick them out”. After I heard these two quotes from two of
the most influence person of the world said. I decided to work on this topic to find the result.
Migration can be temporary or permanent move of a person or a group of people from one
geographic location to another, there are many reasons that motivated such as a better
employment, education, safer or even persecution to the host country (Zanker 2008). I also have
the same thought as them, UK has a better life quality so I decided to study in UK and it’s like a
dream to be able to get a job in UK to gain experiences. Moreover, in the future I want to start
my own business and in the present my country has many immigrant workers in the workforce.
Then I have a question in my mind, does immigrants make a benefit to the host country or they
just jeopardize the host economy and slow it down? So I decided to do research on this topic.
This paper has focus on the employment for UK native born on job opportunity and wages which
be affected by immigrants.
Figure 1: Latest changes in migration, UK, YE September 2014 and YE September 2015
Source: Office for National Statistics
From this chart it’s showed that the immigration in UK was higher than emigration which means
that more people coming in than getting out of the country and also the immigration rate is
increasing. It’s interesting to do this research to find out the impacts of these immigration to see
if it benefit and developing the host country orjust holding back the economy.
Why do people come to the UK
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(Home office 2017) stated that there are 4 reasons why people come to the UK, which are Visit,
Work, Study and Family.
Visit
In the year ending June 2016, there were 9.3 million non-EEA or European Economic Area
arrived in UK as the same as the previous 12 months. Which 29% of arrivals were United States
nationals, many nationalities including US nationals do not need visa to visit UK. So the number
of visas that were granted is much lower than the total number of non-EEA arrivals. More than
2.5 Million visas has been granted in the year ending March 2017 and almost 2 million were
visiting UK. There were 61,220 (3%) increasing in Visitors visas granted in the year ending
March 2017. There were increased of Chinese visitors at 99,940 or 25% to 506,580 (excluding
Hong Kong), and Indian were increased at 20,662 or 6% to 393,929. The below chart show the
type and number of entry visas granted in the year ending March 2017.
Figure: 2 Visa table
Source: Home Office, Immigration Statistics January to March 2017
Work
There were 93,566 Tier 2 Skilled work visas that have been granted in the year ending March
2017, increased 2% from 91,797 last year. 56,051 of the Tier 2 Skilled work-sponsored visa
in the year ending March 2017, 23,316 working in the Information and Communication
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sector accounted for 42%. Of 4,677 Tier 1 visas granted in the year ending March 2017, 501
of Tier 1 visas granted were Exceptional talent visas.
Study
Beside from visitor visa, the most general visa granted to non-EEA nationals was study visa
which 208,906 in tear ending March 2017; accounted for 8% of all visas granted to non-EEA
nationals and increase 1% from previous year. Study visa increase in the three largest non-
EEA student, Chinese increased 10% to 77,290, United States increased 2% to 14,268 and
Indian increased 9% to 11,642. For the main applicant which is university-sponsored study
visa applications rose 3% to 168,591 and increased 7% for Russel Group universities to
80,664. While further education were falls 6% to 14,534 as the chart below.
Figure 3: Study-related sponsored visa application by sector
Source: Home Office, Immigration Statistics January to March 2017
Family
All total number of family-related visas granted, including EEA family and non-EEA nationals,
and visas granted to dependants of different visa holders (exclude visitors) increased 2% to
136,787 in the year ending March 2017.
Refugee
Moreover, refugee is other reason why immigrant move to UK. As (British Red Cross 2017) said
that there are around 118,995 refugees living in the UK right now and it’s just 0.18% of
total population in UK. While the estimated 65 million people all around the world have
been forced to flee their homes. The long protracted conflict have increased which create
more than 22 million refugees worldwide but developing countries host more than 80 of
refugee. In 2016 UK received 38,500 asylum application which less than Germany with
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587,346, Sweden 83,103 and France 62,771. Most of the world’s refugees come from just
three countries: Syria: 5.5 million, Afghanistan 2.5 million and South Sudan 1.4 million,
accounted 55%. Red Cross has reunion travel assistance programme to reunited more than
750 family last year and almost 1,900 children
1 Aim and objectives
This research aim to find out the effects of immigrations on employment in UK. As the result can
help the entrepreneur who running the business or thinking to have one, to see if immigrants
are good for economy or not. The objectives of this research are to explore the relationship
between immigrant and employment in UK. To determine the effect of immigrant on native
born in UK.
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CHAPTER 2: Literature review
Job Opportunity
Increased job opportunity
(Somerville and Sumption 2009) suggests that most of the native workers employment are not
affected by the immigrant worker and even gain benefit from them. Which there are two
reasons to explain why. First, the inflow of immigrants who has variety of skills can create
the number of jobs available in the labor market that can create more employment to the
native worker. Second, the native react to the immigrant’s arrival to protect themselves by
changing their job or the working field to avoid the job displacement by the immigrants
(Peri 2016) has limit his study on immigration’s effect on labor markets and on productivity in
the US. He says that there was a growing benefit in the analysis of foreign student as they
are the faster-growing group of immigrant in the US Education seems to be a source of
significant growth for jobs, value-added and (service) export for the US economy. Foreign-
born students can increase the demand for these service and when they graduate with US
degree, they are usually hired in high position to work as a productive workers and
professionals. So US education services can be a sector that foreign-born boost demand as
student and supply as researchers or professors with effective skills to make a contribution
to US workforce and to local economies. He also mentioned that immigration of scientist
and engineers, especially the one with talent skill to make ability distribution, should get
more specific attention. Among the US-based Noble laureates in Medicine, Physics, and
Chemistry in the past 10 years, 17 out of 33 were foreign-born. Top science institution can
effectively create large effects on innovation and growth for the world, the work of high-
skilled workers can create an innovation (most of them in the US) can contributing to global
science and global growth. The relationship between high-skilled foreign born worker on
technological and scientific progress, it affect to the demand for high-skilled immigrant but
it the very important factor for economic for the world and US in the long run. To support
this research (Glitz 2014) also find that immigrant create positive effect for native born
workers. It because in the most countries that immigrant migrate to, immigrant does not
compete directly to the native workers in the workforce but rather share skills that create
benefit and knowledge to natives. Moreover, the arrival of skilled immigrants distribute
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innovation activities which led to productivity growth in the host countries then the benefit
go to the native workers.
In addition, (Islam 2007) study the immigration unemployment relationship in Canada. He say
that immigration does not increase unemployment rate. Moreover, in the long run
immigration can increase the job opportunity. The estimation show that in the short-run,
there is a one relationship between unemployment and immigration, that is higher
unemployment causes less immigration in Canada. The long run coefficient estimate suggest
that there is no negative impact from immigration on unemployment. Thus, there is a
temporary unemployment cause by immigration but it disappears in the long run. In the long
run, it has positive effects on employment as the increase in labor demand is matched by an
increase in labor supply that come from immigration or it can say that the firm demand more
worker and create more job opportunity. Furthermore, native born also got benefit as wages
rise due to the increase of immigration, the higher short-term unemployment might from the
employing less of Canadian born worker as immigrant and native have different wages. But
in the long run things have changes wages adjust, labor demand is restored and then
Canadian born worker can gain benefit. Immigrant also distribute different skill to the
existing workforce or the native worker which can reduce the unemployment as the native
can improve their skill and get a better job.
Another study also find the evidence in the same direction as above, (Etzo et al. 2015) study
impact of immigrant on the number of organization and employee in Italy. The result show
that the increase population of immigrant worker give a positive impact on the local
economy by attracting new local units, it could be the result of relocation or the new
establish firm. An increase number of immigrant worker could have good impact on
consumption such as tourism. At the nation level, an increase number of immigrant worker
create positive effect to the number of firm in Italy. Turning to the macro-areas perspective,
the impact from immigrant on the firm is positive and significant for both Center-North and
the South, it appear to be a little stronger for Southern provinces than the rest of Italy. This
come from the effect of the different in the number of worker in the workforce. Which the
Southern provinces are those who experienced the highest population and growth rates of
immigrant. The study found the two main sectors who gain most benefit that are
Manufacture and Service. By having new firm or relocated firm will create more job
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opportunity for the workforce. By having more immigrant worker create positive effect at
nationwide level and for macro-areas too. As the effect of immigrant to native employment,
evidence show no impact on displacement between immigrant and low-skilled native
worker, plus the estimated result show high-skilled native gain positive effect. Also low-
skilled native workers are not affect by immigrant at all, high-skilled natives seem to gain
benefit from immigrant influx.
Decreased job opportunity
(Kasnauskiene and Vebraite 2013a) found that immigrants have replace native worker in the
labor market. As the immigrants have similar or the same skill sets as the local worker so
they can compete with the local in the labor market. From this competition the
unemployment rate in the host country increase. Normally, immigrant ask lower wages than
local worker in the labor market of the host country; so the employer prefer immigrants than
local worker when compare the wages. While in Germany (Bonin 2005a) find that the
period after 1990 a 10% increase in number of immigrant in labor market would increase the
unemployment rate of native born workers by 1.5%. Anyway the effect of immigrant influx
do not impact all segments of the workforce. He has find some evidence that the negative
effects are worse for the unskilled and older native born workers. On the other hand, (Jean et
al. 2007) find that the immigrant worker of given skill has small impact on the
unemployment rate of native born worker with the similar skills and experience. At the
overall level, an increase in immigrant workers in workforce would increase unemployment
rate of native born, but the impact is just temporary and disappear between 4 and 9 years
after the shock. After this period, the level of immigrant population in workforce does not
affect the native unemployment as immigrants assimilate to natives.
While another research by (Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) 2012) found that in the
period of 1995 to 2010, non-EU immigrants has relationship with reduction in native-born
employment and the result is statistically significant at the 1%. MAC suggest that the
increase of 100 in the non-EU working-age workers has reduce 23 of native-born
employment. They also estimate that foreign-born workers has relationship with reduction in
native-born employment, the increase of 100 in the foreign-born working-age workers has
reduce 30 of native born employment: it result in statistically significant at the 5 per cent.
However, MAC suggests that the relationship between immigrants and native employment
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rates is statistically insignificant when the economic is going well or economic boom. Then
when the economic is slowing down the immigrants are likely to compete for jobs with the
native-born while the unemployment rate it high and job vacancies are low. (Shapira 2010)
studied impact on employment and occupation opportunities created by immigrant in UK,
she confirmed that immigrants do not have any negative effect on occupational opportunities
of native who have average level of education. But for the unskilled occupations, it seems
that immigrant are more likely to look for a job or work than British-born population. While
the native born who live in the area with high population of immigrants would rather exit
from the workforce than work in unskilled job which natives can be substitute by the
immigrants. It could be that the natives has more choices to low paid job and can relies more
on state benefits or personal saving than immigrants. Also it can explain that immigrants are
looking and taking jobs which natives are not really looking for.
(Avila and Bacarreza 2016) study effect of immigrant on unemployment with native born
workers in the US. Their evidence show that no severe effect on availability of jobs for
unemployed native born and no effects on decreasing of native born worker. But there is still
small marginal effect, they find that native born who living in the states with high
population of immigration are less likely to remain unemployed for an additional month and
more likely to leave the workforce. They suggest that the main cause of this effect is the
expectation which immigrant decrease wages and reduce the numbers of jobs that available
in the job market. So its create a discourages effect to the worker it make people who want
to work in the workforce change to quit the job. To support this research, they find three
addition of evidence. First, they find that young and low educated native born worker who is
the most likely to face the competition with immigrants and also the most affected by the
existence of immigrant in the workforce. Second, individuals who have some kind of
connection with immigrants, such as first-generation people or individual with Hispanic
heritage do not seem to be affected by the existence of immigrant. Last, only illegal
immigration is found to be related to the observed differences in the changing rate of
unemployment and who quit the workforce. In addition, (Krueger et el. 2014) find that as
the job vacancies are decrease, it create short and long term unemployed. Which long-term
unemployed have faced more difficulty to regain steady to get a job and full-time
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employment, as the long-term unemployed tend to quit from the workforce. While the short-
term unemployed tend to get the job back more than long-term unemployed.
Another research by (Card 1997) has study the impact of immigrant on wages in the US. He find
that a 10% increase of immigrant workers in a given skill group reduce about 1% in the
native employment rate of men in the group, and a lightly smaller reduction for native
women and older immigrants in the same skill group. The result indicate that the inflow of
immigrant reduce the employment rate for unskilled native worker and the earlier immigrant
in a typical city around 1-2% and 3-5 times as much in cities with high immigrant
population like Los Angeles or Miami. The effect of immigrant on moderately or high
skilled native workers and previous immigrant are much smaller. Moreover, (Ozden and
Wagner 2013) find that immigrant in Malaysia actually does create the negative effect to
native born worker as they can be substitute, so immigrant result in being wanted that shock
the native born. By the low wages of immigrant make firm likely to employ immigrant to
expand their business widely then it displace native born. Even immigrants make Malaysian
or native born have to relocate their job across the industries, but immigrant also affect to
the previous immigrant who can be perfectly substitute. Also in Thailand as (Kulkolkarn and
Potipiti 2007) studied the immigrants from Myanmar to Thailand, they found that in the area
with high population of immigrants will increase natives unemployment rate 0.5% as 1%
increase in number of immigrants. The most natives that affected are the unskilled workers,
the young and agricultural workers.
(Borjas 2005) has use data from 1960-2000 decennial Censuses in the US. To study the effect of
immigration on wage structure and internal migration for native born workers in the
workforce. The evidence show that native internal migration relate to the increase immigrant
labor force. Also the number of native in a particular skill group grew slowest in wherever
parts of the country with the large number of immigrant. Immigrant create two effects to the
native born both of decline in native in-migration and an increase in native out-migration.
For every 10 immigrants increase in a particular state 2 less native choose to live in that
state. The effect even larger at the city area level, for every 10 immigrants increase in a
particular area between 3 and 6 native will not live and work in that area. These migration
activity are large enough to explain this important findings as the wage effects of
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immigration at national and local workforce is the reason. At the state level, the native born
migration has face about 40% of the gap in wages. At the city area, the migration face about
60% of the gap in wages. Also (Ceritoglu et al. 2015) find that the inflow of Syria refugees
to Turkey because the civil conflict in Syria. They find that refugee influx have effect on the
employment for Turkish natives. Immigrant reduced the informal employment to the native
between 2.2% and 1.9% and 2.6% for males and females. The informal employment have
been effected by the most as the Syrian immigrants cannot be employed officially and most
of them are uneducated, so they can only work in Turkish workforce through informal
employment. This effect displaced native workers for both males and females. Most of
displaced males remain unemployed, at the same time the displaced females choose to leave
the workforce.
(Aydemir and Kirdar 2011) study the employment effect of Bulgaria immigrant on Turkey native
workers as the increase in labor supply. The previous study cannot find any impact on native
workers so they improve the covariate balance between the treatment and comparison group.
They find that in the Northwestern part of the Turkey where many immigrant has settled in,
result show that a 10% increase in the number of immigrant increase 4% of unemployment
rate on native workers. The impact of immigrant is adverse among the native with similar
educational and skills and among younger locals. Among 15 to 29 years old natives with a
junior high or high school diploma, a 1% increase in the number of immigrant create over
0.5% increase in unemployment rate. Also (Angrist and Kugler 2001) find that the incoming
of immigrant in Western Europe create negative impact on native employment, as the
increase 10% of immigrant would decrease native employment by 0.2 to 0.7%.
Do not affected to job opportunity
(Price 1998) has examined the unemployment rates from native and foreign born males aged 25-
64, living in UK by using the Data from the Quarterly Labor Force Survey of the United
Kingdom. He found the non-white immigrants have face the 50% worse unemployment
situation than white natives. Immigrants experienced more serious unemployment problem
when they first arrive in UK, but it decrease speedily to about 14% after 20-25 years then
falls more slowly. Anyhow, the earliest cohort of non-white immigrants has more chance to
be more unemployed than the average white foreign born male. The result show that there
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are big differences in the unemployment experience of 2-64 year old males in England labor
market. More years of education significantly reduce the possibility of unemployment for all
groups, but not the non-white natives. Also years of experience can reduce the possibility of
being unemployed and increase opportunity to claim unemployment benefit. The eligibility
rules for benefit payments were seem to be the reason of the difference. Single men and who
with more than two children tend to be employed than married men. Moreover, Living in the
South reduces the unemployment rate of men in England, while living in London has the
highest probabilities of being unemployed.
Another study about whether different groups of immigrants will face difficulty in their job
search as the native born. (Frijters et al. 2003) have the robust evidence is that male
immigrants in the UK face more difficulty in getting a job than white native born.
Especially, among Black, South Asian and other minority ethnic, immigrant worker likely to
use informal or non-verifiable job search method (for example approaches to employers
directly, use of social networks or internet and private employment agencies) but not reduce
the success of job search. Thus they cannot find any support for a policy of constraining
immigrant job search to be mainly through verifiable methods, for example going to a
government Job Centre. It’s because of that the most effective job search methods for both
native and immigrant turn out to be informal method. Education and family circumstances
can explain only a small minority of the difference in job finding success between
immigrants and natives. Moreover, it is clear that among the different groups has differences
in job search. Also immigrant has face with discriminatory behavior from employer which
make unemployment of immigrant get higher but still not the main reason. For immigrant
they might looking for a job among members of their own ethnic or immigrant group at
different skill levels to the native born. Which mean the size of job markets for immigrant
are much smaller than native born. The result is lower probability of success in job search,
it’s clear that immigrants are not the competitive threat to the UK worker in the workforce
as native perceive.
Also the research in Ireland the immigrants are not displace Irish workers in Ireland (Doyle et al.
2006), and it seem that the favorable economic condition from immigrants arrival relate to
the positive activity in Irish community. (Kropiwiec 2006) say there are some evidence of
discrimination in terms of lower wages, as the immigrants are more reluctant to complain
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about it as they lack of information about their rights, also inadequate of language skills and
afraid to lose their job. Moreover, (Anastassova 2010) study the relationship between
education and wages among native and immigrant workers in Austria, France and Germany.
Evidence show that immigrants has faced more difficulty to get a job in occupations
matching with their education level. When immigrants being employed, their earning almost
the same with native who has similar education. Still, immigrants have lower rate of well-
educated when compared with native workers. So it increase the gap in earnings between
native and immigrant. As native and immigrant have difference in the quality of education
as the employee. In result, immigrant workers both find it more difficult to get a job
matching with their education and also has the issue with lower earning than the native in
the similar education level.
(Oreopoulos 2009) find that in Canada immigrants have difficulty in finding job than native
workers. First, Canadian-born with English-sounding name are more likely to get a call back
from a job interview more than immigrant workers, even among those immigrant who has
highly rank schools, or among who has the same experience but work outside of Canada.
Study find that 16% of resumes sent with English sounding names, Canadian education and
experience will received a call back from an employer, compared to 5% for resumes with
foreign names from China, India or Pakistan with foreign education and experience. Second,
employer prefer Canadian experience more than Canadian education when interview the
immigrant applicants. The rate of callback for immigrant or foreign names increase from 5%
to 8% by listing just one previous job with company located in Canada. It can be conclude
that employer prefer who has English names than foreign name and also the experience
inside the country than outside as they believe these characteristic give a greater chance of
language and cultural barriers in the workplace.
Wages
Increased wages
The economists has debate about the wages that affects by the huge influx of immigrants to
native-born worker, if workers has different skill by the level of education and that different
cannot be substitute. When there are a lot of low education immigrants they will increase
wages for high education native workers and reduced wages for less education worker (Peri
and Sparber 2007). (Piyapromdee 2014) and (Shapiro and Velluci 2010) also find the influx
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of low skilled immigrants will raises the wages for high skill native workers. The raise of
immigrant diversity in Los Angeles from 1970 to 1990 has 13% increase in native wages
and also larger rise in rents (Kemeny 2013). Also (Hotchkiss et al. 2013) find that
immigrants workers who employed by firms as low skill earn give the boost for both
employer hires more undocumented workers and the increase in undocumented immigrant
workers in the county or industry. Their result suggest that every percentage point increase
in number of immigrant workers will boost wages for low skill native born workers 0.1
(1.13) % in the worker’s firm or industry, with workers in medium skill get a similar boost.
As the firms who employ undocumented workers can gain competitive advantage for less
expenses. Moreover, (Docquier et al. 2001) find that in the long-run, the wages effect from
immigration in the 1990s and in the 2000s was small and always positive for less educated
workers of all OECD countries (Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development). Less educated workers in Canada, Australia, the US, Luxembourg, the UK
and Switzerland, which are the countries that has many influx of immigrant, all has
experienced positive long-run impact on wages from immigrant between 1 and 5%. On the
other hand, emigration is the negative cause for the unskilled native workers who left behind
as the amount of high-skilled workers has emigrate more than the unskilled workers. Beside,
in Wale (Lemos 2010) find that immigrant create positive effect on native born wages. But it
small and insignificant for the low paid worker while skilled worker or high paid worker
gain significant wages increase. Every increase 1% of immigrant worker in the labor force
distribute 3.9% increase in wages for high paid and 3.4% for average wages.
(Ottaviano and Peri 2006) have done the research the effect of immigrants on wages of US-born
workers and immigrant worker. By estimate the elasticity of substitution between US-born
and immigrant worker with the education-experience and gender cells, they have account for
physical capital adjustment in the short and long run. They found the tough evidence that
US-born cannot be substitute by the immigrant worker within education-experience and
gender cells. Moreover, the yearly adjustment of capital to immigration, the average wages
of US-born gain benefit from immigration. The average gains are both in the short and long
term, distributed as a small wage loss to the one who dropout from high school and wage
gain for all other group of US-born. While the group that has been suffering with the biggest
loss in wages is the contingent of previous immigrants, who has to compete with the new
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immigrants with similar jobs and occupations. In conclusion, they found that immigration
hasn’t been a significant factor that decrease the wage distribution of US-born workers.
(Kugler and Yuksel 2008) also find that earlier immigrant faced negative effects from recent
immigrants as they can be substitute.
(Feridun 2005) has study the relationship between immigration and economic development by
measure GDP per capita in Norway by using Granger causality test. The Granger causality
test reveal that when immigration increase it will increase GDP per capita in Norway. Also
it can found that immigration does not has impact on unemployment rate. The analysis has
estimate that the future development of Norwegian society will depend on how the country
can maintain the integration of having foreigners in the country. Immigrants and their
children will be a great asset for the Norway in the future but the government need to
determine which is needed to developing country.
(Aleman 2000) has conduct a research and analyze the effects of two immigration policies in the
US, an amnesty and an increase in border enforcement, the result of US native born and
Mexican immigrant on labor market. She estimate the impacts of those policies on the wages
and unemployment between legal and illegal workers. The result suggest that the presence
of illegal immigrants increase the firm’s incentive to offer the job (as the probability of
finding worker is increase) which led to increase on the wages for native and decrease their
unemployment rate. In addition, the immigration policies have unintended effects. The result
shows that an increase in border enforcement create ambiguous effect on the population of
illegal in the economy. By tighter border enforcement to prevent illegal immigrant of
prospective workers, it also change the motivation for those who already in the US not to
return home. So by tighter border enforcement increases the number of illegal immigrant
workers, the model show that it will increase the wages for native born and vague effect on
the wages of illegal workers. Quantitative results show that by tighter border enforcement
increase the presence of illegal workers in the labor market also increase the native born
wages and decrease illegal immigrant workers.
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Decreased wages
Figure 4: Gini coefficients with and without immigrants in the United States
Sources: Xu, Garand and Zhu 2016
In contrast, (Xu et al. 2016) conducted research claim that immigrant has effect the income
inequality. The above graph calculate by use the US national level income inequality since
1996 to 2008 with and without immigrant number. The result is level of income inequality
constantly higher when include immigrant. In the last 40 years immigrants have quite low
education and poor English skill so they do not have much advantages to get a job when
compare to the native-born. Then they likely to get a job which has lower wage such as
construction, agricultural work, yard service and gardening. This make a change in low-
wage labor market by change the supply and demand. Therefore, it decrease the wages and
job opportunities for native-born worker in the low-wage labor market. They also get the
evidence that low-skill worker has the impact to income inequality but High-skill worker do
not has an impact to the income inequality but they have effect to lowering income gap
between the highest and the one at below the median.
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(Kasnauskiene and Vebraite 2013b) have done the research and found a negative relationship
between immigration and wages in the host country. When immigrants increase in the host
country the supply in labor market also increase. Then the pressure on wages in the labor
market also increase as the economic theory of supply and demand, an increase in supply
but the demand is at the same level, it will decrease product price. For this case the increase
in workforce reduces the wages for workers. Moreover, (Hanson et al. 2001) In US the
native labor force wages depend on each market which equilibrium wages determined by
local supply and demand. When immigrants arrived, they must set price for them to work by
accept the wages at lower than native to make the employer hire them to maximize the
profit. If the native worker has the same skill as immigrants then native wages will move as
well as immigrants. Furthermore, (Orrenius and Zavodny 2006) use the Immigration and
Naturalization service and Current Population Survey for 1994-2000. In order to find the
effect of immigrant on native wages in the US, also design three occupation categories from
manual labor as the bottom of the skill range to professionals and executives as the top of
the skill range. They using area fixed effects, area-year interactions and an innovative
instrumental variable. They find that new legal immigrant create negative effect on low-skill
native wages about 0.8% as the increase in number of workers who just arrived. They can’t
find evidence of negative wages impacts on medium and high-skilled native workers.
Negative wage effects become more negative as skill levels decrease, also immigrants’ time
in the US increase can create more negative effect for the low skilled native workers. As the
process of assimilation makes immigrants more substitutable for native and increase the
wage competition in the workforce
Moreover, (Bratsberg and Raaum 2012) have study the impact of immigration on wage. This
study exploits certification and licensing requirement that create obstacle to the entering of
immigrant into certain segments of the Norwegian construction business. By using
longitudinal individual data they able to study the decreasing of native worker and they also
find that native worker who leave the construction sector as the increasing of immigrant
worker tend to be low paid. In addition, they find that a 10% increase in immigrant
employment decrease native construction workers wages by 0.6%. Increase in immigrant
employment has the biggest effect on the wages of low and medium-skilled native workers.
Some of native construction workers wages aren’t affected by immigrant. For immigrant
16

workers, there are no significant differences in wage effect to other skill groups. Immigrant
workers has similar skills to those who has low and semi-skilled native workers so
immigrant effect the wages for all groups. To conclude, for low and semi-skilled native
workers, immigrants and native can be the perfect substitutes within activity. In addition,
immigrant also affect to the service’s price in the construction business. The result suggest
that a 10% increase in immigrant employment has relationship with 0.4-1.1% of price
decrease of service supplied in construction sector. To clarify immigrant increase
consumer’s surplus. In conclusion, the skilled construction workers appear unaffected by the
increase of immigrant in labor supply. For the consumer they able to enjoy more services at
lower prices. Also in Germany has the same effect as (Bonin 2005b) estimate wage elasticity
show that a 10% increase in the number of immigrant in the labor market would decrease
native born wages by less than 1%. It clear that the effect on wages of immigration in
Germany workforce are much smaller than in the US workforce where the ranges wage
reduction around 4%.
In addition, (Nickell and Saleheen 2015) try to find out whether immigrant has any impact on
native born wages or not. They test the variation of wages and immigration across regions,
occupations and time period. Occupation has turn out to be important dimension. When the
occupational breakdown is incorporated into a regional analysis of immigration, the
immigrants has only small impact on the occupational wage rates of that region. Deeper test
show that the biggest impact is in the semi or unskilled services sector, which a 10% point
increase in the number of immigrants has relationship with a 2% decrease in wages.
Whether immigrant come from EU or non-EU seem to not effect on their economy wide
results, the impact within the semi or unskilled service being small but it still reduce the
native born wages. While (Longhi et al 2004) study and estimate the percentage change in
the wages of native born worker with respect to a one percentage point increase in the ratio
of immigrant over native born workers. They find that the effect is very small, every one
percentage point increase in the number of immigrants in the workforce lowers wages for
the native workers only 0.119 %.
While (Ozden and Wagner 2013) find that immigrant in Malaysia actually does create the
negative effect to native born worker as they can be substitute, so immigrant result in being
wanted that shock the native born. By the low wages of immigrant make firm likely to
17

employ immigrant to expand their business widely then it displace native born. Even
immigrants make Malaysian or native born have to relocate their job across the industries,
but immigrant also affect to the previous immigrant who can be perfectly substitute. Other
research (Schoeni 1997) and (Cortes 2005) find that immigrant does effect to native born
worker. In the US, a 10% increase in the proportion of low skilled immigrant in the city
decrease the wages of low skilled native born workers for 0.6% and of low skilled
immigrant by 8%. The influx of low skilled immigrant increase the purchasing power of
high skilled native workers who live in the 25 largest cities by the average of 0.65% and
decrease the purchasing power of native high school by an average of 2.66%. Even though
low skilled immigrant create positive effect to the US and economy, but it fail to distribute
the wealth of native population: it decrease the real income for low skilled native worker and
increase the real income for high skilled native. To explain this, low skilled immigrant and
low skilled native worker cannot substitute other in the workforce so the new immigrant will
be able to replace and effect on wages to low skilled immigrant mostly and low skilled
native least. Especially, native Hispanics with low English skill that being effect on wages
than other low skilled native group.
(Goldner and Paserman 2004) find that the huge influx of former Soviet Union immigrant
migrate to Israel create negative wages impact on native workers. Their result show that
immigrant have a short-run significant impact on wages, by the effect disappearing after 5 to
7 years. Its estimate that a 10% increase in the number of immigrants lower native wages in
the short run by 1.2% to 5.7%. These findings show that immigrant who work within the
same segment with native can create negative effect, as immigrant are close substitutes to
natives in the short run and decrease the wages. Then the labor market cope the migration by
make changes of capital and other factors of production, the adverse effect is disappear in
the medium and long run. These results show that immigrant effect to low wage native
worker or low wage growth segments in the workforce. Moreover, (Bratsberg and Raaum
2009) find that in the Norwegian construction sector has been effected by immigrant
workforce, the increase in 1% of immigrant worker will decrease native worker’s wages
around 0.8%. As the effect of immigrant effect to low-paid native workers, native workers
who quit from construction sector because of immigrant inflow often leave the workforce.
18

Do not affected to wages
Figure 5: Median weekly earning of immigrants and native-born workers
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015
While another resource said that the immigrant’s income constantly less than native-born
worker, as the above graph, the immigrant’s income has a space with US worker for both
gender in every ages. Young immigrants has almost equal pay to the native people, but the
space increases when older as (Ivanova 2017). Also (Nathan 2011) has test the long term
effect of immigration in the UK between 1994 and 2008 to find if immigrant collapse the
workforce or not. He has separate the panel into short period, 1994-1999 and 2000-2008.
The result show that there are no statistically significant change to wages in the labor market
or to particular worker types. Moreover, (Barcellos 2010) studied the immigration and
wages in the US and she found no evidence that the increasing in number of immigrants
lower wages, neither for the economy as a whole nor for the natives who has the same skill
set with immigrant. On the other hand, wages do affect immigration: a 10% increase in
wages can increase up to 20% increase in number of immigrant inflow.
19

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Strategy
Research strategy is the set of plans formulated by the researcher in order to accomplish
the aim and objectives of research study (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015). The intention of
research strategy is to demonstrate the research strategy to match the topic of research with the
methodology through which the research will be conducted. By using appropriate methodology,
researcher can enhance the outcome of the study. To attain aim and objectives, researcher
formulates precise strategies that help them to analyse the data and generate the outcomes of the
research effectively and efficiently. There are two types of research strategies formulated by the
researchers while conducting research project (Lewis, 2015). These are qualitative and
quantitative researcher strategy. Qualitative research explains why something happens and
derives meaning from the recorded text, thoughts and experience of a sampled group as they
engage with a phenomenon. Qualitative research is limited in its ability to derive results that are
applicable across population. It is focused on constructing meaning in a given context.
Qualitative analysis deconstructs text into segments and reconstruct the segments to tell a
different story. It helps in applying a critical eye to understand or discover why certain things
happened or certain people behave in the way they do (Cicourel, 2016). Thus, qualitative
research strategy is suitable where researcher has to describe the particular event that occurred
because of particular phenomenon. Qualitative analysis can be applicable with group discussion,
interview and focused groups where researcher has to describe the thoughts and interactions of
participants of the research study. Quantitative research strategy is used for analysing numerical
data using different statistical tools and methodologies. Analysis of numeric responses
(quantitative data) to identify what happens most of the time, and what relationships exist
between variables (Flick, 2015). Quantitative research is the approach for testing the objective
theories by analyse the relationship among variables.
These variables can be measured by instruments then the number data that has been
collected to analyse by using statistic process (Silverman, 2016). Quantitative analysis refers to
economic, business or financial analysis that aims to understand or predict behaviour or events
through the use of mathematical measurements and calculations, statistical modelling and
research. Quantitative analysts aim to represent the given reality in terms of numerical value.
Quantitative analysis is employed for a number of reasons including measurement, performance
20

evaluation or valuation of a financial instrument and predicting real world events such as
changes in a country's gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate. Quantitative research strategy
helps in analysing the numerical data effectively and efficiently. It is useful where researcher
needs to use tools like SPSS in order to generate precise statistics which can increase the
effectiveness of outcomes (Brinkmann, 2014).
Quantitative analysis is used where the researcher has used methods such as
questionnaire, observations and surveys. Research design plays crucial role in the dissertation.
Research design refers to the plan which is followed by the researcher to answer the research
questions effectively and efficiently. In the present dissertation, researcher has used descriptive
research design in order to answer research question (Gast and Ledford, 2014). This research aim
to find out the effects of immigrations on employment in UK . As the result can help the
entrepreneur who running the business or thinking to have one, to see if immigrants are good for
economy or not. The objectives of this research are to explore the relationship between
immigrant and employment in UK. To determine the effect of immigration native born in UK.
In order to identify the impact of immigrants on the national economy of United
Kingdom, quantitative analysis is suitable. Here, the researcher will analyse the impact of
immigration on unemployment by gathering views of people who work in the restaurant
industry. This will help in analysing the effect of immigration on the people who born and work
in United Kingdom.
3.2 Quantitative research method
Quantitative research strategy helps in analysing the numerical data effectively and
efficiently. It is useful where researcher needs to use tools like SPSS in order to generate precise
statistics which can increase the effectiveness of outcomes (Panneerselvam, 2014). Quantitative
analysis is used where the researcher has used methods such as questionnaire, observations and
surveys. In order to design the research, researcher needs to ensure that outcomes that have been
collected are able to answer the research questions. In other words, to design the research, we
need to know what kind of evidence we need to answer the question, test a theory and to evaluate
the outcomes. Data collection is the process of gathering relevant data and information by using
different methods of collecting data from the participants of the research study (Billig and
Waterman, 2014). For research perspective, data collection is considered as an essential and
21

crucial process. There are basically two sources of collection of data. The first source is primary
source. In primary source, data has been collected by the researcher himself.
By using methods such as questionnaires, surveys, focus groups, observations and
interview, researchers aim to collect the relevant data and information. In the present research
study, the researcher used questionnaire method for collecting the data and information.
Techniques of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of
questions in a predetermined order is known as questionnaire (Alavi, Lopez and Cleary, 2018).
Questionnaire is used for exploratory or descriptive research. They can be linked with other
methods in a multiple method research design. Questionnaire is a very useful tool for collecting
responses from a large proportion prior to quantitative analysis.
There are various forms of questionnaire prepared by the researchers based on
characteristics of research. A good questionnaire must have precisely defined questions, is
representative and sampling can be done accurately. It shows an understanding of the
organisational context, demonstrates relationship between variables – dependent, independent
and extraneous (Corneillie, Lievens and Anseel, 2015). While designing questionnaire,
researcher must be clear about the data required and then design a question. After that, the
questionnaire is being provided to respondents. Respondents decodes the question in a way
researcher intended. Respondents answer the question and researcher decodes the answer in a
way respondent intended. Thus, in order to analyse the impact of immigration on the
unemployment rates at United Kingdom, questionnaire survey will be conducted by the
researcher. Furthermore, the questionnaire will be accessible online to the participants who were
not able to answer while at work can answer them after working hours.
Through this variety of experience come to do the survey around 80-100 responses will
be taken. The question will be based on rating scale where it ranges from strongly disagree to
strongly agree. The question will relate to their working and effect of immigration and 21
questions will be asked by the researcher. Another source of collection of data is secondary
source. Secondary source of data collection is the process through which researcher collects data
from the research papers, books, journals, web articles, magazines and newspapers (Dumay and
Cai, 2015). The data has been collected previously by researchers and the role of investigator of
the study is to frame it appropriately in his or her dissertation so that meaningful information can
be obtained. In the present study, the secondary data has been collected from analysing relevant
22

articles, journals and books. Thus, by utilising these sources of data collection, the researcher
was able to attain the aim and objectives of the study. Sampling is the process of taking small
proportionate of data from a large pool of information.
There are various methods of sampling which can be used the researchers such as probability
sampling, simple random sampling, non-probability sampling, etc. (Taylor, Bogdan and
DeVault, 2015). As the present research study is quantitative, simple random sampling method
has been selected by the researcher. As analysing large collected data is pragmatically not
possible for the researcher, he or she has taken the sample of 50 respondents in order to analyse
and interpret them effectively and efficiently. Data analysis is the process of converting raw data
into meaningful information (Neuman and Robson, 2014). Data analysis is very important and a
crucial aspect of dissertation (Gast and Ledford, 2014). It helps in comprehending the data
collected in the research study and will help the end users and other researchers to understand the
collected data effectively and efficiently. In order to convert raw data into meaningful
information, researcher can use variety of tools which are available.
This research aims to find out the effects of immigrations on employment in UK. As the result
can help the entrepreneur who running the business or thinking to have one, to see if immigrants
are good for economy or not. Main objective of this research is to explore the relationship
between immigrants and employment in UK. To determine the effect of immigration native born
in UK. As the present dissertation is quantitative study, researcher has used SPPS tool in order to
analyse the responses given for questionnaire. The format of questionnaire is given as below:
23

QUESTIONNAIRE TO EMPLOYEES

1. What is your gender?
 Male
 Female
2. Which age group do you belong to?
 20-30
 31-40
 41-50
 51 and above
3. What is your marital status?
 Single
 Married
 Widowed
 Separated
4. What is your annual income?
 £5000 – £15000
 £15000 – £25000
 £25000 – £35000
 £35000 and above
5. Do you feel that there are too many immigrants coming to United Kingdom?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
6. Is there any relationship in between immigration and unemployment rates of United
Kingdom?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
25

7. Does illegal immigrants taking away jobs of native born of United Kingdom?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
8. Does immigration impacts negatively on the employment in restaurant industry?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
9. Immigration helps in providing skilled and competent staff at restaurant business?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
10. Do you feel that immigrants affect the employees who are citizens of United Kingdom?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
11. Is there frequent conflicts or disputes occurred in between immigrant and native born
employees in your restaurant?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
26

12. Immigrants are not treated fairly at your restaurant.
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
13. Should government take actions in order to reduce or manage the rate of immigration in
country?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
14. Is there any relationship in between immigration and wage rate?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
15. Does increase in immigrants fluctuate the wage rate of United Kingdom?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
16. Does wage rate got decreased after increase in immigrants in the United Kingdom?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
27

17. Do you feel that the policy of UK government is agile regarding immigration?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
18. Is immigration helping United Kingdom in its growth and development?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
19. Is immigration increases the social issues like acute housing shortage, disturbance in the
societies, etc. in United Kingdom?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
20. Is immigration positively impact on the dependency ratio of United Kingdom?
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
21. Having variety of cultures and languages in the United Kingdom benefits everyone.
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
28

3.3 Ethical Considerations
Ethical consideration is most important and crucial aspect of the research study. In order
to attain the aim and objectives of the research study, it is important for the researcher to follow
ethical policies and procedures regarding research study (Herr and Anderson, 2014). This
requires values alike accountability, trust, mutual respect and fairness among all the parties
involved in a study. This in turn depends on protection of intellectual property rights of all the
contributors, established through implementation of ethical considerations.
(Marshall and Rossman, 2014). In this context, the researcher has conducted the research
in authentic and appropriate manner. Taking consents of the participants is mandatory for
proceeding the research study. In the present dissertation, the questionnaire has been provided to
employees who were born in United Kingdom of different restaurants incorporating in Untied
Kingdom. In this concern the researcher has taken permission from participants of the research.
At first he explained them the motive of the study to the participants. It is important for
researcher to explain the participants of the researcher to explain them the purpose of the study.
After explaining them the purpose of study, researcher proceed further and taken their
permission. Those employees who denied to participants were further convinced that the study is
for research purpose and all the information will be confidential. Even though, the topic is
general but when doing the questionnaire the respondents they might feel uncomfortable with the
word “immigrants” which before handed the survey there should have explanation about the
objective of the research that has a good will and benefit. Respect for the dignity of research
participants has been prioritised by the researcher. In order to conduct the research in ethical and
authentic manner, it was important for the researcher to give respect to the participants and do
not ask those questions that can harm them in one or the other way (Bryman, 2015). In the
dissertation, the questionnaire has been prepared by the researcher and researcher has not asked
any question that could hurt the sentiments or emotions of participants of the research.
Ethical consideration in research study, it is important for the researcher to protect the
privacy of research participants prior to study. Protecting privacy of participants is crucial and
must be followed by researcher in order to enhance the effectiveness of the study. In regards with
this, researcher has not disclosed the name of any participants who participated in the research.
Furthermore, the organisation they work for has also not been disclosed in the research study.
29

Adequate level of confidentiality of the research data has been ensured (Holloway and Galvin,
2016). The data which has collected through questionnaire format has been secured by the
researcher in his personal computer which is encrypted with password. Only researcher can
access to the data which has been collected through questionnaire. It is the responsibility of the
researcher to protect the collected data in effective and efficient manner so that effectiveness in
the quality of research study.
In regards with this, researcher has not disclosed the name of any participants who
participated in the research. Furthermore, the organisation they work for has also not been
disclosed in the research study. It is important for researcher to maintain confidentiality of the
participants of the research so that it become more effective and ethical (Eriksson and
Kovalainen, 2015). In addition, the confidentiality will be the top concern as they have given the
answer and all of the information about the respondent will not be exposed. The respondent
might doesn’t want to concentrate with the question and answer so much, to prevent this the
questionnaire will have interesting question and relevant to them. Which make them feel
enthusiastic to give the answer. Any deception or exaggeration about the aims and objectives of
the research has been avoided. The researcher formulates the aim and objectives which are
specifically made in order to conduct the research study effectively and efficiently.
Ethical consideration is most important and crucial aspect of the research study (Smith,
2017). In order to attain the aim and objectives of the research study, it is important for the
researcher to follow ethical policies and procedures regarding research study. Any type of
misleading information, as well as representation of primary data findings in a biased way has
been avoided. It is crucial for researcher to avoid any type of misleading information that can
reduce the dignity of research study and researcher. Researcher in this context has selected
authentic sources and cite them properly so that authenticity can be increase (Sternberg and
Fiske, 2015). Furthermore, vague information has been eliminated from the research study. In
this way, the researcher was able to attain the aim and objective of the research study effectively
and efficiently.
30

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, researcher will analyse the data collected through questionnaire survey
from the employees born in United Kingdom working at different restaurants. For data analysis,
statistical tool SPSS has been used to generate precise output. For research perspective, data
analysis is important and essential chapter that helps the end users to understand about the
motive of the whole dissertation. It is important for the researcher to present this chapter in
appropriate manner which helps the readers to develop brief understanding about the issues
discussed in the research. Thus, in this part researcher will analyse both primary and secondary
data and also provide critical findings on the basis of analysis.
4.2 Primary data analysis
Primary data refers to the fresh data which is collected by the researcher all by him or
herself. In order to accomplish the aim and objective of the research study, researcher has
collected data using questionnaire survey. The likert scale type questionnaire has been prepared
by the researcher online and link has been provided to the participants of the research. The
questionnaire comprises 21 questions in which first four were based on demographic
information. Rest 17 questions covers core objective of the study. In order to analyse the data,
SPSS has been used. The analysis of questionnaire is described below:
Theme 1: What is your gender?
1. What is your gender? Frequency
Male 63
Female 37
Total 100
31

Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey conducted by researcher online, participants working
at different restaurants has been asked to specify their gender. From the analysis, it was
identified that 63 participants were male and 37 participants were female.
Theme 2: Which age group do you belong to?
2. Which age group do you belong to? Frequency
20-30 49
31-40 21
41-50 20
51 and above 10
Total 100
32
63
37
Male
Female

Interpretation: The question has been asked in order to gather the information about the age of
participants. From the analysis of the questionnaire it was identified that age of 49 participants
lied between 20-30 years, age of 21 participants lied between 31-40 years, age of 20 participants
lied between 41-50 years and age of 10 participants lied between 51 years and above. This
implies that majority of the participants were of age between 20 to 30 years.
Theme 3: What is your marital status?
3. What is your marital status? Frequency
Single 24
Married 54
Widowed 4
Separated 18
Total 100
33
20-30 31-40 41-50 51 and above
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
49
21 20
10
Frequency

Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey, researcher asked the question in order to collect
information regarding their marital status. From the analysis of responses, it was identified that
24 participants were single, 54 participants were married, 4 participants were widowed and 18
participants were separated. Thus, it implies that majority of the participants of research were
married.
Theme 4: What is your annual income?
4. What is your annual income? Frequency
£5000 – £15000 34
£15000 – £25000 39
£25000 – £35000 13
£35000 and above 14
Total 100
34
24
54
4
18
Single
Married
Widowed
Separated

Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey conducted online, researcher asked this question in
order to collect information regarding the annual income of the participants who participated in
the research study. From the analysis of responses, it was identified that annual income of 34
participants lied between £5000 – £15000, annual income of 39 participants lied between £15000
– £25000, annual income of 13 participants lied between £25000 – £35000, and annual income
of 14 participants lied between £35000 and above. Thus, it implied that annual income of
majority of participants lied between £15000 – £25000.
Theme 5: Do you feel that there are too many immigrants coming to United Kingdom?
Do you feel that there are too many immigrants coming to United Kingdom?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 26 26.0 26.0 26.0
Agree 28 28.0 28.0 54.0
Neutral 17 17.0 17.0 71.0
Disagree 19 19.0 19.0 90.0
Strongly Disagree 10 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: The researcher has conducted an online questionnaire, researcher has asked
participants regarding their view about increase in immigrants in United Kingdom. The motive
35
£5000 – £15000 £15000 – £25000 £25000 – £35000 £35000 and above
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
34
39
13 14 Frequency

of asking this question was to know what employees working in different restaurants in United
Kingdom felt about the incoming of immigrants in their country. In this context, 26 participants
strongly agreed that there are too many immigrants coming to United Kingdom. 28 participants
agreed on this question. 17 responds were neutral as these participants somewhat felt that there
were too many immigrants in United Kingdom. 19 participants disagreed that too many
immigrants aren't coming to UK. 10 participants strongly disagreed on this statement. Thus, it
implied that employees working in different restaurants across UK felt that the amount of
immigrants increased in United Kingdom.
Theme 6: Is there is relationship between immigration and unemployment rates of United
Kingdom?
Is there is relationship between immigration and unemployment rates of United Kingdom
native born?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 21 21.0 21.0 21.0
Agree 15 15.0 15.0 36.0
Neutral 27 27.0 27.0 63.0
Disagree 21 21.0 21.0 84.0
Strongly Disagree 16 16.0 16.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey, researcher asked the question in order to know
whether there is relationship between immigration and unemployment rates. It was believed that
increase in immigration, increases the unemployment rate of natives who born in UK. After
analysing the survey response, it was identified that 21 participants strongly agree with the
statement. 15 participants agreed with the question, 21 participants disagreed with the statement
16 participants strongly disagreed with the statement. It was further identified that 27 participants
have neutral response. Thus, it implies that increase in immigration has minor impact on
unemployment rate of UK native born.
Theme 7: Does illegal immigrants taking away jobs of native born of United Kingdom?
Does illegal immigrants taking away jobs of native born of United Kingdom?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
36

Valid
Strongly Agree 16 16.0 16.0 16.0
Agree 25 25.0 25.0 41.0
Neutral 15 15.0 15.0 56.0
Disagree 23 23.0 23.0 79.0
Strongly Disagree 21 21.0 21.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey conducted online, researcher asked about illegal
immigration in UK and its impact on the job. From the analysis of the questionnaire survey, it
was identified that 16 participants strongly agree with the statement. 25 participants agree with
the statement, 15 participants have neutral reactions. 23 participants disagreed with the statement
and 21 participants have strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, from the analysis it can be
understood that illegal immigrants does not steal the jobs of UK native born as majority of
participants disagreed with it.
Theme 8: Does immigration impacts negatively on the employment in restaurant sector?
Does immigration impacts negatively on the employment in restaurant sector?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 11 11.0 11.0 11.0
Agree 27 27.0 27.0 38.0
Neutral 26 26.0 26.0 64.0
Disagree 20 20.0 20.0 84.0
Strongly Disagree 16 16.0 16.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey, researcher asked whether immigration negatively
impacts on the employment in restaurant sector operating across UK. From the analysis of the
respondents' responses, it was identified that 11 people strongly agreed with the statement, 27
participants agreed with the statement, 26 participants have neutral response regarding the
statement, 20 participants disagreed with the statement and 16 participants strongly disagreed
with the statement. Thus, from the analysis it can be understood that immigration impacts
negatively on the employment in restaurant sector as majority of participants agreed with it.
Theme 9:Is Immigration helps in providing skilled and competent staff at restaurant business?
37

Is Immigration helps in providing skilled and competent staff at restaurant business?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 27 27.0 27.0 27.0
Agree 33 33.0 33.0 60.0
Neutral 19 19.0 19.0 79.0
Disagree 10 10.0 10.0 89.0
Strongly Disagree 11 11.0 11.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: The questionnaire survey conducted online in which researcher asked the
participants regarding immigration aid in providing skilled and competent staff for restaurants
incorporating in UK. From the analysis of the questionnaire survey, it was identified that 27
participants strongly agreed with the statement, 33 participants agreed with the statement, 19
participants have neutral response, 10 participants disagreed with the statement and 11
participants strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, after analysis it can be concluded that
immigrants helps the restaurant business to fill the requirement of skilled and competent staff.
Theme 10: Do you feel that immigrants does not behave properly with employees who are
citizen of United Kingdom?
Do you feel that immigrants does not behave properly with employees who are citizen of
United Kingdom?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 25 25.0 25.0 25.0
Agree 23 23.0 23.0 48.0
Neutral 24 24.0 24.0 72.0
Disagree 13 13.0 13.0 85.0
Strongly Disagree 15 15.0 15.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: The questionnaire survey conducted online by the researcher where he asked the
participants the behaviour of immigrants towards other employees. From the analysis of the
questionnaire responses, it was identified that 25 participants agreed with the statement and 23
agree with the statement as they felt that immigrants does not behave properly with other
38

employees. 24 participants have neutral responses. 13 participants disagree with the statement
and 15 participants strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, from the analysis it can be
concluded that immigrants does not behave properly with employees who are citizen of United
Kingdom.
Theme 11: Is there frequent conflicts or disputes occurred between immigrant and native born
employee in your restaurant?
Is there frequent conflicts or disputes occurred between immigrant and native born
employee in your restaurant?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 21 21.0 21.0 21.0
Agree 25 25.0 25.0 46.0
Neutral 15 15.0 15.0 61.0
Disagree 18 18.0 18.0 79.0
Strongly Disagree 21 21.0 21.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire analysis, the researcher asked the question regarding frequent
conflicts or disputes occurred between immigrants and native born employee in the restaurant.
From the analysis of the questionnaire, it was identified that 21 participants strongly agree with
the statement, 25 participant agree with this statement, 15 participants have neutral responses, 18
participants strongly disagreed with the statement and 21 participants strongly disagreed with the
statement. Thus, from the analysis it can be concluded that there are frequent conflicts or
disputes occurred between immigrants and native born employees working in different
restaurants across UK.
Theme 12: Immigrants are not treated fairly at your restaurant?
Immigrants are not treated fairly at your restaurant?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 26 26.0 26.0 26.0
Agree 36 36.0 36.0 62.0
Neutral 11 11.0 11.0 73.0
Disagree 14 14.0 14.0 87.0
Strongly Disagree 13 13.0 13.0 100.0
39

Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey, researcher asked the question regarding fair
treatment of immigrants at restaurants. From the responses of the participants, it was identified
that 26 participants strongly agreed with the statement, 36 participants agreed with the statement,
11 participants have neutral responses, 14 participants disagreed with the statement and 13
participants strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, it implies that immigrants are not
treated fairly at different restaurants as majority of participants agreed with the statement.
Theme 13: Should government take actions in order to reduce or manage the rate of
immigration in the country?
Should government take actions in order to reduce or manage the rate of immigration in
the country?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 25 25.0 25.0 25.0
Agree 16 16.0 16.0 41.0
Neutral 16 16.0 16.0 57.0
Disagree 22 22.0 22.0 79.0
Strongly Disagree 21 21.0 21.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: The questionnaire survey conducted online by the investigator in order to know
about participants thoughts regarding government interventions or policies in order to reduce or
manage the rate of immigration within the country. From the analysis of the questionnaire
responses, it was identified that 25 participants strongly agreed with the statement, 16
participants agreed with the statement, 16 participants have neutral responses, 22 participants
have disagreed with the statement and 21 participants have strongly disagreed with the statement.
Thus, from the analysis it can be understood that participants agreed that government should take
appropriate measures in order to minimise the rate of immigrants that migrated to UK.
Theme 14:Is there is relationship between immigration and wage rate?
Is there is relationship between immigration and wage rate?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
40

Valid
Strongly Agree 32 32.0 32.0 32.0
Agree 31 31.0 31.0 63.0
Neutral 17 17.0 17.0 80.0
Disagree 9 9.0 9.0 89.0
Strongly Disagree 11 11.0 11.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey conducted by the researcher with the employees born
in UK working at different restaurants. The question has been asked by the researcher regarding
the relationship between wage rate and immigration. From the analysis of the responses it was
identified that 32 participants strongly agreed with the statement and 31 participants agreed with
the statement. 17 participants have neutral responses, 9 participants disagreed with the statement
and 11 participants strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, from the analysis it can be
understood that there is indeed direct relationship between rate of immigration and rate of wages.
Theme 15:Do increase in immigrants fluctuate the wage rate of United Kingdom?
Do increase in immigrants fluctuate the wage rate of United Kingdom?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 35 35.0 35.0 35.0
Agree 33 33.0 33.0 68.0
Neutral 10 10.0 10.0 78.0
Disagree 10 10.0 10.0 88.0
Strongly Disagree 12 12.0 12.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey, researcher asked the participants regarding the
fluctuation of wage rate with the increase in immigration within the country. From the analysis
of the questionnaire survey, it was identified that 35 participants strongly agree with the
statement, 33 participants agreed with the statement, 10 participants have neutral responses, 10
participants disagree with the statement and 12 participants strongly disagreed with the
statement. Thus, from the analysis it can be understood that increase in immigration fluctuates
the wage rate in UK greatly as majority of the participants strongly agreed with the statement.
Theme 16:Does wage rate got decreased after increase in immigrants in United Kingdom?
41

Does wage rate got decreased after increase in immigrants in United Kingdom?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 16 16.0 16.0 16.0
Agree 39 39.0 39.0 55.0
Neutral 20 20.0 20.0 75.0
Disagree 11 11.0 11.0 86.0
Strongly Disagree 14 14.0 14.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey, the researcher asked the participants of the researcher
about the decrease in wage rate due to increase in immigration in UK. From the analysis of the
questionnaire survey, it was identified that 16 participants have strongly agreed with the
statement, 39 participants agreed with the statement, 20 participants have neutral responses, 11
participants disagreed with the statement and 14 participants strongly disagreed with the
statement. Thus, it can be concluded that wage rate got declined due to increase in immigration.
It can also be understood that immigrants do same work at lower wages which impacts other
employees drastically.
Theme 17: Do you feel that the policy of UK government is agile regarding immigration?
Do you feel that the policy of UK government is agile regarding immigration?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 24 24.0 24.0 24.0
Agree 19 19.0 19.0 43.0
Neutral 20 20.0 20.0 63.0
Disagree 19 19.0 19.0 82.0
Strongly Disagree 18 18.0 18.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey conducted online, researcher was keen to know about
the feeling of participants regarding the policies and legislation of UK government are agile
regarding immigration or not. From the analysis of the questionnaire it was identified that 24
participants strongly agreed with the statement, 19 participants agreed with the statement, 20
participants have neutral responses, 19 participants disagreed with the statement and 18
42

participants strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, from the analysis it can be understood
that participants felt that the policy of UK government is agile regarding immigration.
Theme 18:Is immigration helping United Kingdom in growth and development?
Is immigration helping United Kingdom in growth and development?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 26 26.0 26.0 26.0
Agree 25 25.0 25.0 51.0
Neutral 18 18.0 18.0 69.0
Disagree 17 17.0 17.0 86.0
Strongly Disagree 14 14.0 14.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey, researcher asked the participants regarding
immigration helps in growth and development of United Kingdom economy or not. From the
analysis of the questionnaire survey, it was identified that 26 participants strongly agree with the
statement, 25 participants agreed with the statement, 18 participants have neutral responses, 17
participants disagree with the statement and 14 participants strongly disagreed with the
statement. Thus, from the analysis it can be understood that increase in immigration helps in
growth and development of United Kingdom economy.
Theme 19:Is immigration increases the social issues like acute housing shortage, disturbance
in the societies, etc. in United Kingdom?
Is immigration increases the social issues like acute housing shortage, disturbance in the
societies, etc. in United Kingdom?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 18 18.0 18.0 18.0
Agree 26 26.0 26.0 44.0
Neutral 24 24.0 24.0 68.0
Disagree 11 11.0 11.0 79.0
Strongly Disagree 21 21.0 21.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
43

Interpretation: The questionnaire survey conducted online by the investigator in order to know
whether immigration increases the social issues like acute housing shortage, disturbance in the
societies, etc. in United Kingdom or not. From the analysis of the questionnaire responses, it was
identified that 18 participants strongly agreed with the statement, 26 participants agreed with the
statement, 24 participants have neutral responses, 11 participants have disagreed with the
statement and 21 participants have strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, from the analysis
it can be understood that immigration increases the social issues like acute housing shortage,
disturbance in the societies, etc. in United Kingdom as majority of participants have agreed on
this.
Theme 20:Is immigration positively impact on the dependency ratio of United Kingdom?
Is immigration positively impact on the dependency ratio of United Kingdom?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree 22 22.0 22.0 22.0
Agree 20 20.0 20.0 42.0
Neutral 13 13.0 13.0 55.0
Disagree 21 21.0 21.0 76.0
Strongly Disagree 24 24.0 24.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire analysis, the researcher asked the question in order to know
whether immigration positively impacts on the dependency ration of UK or not. From the
analysis of the questionnaire, it was identified that 22 participants strongly agree with the
statement, 20 participant agree with this statement, 13 participants have neutral responses, 21
participants strongly disagreed with the statement and 24 participants strongly disagreed with the
statement. Thus, from the analysis it can be concluded that immigration does not positively
impact on the dependency ratio of United Kingdom as majority of participants disagreed with the
statement.
Theme 21:Having variety of cultures and languages in United Kingdom benefits everyone?
Having variety of cultures and languages in United Kingdom benefits everyone?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 17 17.0 17.0 17.0
44

Agree 24 24.0 24.0 41.0
Neutral 21 21.0 21.0 62.0
Disagree 14 14.0 14.0 76.0
Strongly Disagree 24 24.0 24.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Interpretation: In the questionnaire survey, the researcher asked the participants of the research
regarding variety of cultures and languages flourishing in UK due to increase in immigration.
From the analysis of the questionnaire survey, it was identified that 17 participants have strongly
agreed with the statement, 24 participants agreed with the statement, 21 participants have neutral
responses, 14 participants disagreed with the statement and 24 participants strongly disagreed
with the statement. Thus, it can be concluded that variety of cultures and languages flourishes in
UK due to increase in immigration.
Mean Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
Questions N Mean (M) Std. Deviation (SD)
Too many immigrants coming to
United Kingdom 100 2.59 1.326
Relationship between immigration and
unemployment rates. 100 2.96 1.363
Illegal immigrants taking away jobs 100 3.08 1.405
Immigration impacts negatively on the
employment in restaurant industries 100 3.03 1.251
Helps in providing skilled and
competent staff. 100 2.45 1.290
Immigrants affects other employees 100 2.70 1.374
Conflicts occurred between immigrant
and native born 100 2.93 1.458
Immigrants does not behave properly
with employees. 100 2.52 1.359
Governmental actions in order to
reduce rate of immigration in the
country
100 2.98 1.497
Relationship between immigration and
wage rate. 100 2.36 1.314
Increase in immigrants fluctuate the
wage rate 100 2.31 1.361
45

Wage rate got decreased after increase
in immigrants. 100 2.68 1.270
Policy of UK government is agile
regarding immigration 100 2.88 1.437
Immigration helping United Kingdom
in growth and development 100 2.68 1.392
Immigration increases the social
issues like acute housing shortage,
disturbance in the societies, etc.
100 2.91 1.393
Immigration positively impact on the
dependency ratio 100 3.05 1.507
Having variety of cultures and
languages 100 3.04 1.428
4.3 Findings and analysis
The primary data analysis researcher provided the link of questionnaire conducted online
through Survey Monkey. The participants of the research study were natives of UK working at
different restaurants across the country. Different themes has been constructed in order to
analyse the questionnaire more effectively and efficiently. In the first four themes, analysis of
demographic information has been provided. From the analysis it was identified that majority of
participant 63% were male and 37% of participants were female employees. Participants majorly
were of age between 20 to 30 years. It implies that majority of participants were young. It was
identified that large number of participants (54) were married and income of majority of
participants (73) lied between £5000 – £25000. In fifth theme researcher asked the respondents
whether they feel that there are too many immigrants coming to United Kingdom. United
Kingdom offers great opportunities to young, talented and skilled people by providing them jobs
in the country irrespective of his or her culture, religion or country. This factor impact on the
immigration rate in the country greatly. In this response majority of participants agreed with
mean (M = 2.59; SD = 1.33) as population of immigrants has been increase. In sixth theme,
researcher inquired about the relationship between immigration and unemployment rates. As per
Islam, (2007) in many countries there is positive relationship between immigration and
unemployment rates such as Canada and Italy. In this context, majority of participants agreed
that there is positive relationship between immigration and unemployment rates (M = 2.96; SD =
1.36). In the seventh theme researcher queried about the illegal immigration and its impact on
46

job. In the studies it was identified that illegal immigration has been increase in UK after Brexit.
In this context, majority of the participants disagreed with the statement as illegal immigrants
weren't stealing the jobs (M = 3.08; SD = 1.40). In the eighth theme researcher inquired about
the negative impact of immigration on employment in restaurant industries. It was identified
through analysis that majority of the participants agreed with this (M = 3.03; SD = 1.25).
Immigrants acquiring jobs of native born at very reasonable wages which increases disparity and
depression within the employees working at restaurant industry. Investigator in the research
study identified that immigration helps the restaurant industry of United Kingdom by providing
them competent and skilled staff. Majority of the participants agreed with (M = 2.45; SD =
1.29). Researcher discovered that immigrants affects other employees negatively due to which
conflicts and disputes has been occurred in the organisations. This may be due to difference of
culture and behaviour, thoughts between both the parties might be disagreed. Researcher
identified that governmental interventions and actions are fruitful in order t manage the
increasing rate of immigration in the country (M = 2.98; SD = 1.49). Immigration and wage
rates are directly related with each other. It was identified during the questionnaire survey, were
researcher inquired the participants of the research regarding changes in wage rate with increase
in immigration. Majority of the participants agreed with this (M = 2.36; SD = 1.31) as they
believed that wage rates are declining due to increase in immigration. Immigrants work with
reasonable wage rate which is lower than the actual wage rate. This decreases the overall wages
provided by the organisations to the employees and increases infuriation among the native born.
Researcher in the next them discussed about the policies and legislation of government of United
Kingdom is agile regarding immigration. According to Bosworth and Turnbull, (2015)
immigration rules are very essential and important in order to manage and control the inbound
and outbound of immigrants in the country. In response to this question, majority of the
participants agreed with the statement that policies and legislation of government of United
Kingdom are agile (M = 2.88; SD = 1.43). Though immigration might have affects on the wage
rate and unemployment rates but immigrants are also helping in the growth and development of
the national economy of the country. According to Barnett, McLeod, Hammond and Kurtzke,
(2016) in 2015 36 per cent of immigrants work as employees in different organisations of United
Kingdom and 45 per cent of immigrants were self employed. There were around 7 million
foreign born people currently residing in United Kingdom. The huge amount of population helps
47

in the growth and development of the national economy of the country. The justification to this
as majority of participation has agreed on the statement (M = 2.68; SD = 1.39). Though with the
increase in immigration practices in United Kingdom, it was identified that there is acute
shortage of housing and furthermore disturbance in the society has been increased. In this
response the participants reacts neutrally as some of them find issues regarding it while other
might not have found the same. Eventually, it can be understood that increase immigration does
not affect much on the employment rates but it has indeed impacted negatively on the wage
rates.
48

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
In the present study, the researcher has focused on the immigration and its effects on the
unemployment, wage rates and behaviour of native born of United Kingdom. Immigration has
been increased in United Kingdom in recent years due to immense opportunities and growth in
the country. Youths and skilled people migrated to United Kingdom with the hope to earn decent
revenue and live a happy life. In this context, researcher has conducted detail study on analysing
the immigration rate and its impact on unemployment and wage rate of United Kingdom. With
the help of precise research methodology and techniques, researcher able to comprehend the
subject matter adequately. This research aims to find out the effects of immigrations on
employment in UK. As the result can help the entrepreneur who running the business or thinking
to have one, to see if immigrants are good for economy or not. The objectives of this research are
to explore their relationship between immigrant and employment in UK. To determine the effect
of immigrant on native born in UK. From the entire dissertation it has been concluded that
immigration highly influenced the employment rate in the UK. Immigration have produced
lower wages and higher unemployment of the citizens. In the present dissertation the major
objective is to analyze the impact of immigration on the employment in the UK so researcher
have conducted survey in order to collect primary data about the subject. Scholar have applied
qualitative research technique under which several statistical techniques and tools have been
applied. On the basis of collected data in the survey it has been found that many respondents are
strongly agreed with the statement that many immigrants have come to United kingdom. It has
been also analyzed that there is direct relationship between the immigration and unemployment
rates of the united kingdom. From the collected information in the survey it has been analyzed
that there is negatively impact of immigration on the employment in the restaurant sector. While
immigrants comes in the country then they are ready to work on the lower wages due to which
employment in the restaurant sector is negatively influenced due to the immigration. However, it
has been also analyzed that immigration also helps to business unit by providing them high
skilled and competent staff. By help of the immigration, restaurant can get the skilled staff from
the other country. It has been also concluded from the collected data that immigrants does not
behave properly with employees who are citizen of United Kingdom. It has been analyzed that
the immigrants people do not behave in the effective way with the citizen of the united kingdom.
49

Due to this reason in the restaurant, there are generally arises the conflict among immigrant and
native born employees. Thus, it can be said that there are several positive and negative impact of
the immigration within the United kingdom. However, employment aspect is hugely affected by
this immigration because immigrants are ready to work on the lower wages in the restaurant
sector in the United kingdom. It has been also concluded from the collected information about
the rate of immigration in the UK that government should take the effective action and
developed impressive legislation and practice in order to overcome and manage the rate of
immigration in the country. Furthermore, the increasing rage of the immigration is directly affect
the wages rate in the United kingdom. Due to the immigration, rate of wages is frequently
fluctuated within the country. It has been also analyzed that arrival of skilled immigrates
distributes innovation activities which lead to productivity growth in the host countries then the
beneficial for the native workers within the United kingdom. Furthermore, they have lots of
opportunity regarding to employments as well as financial growth.
In this present report, researcher have effectively addressed the objective to analyze the
impact of immigration on the employment rate within UK restaurant sector. In order to address
the objective, researcher have applied quantitative research technique through which scholar
have appropriately obtained the right solution of research problem.
5.2 Recommendation
From the above finding it is analysed that there is great impact of immigration on
employment in UK. Due to increase in immigration local people are not getting opportunities to
be hired in reputed firm. Along wit this, they are also getting less wages as compare to
immigrant people. It is essential to take appropriate steps so that negative impact of immigration
can be overcome on employments and wages of local people. Here below are the following
recommendation:
Government can reframe immigration policy and objectives so that local people also get chance
of being hired. It is essential for national authority to abandon the net migration target and ember
a welcoming and human approach in all its policies while dealing with foreign national coming
in UK.
50

Government can also focus on addressing inefficiencies in current immigration law and
processes. In this government need to ensure that it can frontloads investments with the aim of
raising Home office capacity and skills in order to deliver decent services and make it available
for all who use the system.
Tackle the causes of irregular migration: All new laws and policies can be made by the
government after post Brexit immigration rules should be proportionate and clearly
communicated so that its negative impact can be overcome. Government can focus on training
and development program for local people so that they can develop their skills and knowledge
which increase the chances of getting hired within the reputed firm.
However, to manage all the changes is not easier for government as appropriate steps need to be
taken in respect to control immigration
51

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