This article discusses the importance of improving nutrition for a healthy population, including the study objective, evidence of the topic, methods used, and the conclusion. It also highlights the prevalence of malnutrition worldwide and the need for effective strategies to address this issue.
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Running head: IMPROVING NUTRITION Improving Nutrition Name of the student Name of the university Author’s name
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1IMPROVING NUTRITION STUDY OBJECTIVE The unhealthy eating habits have contributed to the obesity and many other health issues throughout the world. Even if individuals who have a healthy weight, an unhealthy diet is related to many health issues which can cause several types of diseases and even can become a reason for death. According to a survey conducted by WHO in the recent years the younger generation people are experiencing chronic diseases like hypertension and type-2 diabetes due to the consumption of unhealthy food. Good and healthy diet always comprise of healthy nutrition which helps in promoting a healthy lifestyle. If a healthy diet is integrated with the physical activities, then an individual’s diet can help in reaching a healthy weight, a proper physical shape and also will help in reducing the risks of any diseases. The prime objective of systematic review is to: To increase the availability and improve the nutrient level of food ingredients and food items for developing a healthy population. To integrate different national, international administrations and NGOs devoted to the health of population. To share knowledge and educate individuals and community-based stakeholders on the benefits of health and nutritional food in the development of a healthy population.
2IMPROVING NUTRITION INTRODUCTION EVIDENCE OF TOPIC Nutrition is a very complicated term as it is categorized into two terms – macronutrient and micronutrient. Macronutrients are the one which are required in large amount in a diet. They include carbohydrate, protein, and fats. Micronutrients are the essential elements which are required in small quantities. They include vitamins and minerals. Nutrient related health problems such as hypertension, diabetes, cancer are the major public health concerns. Majority of the health issues are a result of poor nutrition. It is an integrated mixture of the over nutrition, under nutrition, and imbalances. Developing guidelines for the nutrition is not simple, as to avoid certain food items, or to eating any specific food item to balance the nutrition level. Unlike other lifestyle features like physical activities, smoking, and alcohol, it is not possible to construct a simple guideline, as in “do not smoke”. According to WHO, 1.9 billion people are overweight, while 462 million people are underweight (WHO, 2019). About 45% of deaths among the children are under the age of 5 years. The reason behind such a huge mortality rate is under nutrition (WHO, 2019). According to Global Nutrition Report 2018, 46.6 million children in India are stunted due to malnutrition and the percentage is followed by Nigeria (13.9 million) and Pakistan (10.7 million) (WHO, 2018).
3IMPROVING NUTRITION Prevalence of the obese children is more in upper-middle economic nations and low in the low economic nations (Rojer et al., 2016). Women, infants, children and adults are at the most danger of malnutrition. Poverty just amplifies the risk of malnutrition (WHO, 2019). Patients who are on hemodialysis generally face inflammation, and atherosclerosis and majority of such problems occurs due to malnutrition (Kwant, Ruiter & Noordegraaf, 2019). What motivated this review? Issues related to nutrition such as the over nutrition, under nutrition, and imbalances occur all over the world.This is particularly true for underdeveloped countries, developing countries, rural areas in the tropical and subtropical countries where lack of daily food has become a common scenario.There are many research studies on the incidence of over nutrition, under nutrition, and imbalances and need for improvement of nutrition for the development of health, however, there are hardly any systematic reviews on improving the nutrition level. Hence, this review would contribute in the better understanding of the necessity of nutrition and would help the researchers and policy makers to target the population of places such asunderdeveloped or developing countriesfor improving the nutrition for the betterment of the health of the population.
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4IMPROVING NUTRITION METHODS Search Strategy •Data sources:Five electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, NCBI, and Web of Science) were searched for English language publications on mal nutrition and the need of improving nutrient for the period of 2014 – to latest date. Additional searches were also conducted using Google scholar and different websites such as WHO for acquiring information on the availability of food in different countries. •Search terms/keywords:The main keyword was “nutrient” or “malnutrition” or “under nutrition” and subsequent searches included improving nutrient for developing health and the need of healthy diet, incidence percentage of malnutrition, high incidence rate of under nutrition in the country, types of nutrition, impact of unhealthy diet on body, high risk group to the malnutrition. Inclusion Criteria Articles which mentioned nutrient or improving the nutrient level or how to improve the health by promoting healthy diet or impact of unhealthy diet on body or impact of alcohol or smoking on body or high risk group and incidence rate of the malnutrition were included. Journals which referred to improving the malnutrition in remarkably hard situations were included. Prevalence of malnutrition worldwide was specified by WHO and ESPEN (Rojer et al., 2016).
5IMPROVING NUTRITION The review included evidence-based journals, consisting of novel researches, reviews, perspectives and presentation sessions, as well as chapters from any book, and theses. The literature search included all geographical areas of the world and languages. Journals consisting of clinical studies related to the malnutrition in the areas such as developing nations or underdeveloped countries were included. Sources which consisted of different approaches to improve the nutrition for developing the health of the population were included and other journals and papers with divergent study designs, which suggested considerable heterogeneity among studies (Barker et al., 2018). Identified scenarios of hypertension or diabetes mellitus were included (Yildirim et al., 2018) (Salunkhe et al., 2017). Exclusion Criteria Articles which included information in different language other than English were excluded. Articles which were older than last 5 years were excluded. Journals and papers which directed towards the utilization of GM food items for developing the health were left out. Journals not comprising any of the details like any keyword or subject topic in the title or abstracts of the review were excluded. People who had various diseases but not because of the malnutrition or consumption of unhealthy diet were excluded. Introduction to nephrotoxic drugs or toxins were excluded.
6IMPROVING NUTRITION Flowchart for the inclusion of articles in the systemic reviews
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7IMPROVING NUTRITION CONCLUSION The aim of this systematic review is to free the whole world from malnutrition and aims at providing a healthy lifestyle and well-being. According to the Nutrition strategy for 2016-2025, the World Health Organization aims to start an innovative with an initiative at working collaborativelywithmemberstatesandpartnerstowardsprovidingtheaccessibility, affordability, approachability, availability of effective nutrient approaches and to healthy diets from ecological and robust food systems. This systematic review aims at using different national and international organizations to aid in creating different approaches and policies for setting, aligning, and advocating the priorities that will help healthy diet and nutrient to move forward globally. World Health Organization helps in developing evidence-informed guidelines which is based on robust scientific and ethical agendas. It supports the acceptance and implementation of guidelines and execution of effective nutrient action plans and analyzes and assesses policy and program execution for better nutrition outcomes and better healthy population. This systematic review is structured with the help of and on the basis of Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition, adopted by Member States through the World Health Assembly resolution in 2012. Also various strategies are needed to be made to end malnutrition and it is a crucial aspect for achieving the diet-related target of the global action plan for the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases. This strategy will involve different countries who do not have proper access of healthy food. It will help them to create innovative strategies and help them implement those strategies for the betterment of their people.
8IMPROVING NUTRITION REFERENCE Barker, M., Dombrowski, S. U., Colbourn, T., Fall, C. H., Kriznik, N. M., Lawrence, W. T., ... & Sniehotta, F. F. (2018). Intervention strategies to improve nutrition and health behaviours before conception.The Lancet,391(10132), 1853-1864. Biesalski, H. K., & Birner, R. (Eds.). (2018).Hidden Hunger: Strategies to Improve Nutrition Quality. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. Dietz, W. H., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2016). New strategies to prioritize nutrition, physical activity, and obesity interventions.American journal of preventive medicine,51(5), e145-e150. Geissler, C., & Powers, H. (Eds.). (2017).Human nutrition. Oxford University Press. Kirushnan, B. B., Rao, B. S., Annigeri, R., Balasubramanian, S., Seshadri, R., Prakash, K. C., & Vivek, V. (2017). Impact of malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis on the outcome in hemodialysis patients.Indian journal of nephrology,27(4), 277. Kwant, C. T., Ruiter, G., & Noordegraaf, A. V. (2019). Malnutrition in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a possible role for dietary intervention.Current opinion in pulmonary medicine,25(5), 405-409. Margetts, B., Warm, D., Yngve, A., & SjoÈstroÈm, M. (2001). Developing an evidence-based approach to Public Health Nutrition: translating evidence into policy.Public Health Nutrition,4(6a), 1393. Rojer, A. G. M., Kruizenga, H. M., Trappenburg, M. C., Reijnierse, E. M., Sipilä, S., Narici, M. V., ... & Meskers, C. G. (2016). The prevalence of malnutrition according to the new ESPEN definition in four diverse populations.Clinical nutrition,35(3), 758-762.
9IMPROVING NUTRITION Sadegholvad,S.,Yeatman,H.,Parrish,A.M.,&Worsley,A.(2017).Professionals’ recommended strategies to improve Australian adolescents’ knowledge of nutrition and food systems.Nutrients,9(8), 844. Salunkhe, S., Godhia, M., Jain, A., Shukla, A., & Bhatia, S. (2017). Prevalence of Malnutrition Across Varying Severity of Cirrhosis Is Associated With Dietary Insufficiency.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology,7, S61-S62. WHO.(2018).GlobalNutritionReport-2018.Retrieved4September2019,from https://www.who.int/nutrition/globalnutritionreport/en/ WHO. (2019). Malnutrition. Retrieved 4 September 2019, from https://www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition Yildirim, Z. G., Uzunlulu, M., Caklili, O. T., Mutlu, H. H., & Oguz, A. (2018). Malnutrition rate among hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Progress in Nutrition,20(2), 183-188.