Importance of Safety Training Practices in South Africa and UK Construction Industry

This dissertation aims to identify the importance of safety training practices in the construction industry of South Africa and the United Kingdom. It explores the significance of safety compliance, workplace hazards, and accident prevention measures in improving construction functioning in underdeveloped areas. The research methodology includes a literature review and data analysis to provide recommendations for enhancing safety training programs in South Africa. The study highlights the role of safety training in reducing workplace accidents and creating a safe working environment for construction workers.

Comparison of safety training practices of South
Africa and UK to bring changes upto the optimum
level in underdeveloped area
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Main purpose of this dissertation is to identify the importance of safety training practices of
United Kingdom towards improvement of functioning in underdeveloped areas i.e. South Africa.
This is a main purpose behind conducting this dissertation. There are various activities used by
researcher for completing this dissertation in successful manner. In literature review, researcher
has been gathered data from articles, books etc. sources. These sources helped for investigator in
attaining of research aim and objectives through research questions. In research methodology,
different types of methodologies were used i.e. deductive approach, positivism philosophy,
quantitative research choice, survey strategy, cross-sectional time horizon, questionnaire as a
research instrument etc. These are major types of methodologies used for achieving aim and each
objective successfully. Data analysis has been done by using frequency distribution analysis,
which is an analytical technique. Discussion was done by discussing secondary information
gathered for literature review. Conclusion and recommendations have been completed by
explaining information about the entire chapters in clear and systematic manner. In
recommendations, some main suggestions have been given for business or country to improve
few areas that are identified from the findings. Therefore, with the help of all activities or
chapters, research aim and objectives have been achieved successfully.
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................8
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................19
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION..............................................................25
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................44
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................47
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................50
Questionnaire.............................................................................................................................50
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Overview of the topic
Training is the act of increasing skills and knowledge of an employee for executing the job
allotted to them. Along with this, construction project is a type of project and organised process
of renovating, constructing and refurbishing a building. This dissertation is based on United
Kingdom, which is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, is an island
nation in north-western Europe. Safety training is essential for construction workers. There is a
big deal of work hazards on a building site. Safety training is important to prevent an increase in
worker fatalities and accidents (Xu, Zhang and Hou, 2019). Training for construction safety is
significant to avoid serious injuries within construction or building related hazards. Safety
training is important for an organisation because this will help them in securing their employees
at building site. There are different approaches that are essential in reducing workplace accidents
and making building site safety. These are awareness, training, communication, innovation,
documentation, transparency, proper equipment, transparency etc. There are various ways for
developing safety training program such as creating safety and health as a core value, implement
a reporting system, conduct inspections, collect hazard control ideas etc.
Safety training practices are important for underdeveloped area i.e. South Africa by
improving their functioning. There are several safety training practices that helped in
improvement of functioning within underdeveloped areas. These are safety compliance, safety
practices, workplace hazards, personal protective equipment, accident prevention and safety
promotion and many others. These are main practices that help in reduction of workplace
accidents.
It’s no secret that construction industry of the South Africa is struggling. Since 2017, it has
been on a steady decline. In year 2019 alone, the value of industry shrunk by 3.3%. There are
number of decline causes within South Africa (2021 Outlook for the South African Construction
Industry, 2021). These are depressed economy, rising cost of materials reduced government
infrastructure spending, less foreign investment because of ratings downgrades, lack of safety
training etc. These are major causes that negatively impact on South African construction
industry in year 2020. There are various ways that are effective in improving construction
functioning within South Africa. These are automation, safety training, innovative materials, new
technologies etc.
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The construction industry is one of the largest in the United Kingdom economy –
employing around 3.1 million people or over 9% of the workforce (UK construction industry,
2021). In UK, there are various lows and regulations regarding health and safety that are
essential for construction industry in protecting of their workers from any accidents and hazards
at sites.
Therefore, as comparison of South Africa, UK is a developed country. This is beneficial
for South African in enhancing of their construction functioning smoothly and successfully.
Aim of the dissertation
Aim is an important part of dissertation because without this, it is not possible for
researcher to complete full dissertation effectively. Aim of the dissertation is total based on title
that help investigator in executing of each activity in systematic manner. Along with this,
research aim expresses the aspiration or an intention of the research. Therefore, Main aim of this
dissertation is:
“To identify the significance of safety training practices of UK towards improvement of
functioning in underdeveloped areas. A study on South Africa
Objectives of the dissertation
Research objectives within a dissertation are concise, clear and declarative statement that
provides a direction to study the variables under the investigation. Research objectives of the
study are based on research aim. Research objectives are basically made with the help of
dependent and independent variable (Vignoli and et. al., 2021). According to the existing title
improvement of functioning in underdeveloped areas is independent variable because it is
completely dependent on the significance of safety training practices of UK. Therefore,
according to the research aim, there are some objectives that are shown as below:
 To identify the importance of UK safety training practices towards improvement of
overall construction functioning in South Africa.
 To determine the main liabilities of UK contractors and subcontractors in improving
safety of workers at building site of South Africa.
 To explore fundamental drivers of safety existing in UK that would be used by
construction industry of underdeveloped country like South Africa.
 To examine basic need of effective physical environment and safety environment for
workers at building site in South Africa.
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 To evaluate various UK laws that would be implemented by the construction industry of
South Africa for the purpose of making building site safer.
Questions of the dissertation
Developing research questions are important because it facilitate investigator in achieving of
research aim and objectives in successful manner. Research questions within a dissertation are
fundamental core of a research study or review of literature. Therefore, there are some main
questions of the research that are shown as below:
 What is the importance of UK safety training practices towards improvement of overall
construction functioning in South Africa?
 What are the main liabilities of UK contractors and subcontractors in improving safety of
workers at building site of South Africa?
 What are the fundamental drivers of safety existing in UK that would be used by
construction industry of underdeveloped country like South Africa?
 What is the basic need of effective physical environment and safety environment for
workers at building site in South Africa?
 What are the various UK laws that would be implemented by the construction industry of
South Africa for the purpose of making building site safer?
Rationale of the Dissertation
The Main rationale behind selecting this project is to identify the issues faced by workers
at construction site. This is one of the main reasons behind doing current dissertation. The main
reason behind the selection of current topic is that support in fulfilment of personal and
professional perspective. In regards of personal, this assist in determination of the activities that
are effective in nature towards development of construction site in more safely (Bhandari,
Hallowell and Correll, 2019). This research aid researcher by improving their research skills that
are communication, time management, data collection and many more. Improvement of these
skills help investigator in completion of full dissertation within allotted time and successful
manner. At professional level, this research helps investigator in increasing their understanding
about the importance of safety training at construction site.
Structure of the dissertation
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This is important part of the dissertation because it helps reader in identification of the
structure of report. There are different activities that will be require in completing full
dissertation systematically. All these activities are defining as below:
Chapter 1: Introduction: This chapter included background and rationale of research,
aim, objectives and questions of the dissertation. All these are important activities that will helps
investigator in completion of this chapter successfully. This chapter will help in conducting of
next activity in systematic manner.
Chapter 2: Literature Review: This chapter is based on secondary data that will be
gathered from books, articles and many other secondary sources relevant to the topic. This
chapter helps investigator in fulfilling of research gap in systematic manner that turn to impact in
achievement of each objective successfully.
Chapter 3: Research methodology: Under this chapter, there are different types of
methodologies that will be going to use by researcher (Eggerth and et. al., 2018). These are
positivism philosophy, deductive approach, quantitative research choice, primary and secondary
method, survey, questionnaire, probability sampling etc. Main purpose of all these
methodologies is to collect quantitative information and get valid outcomes in less period of
time.
Chapter 4: Data analysis and interpretation: This chapter helps investigator in
evaluating of information about the topic. In accordance to the current project, frequency
distribution analysis will be going to apply by researcher with purpose of analysing quantitative
data. This technique involves frequency table along with the number of respondents (Feng and
Trinh, 2019).
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation: This is a last activity of dissertation that
helps reader in identifying of the achievement of aim and objectives (Buniya and et. al., 2021). In
recommendation, some suggestions will be given for improving the information about title.
Therefore, introduction chapter is an important section of dissertation as it helps in
conducting of another activities or chapters in systematic manner. With the help of this chapter,
researcher is developed aim, objectives and questions that are required for executing another
activities i.e. literature review, research methodology, data analysing etc.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review refers to the process followed by researcher for collecting secondary data
from various sources i.e. books, articles, journals, magazines, publication research and many
more. All these are major sources that will helps investigator in gathering of secondary
information regarding the topic. Main purpose of literature review is to identify the research gap
in current study. Main gap within existing topic is to identify the significance of safety training
in building projects (Tilt and et. al., 2020). In previous studies, there were lots of information
available regarding the significance of safety training at workplace, but there were missing
information about the importance of safety training in building project. This is a main gap and
for addressing this, research questions will be explained as under:
What is the importance of UK safety training practices towards improvement of overall
construction functioning in South Africa?
According to the Buniya and et. al., (2021), safety training at workplace is important for
an organisation as well as their employees. It enables the business management to ensure a
healthy and safe working environment. This also facilitates the workers to recognise safety risks
and correct them. It empowers them to know best practices and expectations about the workplace
safety. There are different types of safety trainings exist in UK such as workplace ergonomics,
fire safety, workplace violence prevention, employee health resources, environmental safety,
equipment safety online safety and cyber security. All these are main type of safety trainings that
will be essential in building project towards improvement of overall functioning in the
underdeveloped areas like South Africa.
As per the view presented by Abbasianjahromi, Golafshani and Aghakarimi (2021),
building project means any physical activity on the place involved within the erection of a
building. It means furnishing labour, material, equipment or supplies consumed or used for the
construction, design, renovation, alternation, maintenance or repair of a structure or building.
Construction of building does not include roads, highways, bridges, turnpikes, dams or related
structure. Construction is a very diverse sector that covers activities ranging from quarrying,
forestry and mining to the construction of buildings and infrastructure. There are different factors
leading to high rate of accidents in building industry of South Africa. These are Lack of training
and awareness, operating equipment without safety devices, harsh work operation, poor workers’
attitudes towards safety etc. These are major factors that increase accident within construction
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industry of South Africa. Therefore, safety training is important for securing workplace. There
are some safety training practices that played important role towards improvement of overall
construction functioning in South Africa. These are explained as below:
Provides specific and practical information regarding hazards and how to perform work
safely: Bhagwat, Kumar and Delhi (2021) states that this is the responsibility of construction
manager to provide accurate information about the hazards to their all workers. This is important
and necessary for making safe and secure workplace. This turn to impact in reduction of
accidents at construction sites.
Communicate all information in a language and by methods understandable to each
and every worker: Numerous working environments have workers whose first language isn't
English. Because training related to the safety frequently incudes highly technical and
specialised information, employees whose knowledge of English is less than fluent can run into
communication issues that did not affect them throughout the hiring process.
Relates directly to the work being done by employees: This is an important safety
practice that would help construction manager in making of sites safe and secure. Employees are
well known about their work and practise. For this they only need training that is essential in
completion of construction project effectively.
Along with this, above mentioned, all these are main safety practices that has some
benefits towards improvement in construction industry of South Africa are explained below:
Statistically and less accidents: Safety training helps workers by increasing satisfaction
regarding the work (Dai and et. al., 2021). It is proven in valid survey that safety trainings assist
in decreasing the numbers of fewer accidents because in safety training various ways and
methods are explained and adopted so that employees can be saved and secured from accidents
in building projects.
Increased efficiency and productivity: Safety trainings are the sessions and programs
which gives importance to the safety of workers (Akinshipe and et. al., 2021). It helps increasing
and improving the efficiency and productivity of workers because employees would generate a
feeling that they are safe while doing or performing their assigned job role and responsibility.
Improves employee morale: Safety training are basically organised with the main
motive of providing security to the worker while doing their work. When workers attend such
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type of trainings then they increase their level of morale because these workers start think they
are being valued and important for construction industry for achieving their targets.
Less time: When workers are given effective and efficient safety trainings they would
generate a feeling of safety and would do work without becoming stressed. When workers do
their work without being occupied with stress then this will increase their efficiency of
performing their job roles and do their work before the deadline.
What are the main liabilities of UK contractors and subcontractors in improving safety of
workers at building site of South Africa?
According to the Trillo-Cabello, Carrillo-Castrillo and Rubio-Romero (2021),
Contractors and subcontractors is the people who continuously make efforts for the workers so
that they can remain safe and secure at construction places and locations. This is so because
workers are necessary to carry out the activities related to construction. All the below mentioned
responsibilities of UK contractors and Sub contracts are needed to be followed in the
construction industry of South Africa so they also able to gain similar nature of effective
working environment. All responsibilities are defined below;
Some of the responsibilities of UK contractors are:
 Contractor makes the rules and regulations which provides safe and secure workplace for
workers so that prevention can be done from injuries, damages and loss to worker.
 Contractors are responsible for making assumptions regarding the programs and
precautions related to the health and safety of workers which would benefit workforce in
future.
 Contractors are the individuals who provide guidance time to time so that communication
can be done properly and safety can be addressed for employees (Oh and et. al., 2021).
This type of guidance makes contractors to aware about the present condition related to
damages and injuries.
 Contractors have the duty to check machines, equipment’s and technology because there
are more chances of accidents related to these machines to workers. Workers are
appointed to work with the installed machines and when machine gets damaged, there are
more chances of workers to get injured. So contractors make sure that every machine is
working properly and are latest or advance.
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 Contractors organise and arrange different sessions of safety trainings time to time
because these trainings make workers learn how to prevent accidents and damages. And
how to act on accidents when happened in the environment of workplace (Østrem and
Sommer, 2021).
 Contractors make sure that every safety process is clearly communicated to the
subcontractors because it is mandatory to make sub-contractors learn about the safety
process as they communicate with the workers.
 Contractors have the responsibility to assure that worker safety trainings are completed
by following all the predefined rules and guidelines.
Some of the responsibilities of UK sub-contractors are:
 Sub-contractors are liable to follow all the rules and regulations made by contractors;
they make sure that every rule is followed by workers so that safety and health of workers
can be kept on priority basis.
 Sub-contractors have the responsibility to check and examine the worksite so that if any
danger sign is seen then proper measures can be taken and chances of damages can be
decreased.
 Li and et. al., (2021), states that sub-contractors are the people who have direct contact
and communication with the workers, so they clearly ask opinions of workers related to
the safety trainings and when workers tell about some changes then these subcontractors
convey such changes and ideas to contractors.
 Sub-contractors make sure that workers working in construction have emotional, mental
and physical ability to do activities and tasks effectively, in such a way workers do not
get threatened related to health and safety by doing undesired work.
 Subcontractors have the duty to inform contractors and upper level authority about any
misshapen, accidents and injuries. Timely conveying incidents help in taking instant
measures so that these injuries can be prevented and reduced.
What are the fundamental drivers of safety existing in UK that would be used by construction
industry of underdeveloped country like South Africa?
As per the view presented by Su and et. al., (2021), Construction Sector is one of the integral
part of infrastructure development that boosts the Economy of underdeveloped areas. There are
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various Fundamentals drivers of UK that must be used by construction Industry of South Africa
such as;
Training is one of the fundamental drivers that must be used by Construction Industry of
South Africa. By Providing training to employees their knowledge and skills get improved
related to the use of machinery and equipment’s. According to the Hou and et. al., (2021), The
Occupational Health and Safety Administration provide resources to businesses for providing
training to labours on standard safety and security practices which includes training videos,
pamphlets and on-site training opportunities. To enhance the knowledge an employee must
attend training sessions which is provided by Construction Company. With the help of training
an individual gets to know about fall protection, implication of using machines and proper use of
ladders. The goals of construction Company is to make their employees adequately trained. If
Employees does not attend the training process, they can get injured or killed due to lack of
knowledge.
Workplace environment must be appropriate and good which ensures the safety and Health
of Employees in Workplace. As per the view presented by Panwar and Jha, (2021), In an
Organisation, there are various Occupational Safety and Health risk that creates an unsafe
working conditions and put the workplace area into dangerous environmental Hazards. If,
construction industry manages the safety drivers, they will get various benefits such as it helps in
promoting the wellness of workers who are working in an Industry. In an Organisation if there
are proper safety measures there is less chances of accidents in workplace. This helps company
to reduce the cost for compensating employees and also helps in reducing time for safety
investigations.
Workplace environment must be appropriate and good which ensures the safety and Health
of Employees in Workplace. As per the view presented by Panwar and Jha, (2021), In an
Organisation, there are various Occupational Safety and Health risk that creates an unsafe
working conditions and put the workplace area into dangerous environmental Hazards. If,
construction industry manages the safety drivers, they will get various benefits such as it helps in
promoting the wellness of workers who are working in an Industry. In an Organisation if there
are proper safety measures there is less chances of accidents in workplace. This helps company
to reduce the cost for compensating employees and also helps in reducing time for safety
investigations.
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Empowerment is an idea that helps workers in providing authority, motivation, resources
and opportunity to accomplish their work on given time with efficient manner. Kılıç, Boz and
Eryılmaz (2020) states that empowerment helps in making employees feel happier and more
proficient while working for Construction Site Company. If staff members feels empower, their
morale and motivation get increased as they are given responsible job and treated as a valuable
asset for Organisation. The workers feel better if company gives them control over their work; it
also satisfies Esteem need of an individual. For growing sustainable business it is important to
empower employees. By empowering workers they can represent their interest in self-determined
and responsible way.
Safety climate is defined as a perception of a value placed on safety by organisation and
maintaining safety culture for their employees so that they can work without harming
themselves. In safety climate the workers perception regarding safety is expressed. Safety
climate generally means shared perception of employees related to safety policies, practices and
procedures. According to the Peiró and et. al., (2020), the safety climate influences workers to
accomplish their work safely without taking any stress. Staff members show their perception
related to safety during workplace at construction site. It is important for company to take safety
precaution for their employees so that they give best outcomes. A survey is also taken for
assessing the level of safety on Construction site. It helps in identifying the key issues which can
be used to improve safety climate of construction site. The survey helps in providing information
related to the safety environment of Workplace.
What is the basic need of effective physical environment and safety environment for workers at
building site in South Africa?
According to the Umeokafor (2020), effective completion of project on time is one of the
basic needs of effective physical environment and safety environment for workers at building
site in South Africa. Time management is important in projects as it helps in breakdown of
project, assigning target and completing projects on time. The time management reflects time
which is spent while accomplishing the project. The Construction Company must ensure that
work must be complete on given time. The project can be done on time when all the necessary
resources must be available on construction site. The organisation must divide a team according
to the interest of workers so that they can work effectively and achieve the target on given time.
It is necessary to develop a process to complete each task according to the plan which is made by
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superiors. If project is completed on given time it reduces hazards and risk which is associated
during work as delays may create more problem for workers and organisation. The Construction
manager must make sure that their staff members must understand schedules and deadlines
before starting work.
As per the opinion of Pilgaard and et. al., (2020), to improve safety is the basic need of
effective physical environment and safety environment for workers while building site in South
Africa. As Construction site is considered as dangerous place to work, many people get injured
while working on construction site. For building site in South Africa, the construction company
must ensure that their employees be safe and healthy while working. The Construction
organisation must provide PPE to its employees and make sure everybody must wear during
work. The PPE acts as a defence when any worker comes into contact with hazard on site. Hi-viz
and safety boots must be provided to staff member as it helps in making grip and protect their
feet. A hard hat must also give to people who are presented in construction site as skull can’t be
replaced. Before starting work on construction site it is important to conduct induction because
different sites have different hazards and work operation. Induction helps in providing
information regarding where to sign in, what to avoid, and what to do and where to go. It is the
responsibility of workers to keep their work area tidy to reduce the number of slips and hazards.
The employees must make sure that one wrong action can put everybody in harm. They must act
and think safely on construction site without taking any stress. The Construction Company must
explain safety signs and procedure to their staff members during induction; they must know the
risk assessment which is associated with carrying out different machines and equipment’s. The
Organisation must put control measure at construction site for the safety of employees. If any
worker notice problem they must inform to their supervisor so that they can take precautionary
action quickly.
As per the view presented by Ahn and et. al., (2020), to build good teams and high motivated
staff is another basic need for effective physical environment and safety environment for workers
at building site in South Africa. It is important for Construction Company to build good teams
and high motivated staff because it helps in achieving target at minimal time with proper
efficiency and effectiveness. The employees can be motivated by creating a pleasant working
environment on Construction site. Workers get highly motivated when organisation rewards
them with after a day of hard work. As in construction site there is rough day of working in heat
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and cold, if company treat them with meal and drinks it shows that their efforts are recognisable.
The good team gives their best performance while constructing building. It is the responsibility
of construction firm to keep relaxed and comfortable atmosphere during working as staff
members also feel stress free and achieve their goals in proper manner. Workers get motivated
when they are treated as valuable asset for Organisation. The Construction Company must allow
their team to grow skills in which they are good and give challenges to them by assigning
projects out of their comfort zone it helps in increasing their growth. A good team will work
collaboratively without creating dispute and even follow the rules and regulation while working
in construction site. If employees are working in proper collaboration it helps in gaining new
ideas and perspective for accomplishing work. The Collaboration also builds good team spirit
between workers.
What are the various UK laws that would be implemented by the construction industry of South
Africa for the purpose of making building site safer?
Accordigng to the Jeelani, Han and Albert (2020), There are various UK laws that would
be implemented by the construction industry of South Africa for the purpose of making building
site safer so that workforce could work without any fear and give their maximum contribution in
performing their work. Some of the laws are explained below:
Construction design and management regulations 2007:
According to Ogunde and et. al, (2016), construction designs and management regulations
2007 Act known as CDM regulations or CDM 2007. Earlier this law has defined duties that are
legal in nature for the safe operation at construction sites of UK. Construction designs and
management regulations 2015 superseded the earlier law at present. This specific regulation has
to put specific duties on designers, contractors and clients for planning their approach towards
safety and health. This has applied throughout the project of construction from initial stages to
final stage that is removal and demolition. It has been introduced by the safety and health
executives Construction Division to:
 To improve project management and planning.
 To assign Act personal. For managing onsite risks.
 To manage health and safety.
 To discourage and eliminate bureaucracy overall
This law was originally formed in 1994 but it has revised in 2007 because the impact of 1994
regulations was not that impactful in terms of explaining responsibilities, complex drafting and
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has number of paperwork but by devising CDM 2007 all these barriers have been tried to
remove. CDM 2007 has focused on determining hazards at early stages so that they can be
removed at the planning and designing stage so that risks could be managed. These mentioned
aims can only be achieved when these responsibilities are clearly explained when:
 Duty holders like principal contractor, designer, clients and CDM coordinator know their
responsibilities to perform.
 Emphasis on clear and good communication is given.
 Evaluating the competence of each duty holder.
 Decreasing paperwork by focusing more on management and planning.
There has been research conducted by HSC commissioned in 2010 for determining the revision
of CDM 2007 and the result of this research has published in April 2012. The 2 specific areas
that are examined by them are:
 To what extent CDM 2007 revisions met their targets and objectives.
 To determine the cost implications about the revision.
This specific research outcome was mixed. It has been clear from this research that an important
part of construction industry that is finance is used for this successful implementation of CDM,
2007. But it can be seen that health and safety have been attained. However, some areas have
been identified that need improvement.
Corporate manslaughter and corporate homicide act 2007
According to Tombs (2018), corporate manslaughter and corporate homicide act 2007
introduced on 6th April 2008. In this all the liabilities related to organizations or companies are
mentioned that they have to follow. These organizations and companies have failed miserably in
terms of management of safety and health within workplace. The Act has been introduced for
addressing long standing concerns. Previous common law principle of manslaughter was not
efficient enough for prosecuting of companies that were liable for doing offence. So, in the
previous law for an organization to be found guilty of manslaughter has to fulfill 2 conditions.
 A person working as an employee for the organization should be found guilty of gross
negligence man laughter.
 That particular individual must be determined as being the controlling mind of an
organization.
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Companies that operate in very large scale just delegate their operational responsibilities with
their subordinates and escape from their responsibilities that sometimes lead to death of workers
because of not giving proper attention to their health and safety. Earlier with prior laws and
regulations large companies and organizations have escaped from their responsibility and
liability, but with the introduction of this particular act, organizations are held accountable for
their crime that is not giving attention to health and safety of workers and accidents.
This particular act applies to companies and organizations for the offense they have done
which include partnerships that are covered under Partnership Act 1890, corporations, police
forces, employers or trade unions associations, public bodies and government departments that
are listed under schedule I to the Act. Through this act, this is the first time in law that
organizations are found guilty of corporate manslaughter as outcomes of high management
failures. This act does not apply to an individual like managers or directors can still prosecute at
common law for manslaughter by gross negligence and one single director of an organization
could be charged with a criminal offense of manslaughter because he has liable for causing a
death through gross negligence.
Health and safety regulation 1996
According to Umeokafor, (2017), the safety and health Regulations 1996 has been
introduced for setting minimum requirements related to particular hazards, administrative and
work practices that is relation to health and safety at work. In this specific minimum standards
are prescribed and have application. They also assist in defining particular requirements
according to the specific type of work or hazard. This regulation allows for granting and
licensing of approvals. Health and Safety Regulation 1996 is divided into different parts that are
consultation with employees and safety signals and signals regulations are included. In safety
signals and signals regulations, there are provisions and use of signs that are related to safety.
These are the signs which are used at workplaces for recognizing signs and symbols related to
safety matters and these signs of showing dangerous situation focus on communicating safety
and health information.
In this usage of illuminated science, acoustic, and hand signals are considered for
communication. Fire alarms and marking of pipe at work containing substances that is dangerous
for alerting workers. These signs are provided by employers so that whenever risk happens, it
can be avoided or controlled. There are places where safety signs are not able to reduce the risk,
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so at those places there is no need of providing signs and symbols. The other one is consultation
with employees, in this employers consult employees related to the matters of health and safety
at workplace. It gives the introduction of measures at the workplace, which can affect the health
and safety of those employees. Planning and organizing to bring health and safety training for
maintain safety of workers by them only.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the process of collecting and evaluating data regarding specific
field of study. Main purpose of methodology within a research is to facilitate investigator by
providing valid and reliable data about the topic (Yap and Lee, 2020). There are different types
of research methodologies that are essential in gathering and analysing of information about the
significance of safety training in building projects. There are some significant types of research
methodologies that will be explained as below:
Research philosophy: This is a type of methodology that refers to the process of collecting
and analysing data in form of qualitative and quantitative (Bhagwat, Kumar and Delhi, 2021).
There are two essential types of research philosophies such as pragmatism and interpretivisim.
These are main types of research philosophies but for carrying out current study, pragmatism is a
chosen philosophy because it facilitates in gathering of data in quantitative and numerical way.
Interpretivisim is another type of research philosophy that is not useful within a study because it
requires data in form of quantitative that results in need of maximum sources and time.
Therefore, within a dissertation, pragmatism is selected research philosophy. Therefore,
pragmatism is essential type of philosophy and helps investigator in collection and evaluation of
numerical information about the significance of safety training in building projects.
Rationale for selecting positivism philosophy: One of the main reason behind selection of
positivism type of research philosophy is it facilitate investigator in gathering ad analysing of
numerical data from larger sample base. There are numerous benefits of using positivism
research philosophy (Turnbull, Chugh and Luck, 2020). These are quantitative data, value
freedom, reliability, objective data, representative, shows patterns and trends etc. These are
biggest advantages that help researcher in selecting of positivism philosophy for the topic safety
training practices of South Africa and UK to bring changes upto the optimum level in
underdeveloped area.
Research approach: This is the process of evaluating data through research approach.
There are basically two approaches of the data analysis which are inductive and deductive. These
are main approaches but for analysing the data about the significance of safety training in
building projects, deductive approach is selected by the researcher (Alipour-Bashary and et. al.,
2021). Main aim regarding choosing of deductive approach is it facilitate researcher in
evaluating of quantitative information within less period of time. Inductive is another approach
19

of data analysis that is not valuable in current dissertation because it only helps in evaluating of
quantitative data, which require more time and cost. Therefore, deductive approach is selected
approach within a research. As it helps researcher in achieving of each objective in successful
manner.
Rationale for choosing deductive approach: Main purpose regarding the selection of
deductive approach is it assist researcher in evaluating of data in numerical manner. There are
several advantages of deductive approach including possibility to measure concepts
quantitatively, generalise research findings to a certain extent, explain causal relationship
between variables and concepts etc. These are main reasons behind choosing of deductive
approach within current dissertation (Solihatin and et. al., 2020).
Research strategy: This is another part of methodology that assists in collecting of data
through effective approach of research strategy. There are different approaches of research
strategies such as action research, experimental, survey, case study, literature review and many
more. All these are effective approaches of the research strategy, but according to the existing
topic, survey and literature review are selected approaches (Mbugua and Winja, 2021). Main
reason behind selection of survey is it provides numerical information in less period of time.
Main purpose behind the selection of literature review is it provides secondary data from books,
articles and many other sources relevant to the topic. Literature review helps investigator in
gathering of secondary information and survey facilitates in collecting of primary data without
taking maximum time. Main reason behind selection of survey is it assists in gathering of actual
and numerical information about the topic. The survey is conducted through questionnaire.
Rationale of selecting survey strategy: There are various advantages of questionnaire as a
part of survey including questionnaire are inexpensive, practical, offer a quick way to get results,
comparability, respondent anonymity, offer actionable data and many others. These are major
advantages of questionnaire as a part of survey (Erro-Garcés and Alfaro-Tanco, 2020). Within an
investigation this will help investigator in achieving of each objective successfully.
Research choice: This is significant part of the methodology because it helps in gathering
of information through qualitative and quantitative method. Qualitative and quantitative are
consider two important choices of the research. According to the current project, quantitative
choice is the chosen research method because it will help investigator in collecting of numerical
information through questionnaire (Singh and Misra, 2021). Qualitative is another method of
20

research choice that is not valuable for conducting present study because it consumes maximum
time and not support in gathering of numerical information. Therefore, according to the present
study, quantitative research is a chosen method because it not takes more time and provides valid
outcomes.
Rationale for choosing quantitative research choice: Quantitative research is a useful
research choice within an investigation because it provides valid and reliable outcomes of the
research. There are various advantages of selecting quantitative research choice including more
cost effective, larger sample, faster and easier, objective and accuracy, data collection is quick,
straight forward analysis, participants remains anonymous etc. All these are consider biggest
advantages of using quantitative research within a dissertation (Susilo and Sudrajat, 2020).
Time horizon: Time is essential part of the research because it facilitates in completing of
each activity in allotted time period. There are two essential sections of time horizon are known
as cross-sectional and longitudinal. Both are main approaches of time horizon but for carrying
out present study, cross-sectional approach of time horizon is more useful. This approach not
takes maximum time and based on actual situation (Lingard and et. al., 2021). Longitudinal is
another approach that is not essential within a study because it require maximum time in
completion of full project. Thus, cross-sectional approach is chosen approach in current
dissertation.
Rationale for selecting cross-sectional time horizon: Main purpose for selecting cross-
sectional approach of time horizon is it is based on actual situation and facilitate in completion of
full dissertation within given time period. Therefore, cross-sectional is an effective time –horizon
approach for existing topic or dissertation.
Data collection: This refers to the process of collecting primary and secondary data from
specific research method. In primary research, data will be gathered from first hand sources such
as questionnaire, interview etc. All these are effective methods of collecting primary information
but for gathering the significance of safety training in building projects. There are some main
advantages of primary data such as authenticity, specific nature, less time require, helps in
getting of valid outcomes. Therefore, primary research is important and essential for investigator
in fulfilment of research objectives. On the other hand, secondary is another type of research and
for gathering such type of information, there are various sources such as articles, magazines,
books etc. All these are useful sources and helps investigator in gathering of secondary
21

information easily. Secondary sources were used for literature review with purpose of addressing
research gap. Therefore, within a dissertation both primary and secondary sources of data
collection are useful.
Rationale for selecting primary and secondary research: There are various advantages of
primary and secondary research that facilitate investigator in selecting of both types of research
within a dissertation. Advantages of both methods are explained as below in tabular form:
Advantages of primary and secondary research
Primary research Secondary research
 Targeted issues are addressed with the
help of primary research.
 Data interpretation is better and useful.
 Primary researcher help in collecting of
numerical and valid information
regarding the topic.
Secondary research is time and cost effective
that turns to impact in achievement of each
objective successfully.
Secondary research facilitate in collecting of
secondary and accurate information from
books, articles, publication research and many
other sources relevant to the topic.
Sampling: This is the process of selecting sample out of total population. There are basically
two techniques of sample selection are called probability and non-probability. These are main
techniques of sampling but according to the current dissertation, probability sampling is a chosen
method. Main reason regarding the selection of probability sampling is it facilitate in selection of
larger base of sample without taking maximum time and cost (Dickens, 2021). There are
different advantages of probability sampling such as higher level of reliability of research
findings, increased accuracy of sampling error estimation etc. Non-probability is another
technique of sampling, but it is not valuable within a dissertation because it not facilitates in
selection of larger sample base. There are some disadvantages of non-probability sampling such
as unknown proportion of the entire population, difficulties in estimating sampling variability.
Therefore, according to the existing topic or dissertation, probability is a chosen sampling
technique. For this 20 employee’s construction companies are selected randomly under
probability sampling. Main reason regarding using of such types of sample is they have accurate
knowledge regarding the safety training along with its importance in construction industry.
22

Rationale for selecting probability sampling: Probability sampling is a useful technique of
sample selection in current dissertation. There are various reasons behind selection of probability
sampling (Andrade and Andersen, 2020). These are: increased accuracy of sampling error
estimation, higher level of reliability of research findings, possibility to make inference regarding
the population, absence of systematic error and sampling bias etc. These are major advantages of
using probability sampling within a dissertation.
Research instruments: This is a main part of methodology because it facilitates
investigator in collecting of data through research specific research instrument. There are various
instruments of the research which are questionnaire, interview, focus group, observation,
modelling and many more (Hannaford, Cheng and Kunes-Connell, 2021). All these are main
instruments of the research, but according to the project, questionnaire is a suitable instrument.
There are different advantages of questionnaire such as inexpensive, fast results, easy analysis,
validity & reliability, no pressure etc. These are main advantages and benefits of using
questionnaire within less period of time. All these instruments are mentioned as below:
Interview: This is an effective and essential instrument of data collection that helps investigator
In gathering of qualitative data about the topic. For this method, researcher will require in
making of open-ended questions about the topic.
Questionnaire: This is another method and technique of collecting primary and quantitative
information within less period of time. In this method, investigator is required in making of
close-ended questions regarding the topic (Moradi, 2021).
Focus group: This is a data collection technique that is used by investigator for gathering
qualitative data regarding the topic. It is a market research method or instrument that brings
require 6-10 people for collecting data regarding specific field of study.
Observation: It is a qualitative research method that will be done by observing an individual.
This type of method is used when questionnaire, interview etc. methods are not suitable and
accurate.
Rationale for selecting questionnaire: Therefore, above mentioned all these are effective
instruments of data collection but according to the significance of safety training practices of UK
towards improvement of functioning in underdeveloped areas, questionnaire is a useful method.
In this method, researcher is required in making of set of questions about the topic (Molenberghs
23

and et. al., 2020). Main purpose regarding the making of set of question is to identifying the
importance of safety training projects.
Research ethics: Ethics are important within an investigation because it support in
completing of full dissertation in ethical manner (Archibald and Blines, 2021). There are various
principles of research ethics such as minimise the risk of harm, giving the right to withdraw,
protecting confidentiality of the research participants, protecting anonymity of participates
within research, avoiding deceptive practices, obtaining informed consent etc. These are main
principles that are essential in completion of each activity of the research in ethical and
systematic manner.
Therefore, above discussed all these are major and important methodologies are used
within an investigation for achieving research aim and each objective in successful manner.
Questionnaire helped investigator by providing valid and reliable data about the topic. Along
with this, quantitative research is important in conducting of full dissertation in systematic and
numerical manner.
24

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This is important section of dissertation because it facilitates evaluation of gathered
information from research analytical technique. According to the current dissertation,
quantitative data was gathered from questionnaire instrument and for analysing this frequency
distribution analysis as an analytical technique is applied by researcher (Smith and et. al., 2020).
Main purpose behind selection of frequency distribution analysis is it helped investigator in
attaining of each objective in successful manner. Along with this, Ms-Excel is also applied as
software. This software helps investigator in making of graphs according to the research
questions. Therefore, frequency distribution table of current dissertation is mentioned as below:
Frequency distribution analysis
Q1 Do you have knowledge regarding the safety training in building
projects?
Frequency
a) Yes 15
b) No 3
c) Can’t say 2
Q2 What is the importance of UK safety training practices towards
improvement of overall construction functioning in South Africa?
Frequency
a) Statistically and less accidents 5
b) Increased efficiency and productivity 5
c) Improves employee morale 5
d) Less time 5
Q3 Does improved safety help employees to work with quality? Frequency
a) Yes 16
b) No 3
c) Can’t say 1
Q4 What different type of trainings needed to provide to employees for
improvement of safety?
Frequency
a) Refresher training 6
b) Induction training 7
c) Toolbox talks related training 7
25

Q5 What are the main liabilities of UK contractors and subcontractors in
improving safety of workers at building site of South Africa?
Frequency
a) Rising safety incident or injury rates 8
b) Benchmarking best practices 6
c) Regulatory requirements 6
Q6 What are the main liabilities of UK subcontractors in improving
safety of workers at building site of South Africa
Frequency
a) Liable to follow all the rules and regulations made by contractors 7
b) Direct contact and communication with the workers 6
c) Fulfilment and rechecking of standards 7
Q7 What are the benefits associated with training of employees? Frequency
a) Improves risk management 6
b) Reduces the skills gap 6
c) Improved performance of employees 8
Q8 What are the fundamental drivers of safety existing in UK that would
be used by construction industry of underdeveloped country like South
Africa?
Frequency
a) Workplace environment 5
b) Safety training 5
c) Empowerment 5
d) Safety climate 5
Q9 What will be the cost that bear by contractor when not fulfil the safety
standards?
Frequency
a) Employee dissatisfaction 6
b) Low level of quality 7
c) High consumption of time 7
Q10 What is the basic need of effective physical environment and safety
environment for workers at building site in South Africa?
Frequency
a) To improve safety 8
b) effective completion of project on time 7
c) To build good teams and high motivated staff 5
26

Q11 What are the various UK laws that would be implemented by the
construction industry of South Africa for the purpose of making building
site safer?
Frequency
a) Construction design and management regulations 2007 7
b) Corporate manslaughter and corporate homicide act 2007 5
c) Health and safety regulation 1996 8
Q12 Does it is important for construction industry of UK to follow all
laws within building project?
Frequency
a) Yes 18
b) No 2
Q13 What are the major challenges that would be face by construction
industry without providing safety training to employees?
Frequency
a) Poor productivity 6
b) Poor project performance 6
c) Skilled labour shortage 8
Q14 What are the effective ways that would be used by construction
industry for reducing the challenges associated with safety training?
Frequency
a) Providence of safety training 7
b) Providing safe equipment at building project 7
c) Proper maintenance of equipment 6
Q15 Does safety training practices of UK facilitate in improvement of
functioning within underdeveloped areas?
Frequency
a) Strongly agree 10
b) Agree 5
c) Disagree 3
d) Strongly Disagree 2
27

Table 1: Knowledge regarding the safety training in building projects
Q1 Do you have knowledge regarding the safety training in building
projects?
Frequency
a) Yes 15
b) No 3
c) Can’t say 2
Interpretation: It has been determined from the above mentioned information or table
that most of the respondents have knowledge about the safety training within building projects.
For this statement 15 respondents said yes as safety training is an important part for construction
industry. This helped them in increasing of employee’s efficiency and productivity towards the
work. 3 respondents said no because they do not have accurate information about the same.
Remaining 2 participants can’t say about the same. Along with this, majority of respondents said
yes, it means safety training is essential in building project. Safety training is a careful process,
with the purpose of preventing diseases and injuries from occurring among workers at
construction sites. Respondents had knowledge as there are some safety orientation trainings that
are useful at construction sites for workers. These are hazard communication, personal
protective, good safety practices and many more. All these are essential part of safety training
within construction industry.
28

Table 2: Importance of UK safety training practices towards improvement of overall
construction functioning in South Africa
Q2 What is the importance of UK safety training practices towards
improvement of overall construction functioning in South Africa?
Frequency
a) Statistically and less accidents 5
b) Increased efficiency and productivity 5
c) Improves employee morale 5
d) Less time 5
Interpretation: From the above mentioned data or table, it has been determined that there
is various significance of safety training within building project of UK. For this respondents had
equal ration about the significance of safety training. 5 respondents had idea as training related to
the safety helped in reducing accidents that turn to effect in enhancement of construction
functioning within South Africa. Other 5 participants had view as safety training facilitated in
increasing productivity and efficiency of employees that result in completion of project within
minimum time and in successful manner. This is also essential in enhancing functioning of
construction within South Africa. Another 5 employees within construction industry had view as
safety training at workplace enhance employee moral towards their work. This turn to effect on
construction industry by increasing their sales and profitability. Remaining 5 participants had
opinion as safety training increase employees efficiency in completion of full project in less time
29

period. Therefore, all these are major importance of safety training that are essential in
improvement of functioning in South Africa.
Table 3: Improved safety help employees to work with quality
Q3 Does improved safety help employees to work with quality? Frequency
a) Yes 16
b) No 3
c) Can’t say 1
Interpretation: According to the provided data it has been interpreted that there are total
20 participants, out of which 16 respondents have answered yes that improved safety helps
employees to work with quality because whenever there is proper safety it boosts up the
confidence of employees to the certain level and their concentration power increases towards
their work as they are not worried about their safety. The other 3 participants have said no that
that improved does not help employees to work with safety because they believe that there safety
is always at their hand, so they remain always conscious about their health and safety and cannot
concentrate on their work and decreases their quality to do their particular job role and
responsibility. And the remaining answered cannot say because they feel it depends upon the
person’s ability of doing their assigned work with quality as there is no relationship between
increased safety and high quality work.
30

Table 4: Different type of trainings needed to provide to employees for improvement of safety
Q4 What different type of trainings needed to provide to employees for
improvement of safety?
Frequency
a) Refresher training 6
b) Induction training 7
c) Toolbox talks related training 7
Interpretation: With the above mentioned information in a pie chat, it is being
determined that there 20 respondents, 6 respondents believe that out of different types of training
refresher training should be provided to employees for improvement of safety because this
training designed in such a way that exiting and old employees are taught new methods and skills
for doing their particular job by keeping their safety as priority. Basically in this they are taught
skills to do their job safely without harming themselves. The other 7 respondents believe that
they should be given induction training through which they are introduced to their working
before starting their job roles so that they know what they have to perform without harming their
own safety. The rest 7 respondents believe that toolbox talks related training should be given
because it is informal discussion related to safety issues where employees can easily convey
safety culture facilitating safety and health on the sites of job.
31

Table 5: Main liabilities of UK contractors in improving safety of workers at building site of
South Africa
Q5 What are the main liabilities of UK contractors in improving safety of
workers at building site of South Africa?
Frequency
a) Rising safety incident or injury rates 8
b) Benchmarking best practices 6
c) Regulatory requirements 6
Interpretation: In the above tabular form, information of different respondents has
gathered. By this it has been observed that 8 respondents say that the main liability of UK
contractors in improving safety of workers at building site of South Africa is rising safety
incident or injury rates because employees are getting injured while performing their job role at
the site of work as they are not provided with any safety during the work time. The other 6
respondents have said that benchmarking best practices as it is the responsibility of contractors to
introduce new practices so that employees could work without fear and harm to get injured. The
remaining 6 respondents say that there is need of regulatory requirements where strict
regulations are made for the safety of employees and presence of regulators so that they could
keep eye on the safety of workers through this way safety of employees get priority and can be
saved from any type of injuries.
32

Table 6: Main liabilities of UK subcontractors in improving safety of workers at building site of
South Africa
Q6 What are the main liabilities of UK subcontractors in improving
safety of workers at building site of South Africa?
Frequency
a) Liable to follow all the rules and regulations made by contractors 7
b) Direct contact and communication with the workers 6
c) Fulfilment and rechecking of standards 7
Interpretation: With the provided data it is being observed that 7 participants think that
there are various major liabilities of UK subcontractors in improving safety of workers at
building site of South Africa and one of them is liable to follow all the rules and regulations
made by contractors because it is necessary to follow rules to keep workers safe at job site from
getting injured or harmed, the other 6 respondents think that direct contact and communication
with the workers because communication helps in understanding the fears and problems of
workers having at job site with this trust of workers are gained and their safety is given
importance and they start work with more confidence and fear free. The left 7 participants think
that fulfilment and rechecking of standards because with this new standards are made which are
more efficient in giving safety to employees and those standards are removed which are not
helping in the safety of workforce at the job site.
33

Table 7: Benefits associated with training of employees
Q7 What are the benefits associated with training of employees? Frequency
a) Improves risk management 6
b) Reduces the skills gap 6
c) Improved performance of employees 8
Interpretation: As per the above shown data it has been interpreted that there are 6
participants who say that there are various benefits associated with training of employees, out of
them the most significant is it improves the risk management because in trainings employees are
provided with measures to deal with the risk of getting injured at job site. These trainings
automatically assists in improving the management of risk like what should be done if any injury
happens and how to prevent injuries. The other 6 participants say that training to employees help
in reducing the skill gaps because in training employees are filled with knowledge to upgrade
their skill to perform their responsibility and job. The left 8 participants say that training
improves the performance of employees because it increases their knowledge and skills through
which their efficiency of doing their job role increases and contribute in meeting the objectives
of business at faster pace.
34

Table 8: Fundamental drivers of safety existing in UK that would be used by construction
industry of underdeveloped country like South Africa
Q8 What are the fundamental drivers of safety existing in UK that would
be used by construction industry of underdeveloped country like South
Africa?
Frequency
a) Workplace environment 5
b) Safety training 5
c) Empowerment 5
d) Safety climate 5
Interpretation: As per the formed pie chart, it has been analysed that from total 20
respondents, 5 respondents have said that workplace environment is the fundamental driver of
safety existing in UK that would be used by construction industry of underdeveloped country
like Africa because if workplace environment is great and safe then the whole work is done with
great safety. The next 5 respondents have said safety training also plays an important role
because it teaches the way to deal with safety problems and employees can spread environment
which have safety. The other 5 respondents have said that empowerment is the other way where
workers are encourage and empowered to work with full efficiency and keeping care of their
safety as well as other works. The remaining 5 participants have said that safety climate because
workers are allowed to work during safe climate so that any accident due to climate can be
35

prevented and employees can be saved from such accidents. Safe climate is necessary for
working at construction site because bad climate increases the chances of accidents at job sites
which sometimes result in death of the worker or employee so to avoid such circumstances
employees are guided to work in safe climate.
Table 9: The cost that bear by contractor when not fulfil the safety standards
Q9 What will be the cost that bear by contractor when not fulfil the safety
standards?
Frequency
a) Employee dissatisfaction 6
b) Low level of quality 7
c) High consumption of time 7
Interpretation: As per the given information it has been summarised that there are total
20 respondents, from them 6 respondents have believed that employee dissatisfaction is one of
the costs that bear by contractor when they do not fulfil the safety standards as employees have
to face accidents and injuries. Injuries and accidents increase dissatisfaction among employees
because such accidents can take their life that is definitely important than money. The other 7
respondents have said that low level of quality is the cost of not fulfilling safety standards
because when employees get to know that there are not proper safety standards then they become
conscious about their safety and do not contribute much in their job role. There other rest 7
respondents have said that high consumption of time is the cost because employees work slowly
36

by taking care of their own health so that accidents could be avoided and this result in taking
long period of time for doing one particular job.
Table 10: Basic need of effective physical environment and safety environment for workers at
building site in South Africa
Q10 What is the basic need of effective physical environment and safety
environment for workers at building site in South Africa?
Frequency
a) To improve safety 8
b) effective completion of project on time 7
c) To build good teams and high motivated staff 5
Interpretation: As per the above given pie chart it has been analysed that there are total
20 respondents from them, 8 respondents have said that the basic need of effective physical
environment and safety environment for workers at building site in South Africa is to improve
safety because safety is the most important thing needed while people work at construction site
as there are more chances of getting injury. So, there is need of environment that is safe and
secure for workers who work there. 7 respondents have answered that effective completion of
project on time because when workers get effective and safe environment then they focus on
doing their job at right time with more efficiency. So, for completing construction work on time
they should be provided with safe environment and the remaining 5 respondents have answered
37

that great physical environment assist in building good teams and highly motivated staff because
they become stress free regarding their safety while doing performing their job role.
Table 11: Various UK laws that would be implemented by the construction industry of South
Africa for the purpose of making building site safer
Q11 What are the various UK laws that would be implemented by the
construction industry of South Africa for the purpose of making building
site safer?
Frequency
a) Construction design and management regulations 2007 7
b) Corporate manslaughter and corporate homicide act 2007 5
c) Health and safety regulation 1996 8
Interpretation: With the assistance of drawn pie graph, it is being concluded that there
are total 20 respondents included, out of them 7 participants have believed that Construction
design and management regulations 2007 is one of the various UK laws that would be
implemented by the construction industry of South Africa for the purpose of making building site
safer because in this different duties are mentioned so that operations at construction sites can be
done safely, securely and successfully. The other 5 participants have believed that corporate
manslaughter and corporate homicide act 2007 because it focuses on managing and organising
activities of construction companies so that accidents that take death of workers could be avoided
and eliminated. The rest 8 respondents have said that Health and safety regulation 1996 because
38

in this employers are required to follow certain regulations for protecting employees from any
violence, accidents and injuries so that employees could freely work at construction site without
any fear.
Table 12: Important for construction industry of UK to follow all laws within building project
Q12 Does it is important for construction industry of UK to follow all
laws within building project?
Frequency
a) Yes 18
b) No 2
Interpretation: By provided data, it is being observed that 20 employees are considered
as participants. 18 respondents have answered yes that it is important for construction industry of
UK to follow all laws within building project because laws help in adopting such rules and
regulations that are necessary for the safety of employees at the construction site. These laws are
very helpful for workers because through these laws they work without any fear and if any bad
happening happens then their family members are eligible to get compensation from the
construction for which they are working. Hence, it is being summarised that these law play major
role in giving safe and secure environment to workers for performing their work and operations.
The remaining 2 respondents have answered no that it is not important for construction industry
of UK to follow all laws within building project because they find these laws unimportant and
they also feel that these laws are not effective enough to bring any fruitful changes in the lives of
39

workers. Even existence of such laws is not able to mitigate fear of injury and accidents from the
minds of workers. Workers constantly live in the fear of getting injured at construction sites.
Table 13: Major challenges that would be face by construction industry without providing safety
training to employees
Q13 What are the major challenges that would be face by construction
industry without providing safety training to employees?
Frequency
a) Poor productivity 6
b) Poor project performance 6
c) Skilled labour shortage 8
Interpretation: With this mentioned information it has been understood that 6
participants say that poor productivity is one of the challenges that would be face by construction
industry without providing safety training to employees, the other 6 participants said that poor
project performance is another challenge and the remaining 8 respondents said that skilled labour
shortage is the major challenge because workers who are highly skilled prefer only those
construction sites that are indulged in giving great safety to workers.
40

Table 14: Effective ways that would be used by construction industry for reducing the challenges
associated with safety training
Q14 What are the effective ways that would be used by construction
industry for reducing the challenges associated with safety training?
Frequency
a) Providence of safety training 7
b) Providing safe equipment at building project 7
c) Proper maintenance of equipment 6
Interpretation: As per the given data it has been summarised that 7 respondents have
said that providence of safety training is the effective ways that would be used by construction
industry for reducing the challenges associated with safety training; the other 7 respondents
answered that providing safe equipment at building project so that injuries happen with harmful
equipments could be reduced and the rest 6 respondents have answered that specific place should
be given to workers so that equipments can be maintained at right place and do not get in
anyone’s hands.
Table 15: Safety training practices of UK facilitate in improvement of functioning within
underdeveloped areas
Q15 Does safety training practices of UK facilitate in improvement of
functioning within underdeveloped areas?
Frequency
41

a) Strongly agree 10
b) Agree 5
c) Disagree 3
d) Strongly Disagree 2
Interpretation: With the assistance of drawn pie graph, it has been interpreted that 20
people are chosen as respondents, from them 10 respondents answered, they strongly agree that
safety training practices of UK facilitate in improvement of functioning within underdeveloped
areas because it train workers to work more effectively and efficiently by taking safety measures.
The other 5 respondents answered that they agree training practices are efficient enough in
facilitating functioning underdeveloped areas as more workers join team for development. 3
respondents have answered that they disagree because they feel that there is no contribution of
training practice in development of underdeveloped areas and the remaining 2 respondents have
answered that they strongly disagree because they believe that these training practices are not
that nor practical in real life situations. So, it is clear from these 2 respondents answer that they
feel these training practices are not assisting in improving the functioning within areas that
considered as underdeveloped.
Discussion
This is an essential part of the dissertation because it facilitate investigator in evaluation of
both primary and secondary information. According to the current dissertation, primary
information was collected from questionnaire and secondary information was collected from
42

articles, books, publication research and many more. These are essential methods because it
helps in attaining of research aim and each objective in successful manner.
Them 1: Importance of UK safety training practices towards improvement of overall
construction functioning in South Africa.
There are companies and organizations which are particularly involved in activities of
construction. These companies use equipments and tools that are very dangerous. So, there is
serious need of training practices so that safety can be provided to employees and prevail safety
environment in the workplace culture. The significance of safety training is something beyond
introduction of a worker to the job. It basically includes such situations when workers job role
may change or working condition changes.
So, if an individual is unaware about the safety practices in relation to their job then that
individual is at higher risk as there are more chances of meeting injury, accident, illness or death.
There are some areas which have improved by implementing safety trainings for securing
workplace and improving construction functioning in South Africa. These trainings helped
workers to know things about information about danger situations and performing operations
safely at construction site. In this training employer's provide relevant information and
knowledge regarding hazardous and harmful situations.
When employees have such information then there are fewer chances of accidents and
injuries at construction sites. These trainings are important because employees work properly
and systematically without getting injured and keeping their focus on doing their assigned job
roles and responsibilities. This ultimately increases the productivity and efficiency of workforce
and improves profitability level of construction companies or organizations. In this safety
training, employees are taught about situations where illnesses and accidents happened earlier at
construction site. So, they can avoid such situations in future where they get injured because of
accidents. For this, they are provided with procedures and policies that have made by company
to carry out safety and security at workplace. Such accidents happen, the upper level managers’
focus on improving their procedures and policies so that such situations do not repeat.
These updated policies and procedures are communicated with employees at right time because
they affect workforce. With the assistance of training practices the 2 way communication
happens and safety officers get new ideas for better changes from employees to make better
policies and procedures for preventing accidents and illness at Construction site. As employees
43

get training practices time to time then automatically decreases the number of accidents, injuries
and illness, employees become more confident and less worry about the accidents or injuries,
they get stress free and improve their efficiency and productivity in doing their assigned role and
responsibility because they are encouraged to work rather than being scared from future
accidents that are uncertain. Their motivation level also increases because they know that they
have been provided with good security and if anything happens then they know how to behave
and prevent in such in favourable situations. Hence, workforce does their work with less period
of time without getting stressed and keeping their concentration on their given work (Akram and
et. Al, 2019).
Theme 2: Main liabilities of UK contractors and subcontractors in improving safety of
workers at building site of South Africa.
The contractors are the people who have the responsibility to maintain safety at the
construction and all work sites. Contractors are also involved in preparing safety plan and to
carry out prepared safety plan. The contractor staff is responsible for maintaining conformance to
the safety and health plan throughout the time construction is going on. Contractor does daily
inspections so that they can keep constant eye on safety at construction site. At minimum level,
the contractor comply applicable occupation at safety and Health Administration regulations so
that construction, alteration, renovation and maintenance services are adhered according to the
provisions of. U.S. Army cops engineer safety and health manual with every construction
contract. Employees are responsible to comply with all the safety and occupational health
requirements and contractors have to make sure that employees are wearing their health and
safety equipments, they are reporting activities and conditions that are unsafe.
Employees are responsible for reporting such conditions and actions that need to be
avoided so that accidents and injuries can be prevented before starting any construction activity,
the project manager of contractor is responsible for discussing, reviewing and meeting all the
safety requirements of the specific construction contract. The main motive behind meeting is that
hazards of project can be determined and controlled appropriately. There are responsibilities that
have to be fulfilled by subcontractors of UK. These subcontractors are liable for following all the
regulations and rules made by their main contractors.
They are responsible for making sure that every regulation and rules are followed by workforce
so that safety and health could prevail. Subcontractors are the people who continuously check
44

and evaluate the work site and if they sense any danger then they take proper measures, actions
and report to the upper level authority that is contractors. They have the responsibility to report
timely so that dangerous situation or any accidents can be prevented. Subcontractors are the
people who have direct connection to the workers because they go at construction site on daily
basis so they make communication with them and provide them emotional, mental and physical
support so that workers can contribute their maximum efforts in doing their task and operation.
Subcontractors are very effective in conveying different policies, procedures and rules related to
work safety and health of workers to employees. And if someone has any query, then
subcontractors make sure that they resolve that particular query and satisfy workers (Okonkwo
and Wium, 2020).
Theme 3: Fundamental drivers of safety existing in UK that would be used by construction
industry of underdeveloped country like South Africa.
Construction sector is considered as most important sector that provides its contribution
in areas that are under developed. So, basically construction helps in improving the economy as
it shows development in infrastructure. There are various fundamental drivers that are related to
safety exist in United Kingdom that should be used by construction industry of South Africa so
that an economy can move towards development and workers remain safe while working at
construction site. Training is considered as one of the most important fundamental drivers that
are used in United Kingdom that it should also be used in construction industry of South Africa.
Training sessions are provided to employees for increasing and improving their skills,
knowledge related to their work and equipments they have to use.
Occupational health and Safety administration regulation gives required resources to
construction industry so that they can give training to workers related to safety and security at
construction site. In this they are provided with materials like videos, templates and on-site
training at construction site of UK. It provides good workplace environment where all the
necessary safety and health practices are followed so their employees are safe. South Africa must
follow providing great workplace environment to workers and labors so that they can work stress
free and give their full concentration to their job role and responsibility. There are various risks
that always remain at construction site, so managers, contractors and subcontractors should make
sure that these risks are reduced with time. Contractors make sure that all the rules regulations
45

are clearly informed to employees and all the danger signs and symbols are clearly mentioned on
various places and areas so that situations of accidents could be reduced.
Managers, contractors and subcontractors must empower their labors and workers by
providing those appropriate resources for accomplishing their work at right time and doing it
efficiently. Empowerment is an important factor that assists in making workers motivated, happy
and encouraged during performing their work at construction site. Construction companies must
focus on fulfilling expectations of workers and labors so that they their concentration remains
towards their work and accidents happening because of carelessness can be mitigated or reduced.
Contractors and subcontractors should make sure that they involve their labors and workers
while making decisions regarding safety measures and policies so that views and opinions of
workers can be gathered and use for updating or upgrading present policies and rules because
workers are the people who are continuously working at construction site. So they are more
aware about the situation and know how to mitigate and reduce harmful situations that can cause
death, injury or accident (Windapo, 2016).
Theme 4: Basic need of effective physical environment and safety environment for workers
at building site in South Africa.
There are many basic needs of physical environment and safety environment for workers
at building or construction site in South Africa. Time is one of the most important needs of
physical environment and safety environment. For employees time management is necessary for
doing and completing any project. So for this, project managers break different activities into
smaller tasks so that every activity could be done or completed effectively and efficiently
without taking much time and wasting resources. Construction companies and organizations
make sure that their work is completing on the decided time.
So, it can be done only when all the essential things and resources are available at
construction site. Project managers form team and group then work is divided among labours
according to their experience and knowledge. So, for completing work on time these
construction companies should provide safe environment to employees where no harm and
hazard is there. For this they continuously make sure that their workers and labours
understanding deadline and importance of assigned work. Another one is improved and
enhanced safety in physical environment during building and construction site. Construction sites
46

are the most dangerous places for people to work as many people get injured while performing
their operations at construction site in South Africa.
Construction companies make sure that their employees are safe and healthy while
performing their role and responsibilities. So, construction companies must provide them
equipments that are helpful for them to make them safe from any uncertain situation or
unfavourable situation. They should be given helmets, safety boots and their whole uniform
which have grip. Employers should provide induction to employees before starting work at
construction site because guidance is necessary before starting any work especially at risky
places like construction site. Another basic need is good teams that are highly motivated and
encouraged to work for attaining predefined goals of construction companies. Highly motivated
staff is helpful in attaining all the targets and objectives within a limited period of time with
systematically and properly. An employee should be rewarded for their great performance so that
in future also they work with more enthusiasm and give their ideas, opinions and views to
accomplish work properly. Employees’ must have team spirit for that construction company
must organise informal get together so that workers and labours can know each other properly
and start making balance between their works (Pedro, Le and Park, 2016).
Theme 5: Various UK laws that would be implemented by the construction industry of
South Africa for the purpose of making building site safer.
Construction designs and Management regulations, 2007. This is the regulation for
placing duties on people who are responsible for work related to construction. They're planning
and designing phases at the initial time. The principal designer and designers are responsible for
determining and removing all the risk that can be forecasted and pass information about the risk
that are not able to mitigate or remove to principal contractor and subcontractors. A principal
contractor is responsible for controlling the construction at this stage they play the role of
managing the risks related to health and safety. They remain in constant touch with principal
designers so they can manage risk effectively and efficiently.
Health and safety has given priority throughout the construction in construction industry.
Managers speak to their workers and labours about safety, welfare and health. And they also
make sure that anyone they are employing for their construction site has proper knowledge,
experience, and skill for carrying out assigned work without risking their health as well as others.
47

Health and Safety regulations 1996, this has come up with multiple regulations that assist in
providing safe workplace to employees at work. This regulation focuses on consulting
employees before introducing any new measure at the workplace, because it can substantially
affect the safety and health of employees. In this planning related to health and safety training is
done so that it can be given to employees. In these sessions, consequences related to health and
safety is discussed with employees because of introducing advanced technology into the
workplace. In this different signs and symbols are also guided to use in construction site or
workplace.
So, employees could know about danger areas and those areas that are non dangerous. Fire
alarms and other type of alarms are also installed in working site so that every employee could
know if any uncertain situation happens. Basically it provides coded sound and alerts everyone
working in that same area. These signs also tell about the routes and exits that are made for
emergency and escape situations in case of any miss-happenings. So, this regulation assists
employers to follow measures for the safety of employees, workers and labours. Construction
industry must follow the rules and regulations so that employee's safety can be given priority and
their objectives can be met (Okoye, Ezeokonkwo and Ezeokoli, 2016).
48

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Concussion
It has been concluded from the above research that there is huge need of safety training in
construction industry for the purpose of improving employee’s safety. It is very much important
point of concern for every nation’s construction industry and government that they focus over
ground level working and try to bring steps for their improvement. It is assessed that South
Africa is one of the nation which requires development in construction industry towards usage of
safety practices. Training is the best aspect that helps on ground level towards the direction of
improvement and implementation of the practices which needed to have for safe working. It is
one of the best and effective methods that aid in direction of improving knowledge of employees
that how they have to approach for their work and how to use the safety equipment’s while
working in dangerous situations. This also brings sense of responsibility among all along with
knowledge that how to respond in case of contingencies and protecting the site from unnecessary
accidents and causalities. It is understood from the above mentioned points that role of
government and industry personnel’s is important in this direction because they have to bring
this point as practice under legal norms. This will bound all employers and prospect candidates
that indulge in proper training programmes before start working in construction industry. From
the comparison of conditions in between UK and South Africa, it is ascertained that UK has
effective level of working in construction sector and adhering effective amount of safety
practices that will improve the functioning of employees. While, South Africa is underdeveloped
in the practice of safety in construction and needed to implement the new ways that will to bring
some level of consistency in working. In this regard, it is ascertained from the analysis that if
they adopt the working practices outline of UK then implementation of safety culture will be
easy at ground level in South Africa at shorter period of time. Even, this helped them to bring
effective development of legal norms and policies in respect of adopting safe working practices
in construction industry.
Recommendations
In construction industry, it is important to focus over the safety of employees. This has
various numbers of benefits to all like aid employees in improve their performance and
organisations to enhance their productivity. In the direction of safety, major role is playing by the
practices and standards exist in industry and nation. Here, training is one of the important
49

practices that must need to implement by all nations in construction industry. This not only
provides the safety to employees but improves their knowledge and aid in enhancing their
working ability. The benefit of this will be attained by employees in the form that they work with
high level of engagement and produce larger outcomes in benefit to an organisation. Such
training practices providing opportunity to employees that build professional career in particular
field and contribute towards the infrastructure development of a nation. So, it not only benefits
the employees and industry but overall nation will be benefitted where they get the advantages in
form of quality workforce and speedy development of infrastructure. Currently, research about
the construction industry of South Africa in comparison to UK. So, determined that there is need
of implementing new practices and standards in South African construction industry of because
of the existing safety issues. In this regard, it is recommended that they have to focus over
improving training practices so able to increase the knowledge of employees towards the usage
of safety equipment’s. It is also recommended to the industry personnel’s and government of a
nation that develops standards and practices which not allows the working of untrained
employee. This aid in reducing the number of accidents along with engagement of pursuant
towards safety training practices. They have to provide teaching about the practices like how to
implement equipment, how to use and how to respond in case of any failure. This helps them to
be preparing for any kind of contingencies and ultimately aid in reducing number of accidents. In
last, it is recommending that government and industry of South Africa can focus over the
standards and practices of nation which is doing good in particular filed like UK. This help in
understanding the nature of activities along with development of sound outline that will work
from the very first day in favour of industry and employees.
Reflection
I got an opportunity for conducting this dissertation over the topic of the significance of
safety training practices of UK towards improvement of functioning in South Africa. For
collecting information about this topic, I used different types of research methodologies such as
quantitative research, deductive approach, positivism philosophy, questionnaire etc. These are
main methodologies and helped me in successfully gathering of information about the topic.
With the help of questionnaire, I collected reliable and valid data that turn to impact in
50

achievement of research aim and objectives in successful manner. Along with this, by doing this
dissertation, I improved my research knowledge and skills, for example; decision making skill,
time management skill, presentation skill etc. These are main skills that helped me in my
personal and professional growth. Apart from this, by executing this research, I faced few
challenges that are related with time, cost and resources. For overcoming these challenges, I used
questionnaire. This instrument helped me by saving my time, cost and resources. Therefore i
successfully attained research aim and each objective through research questions.
51

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%20(ref>.
APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Q1 Do you have knowledge regarding the safety training in building projects?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Can’t say
Q2 What is the importance of UK safety training practices towards improvement of overall
construction functioning in South Africa?
a) Statistically and less accidents
b) Increased efficiency and productivity
c) Improves employee morale
d) Less time
Q3 Does improved safety help employees to work with quality?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Can’t say
Q4 What different type of trainings needed to provide to employees for improvement of safety?
a) Refresher training
b) Induction training
c) Toolbox talks related training
Q5 What are the main liabilities of UK contractor’s subcontractors in improving safety of
55

workers at building site of South Africa?
a) Rising safety incident or injury rates
b) Benchmarking best practices
c) Regulatory requirements
Q6 What are the main liabilities of UK subcontractors in improving safety of workers at building
site of South Africa?
a) Liable to follow all the rules and regulations made by contractors
b) Direct contact and communication with the workers
c) Fulfilment and rechecking of standards
Q7 What are the benefits associated with training of employees?
a) Improves risk management
b) Reduces the skills gap
c) Improved performance of employees
Q8 What are the fundamental drivers of safety existing in UK that would be used by construction
industry of underdeveloped country like South Africa?
a) Workplace environment
b) Safety training
c) Empowerment
d) Safety climate
Q9 What will be the cost that bear by contractor when not fulfil the safety standards?
a) Employee dissatisfaction
b) Low level of quality
c) High consumption of time
Q10 What is the basic need of effective physical environment and safety environment for
workers at building site in South Africa?
a) To improve safety
b) effective completion of project on time
c) To build good teams and high motivated staff
Q11 What are the various UK laws that would be implemented by the construction industry of
South Africa for the purpose of making building site safer?
a) Construction design and management regulations 2007
56

b) Corporate manslaughter and corporate homicide act 2007
c) Health and safety regulation 1996
Q12 Does it is important for construction industry of UK to follow all laws within building
project?
a) Yes
b) No
Q13 What are the major challenges that would be face by construction industry without
providing safety training to employees?
a) Poor productivity
b) Poor project performance
c) Skilled labour shortage
Q14 What are the effective ways that would be used by construction industry for reducing the
challenges associated with safety training?
a) Providence of safety training
b) Providing safe equipment at building project
c) Proper maintenance of equipment
Q15 Does safety training practices of UK facilitate in improvement of functioning within
underdeveloped areas
a) Strongly agree
b) Agree
c) Disagree
d) Strongly Disagree
57