Theories, principles and models for inspirational teaching and learning

This report analyses the key areas of education and training in which a teacher emphasizes in learning student requirement and needs. It covers theories, principles and models of learning preferences, assessment, curriculum development, reflection and evaluation. The report also explains how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.

Theories, principles and models to achieve inspirational teaching and learning

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................4
MAIN BODY.......................................................................................................................4
TASK A..............................................................................................................................4
1.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of learning preferences......................4
1.2 Analyse models of learning preferences.............................................................5
1.3 Ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to
teaching, learning and assessment...........................................................................6
1.4 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning
preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment..........................6
TASK B..............................................................................................................................7
Covered in PPT.........................................................................................................7
TASK C..............................................................................................................................7
3.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of assessment....................................7
3.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be
applied in assessing learning....................................................................................8
TASK D..............................................................................................................................9
4.1 Analyse theories and models of curriculum development..................................9
4.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be
applied in its development.......................................................................................10
TASK E............................................................................................................................11
5.1 analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation................................11
5.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be
applied to reviewing own practice...........................................................................11
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES:...............................................................................................................13
Books and Journals.................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
The report aims to analyse the key areas of education and training in which a
teacher emphasizes in learning student requirement and needs. Teaching is mainly
done with using theories, models and principles which shows a clear path towards
success. It helps in building great future of students that shows development in skills
and capability to cope up with life challenges. Teaching is the crucial act that continues
till the life span as it is never ending process for individual. Teaching involves life
experience, good values and ethics towards others and enhance further skills to
improve self-knowledge and inspire others. Learning takes place in a great interactive
environment for which, teachers plan and prepare strategies and aids to meet each
individual needs. There is no age for learning as it come up with new concept every
time an individual’s keen to accept the changes (Schunk, and DiBenedetto, 2020). This
report is going to include models, theories and principles of learning which set a
standard for developing significant knowledge. Also, the discussion focuses on the key
areas and activities which create planning and delivering of the assessment to check
learner’s performance. The curriculum development will help in planning the syllabus
and teaching will become less complex. At last, the report will present a reflection about
own skills and growth towards own area to find the need for improvement.
MAIN BODY
TASK A
1.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of learning preferences
Theories and principles of learning is all about understanding different individual’s
attitude and style towards learning. Many students have slow or high learning process
that impact on taking growth. In relation to education and training, these theories are
described below:
Cognitive learning theory: This theory of learning involves mind development
of the students which helps them to memorise information, apply learning and solve
problems. They become self-independent and thinker which gets learn by their internal
and external surroundings.
Behaviourism learning theory: This theory emphasizes on the behaviour of

individual which inspire them to learn and grab information. Student with great relations,
attitude and beliefs, they take learning seriously. Through this, the learners will interact
with each other to develop their behaviour.
Constructivism learning theory: This theory focus on making leaning through
involving past experiences. The teachers analyse the experience and mistakes of the
learners and make them understand about the topic and concepts.
There are styles and models of learning which also contributes in the success of
growth and development of students (Chiu, 2022). This shows that, there is requirement
of learning styles of individuals which creates values and add great efforts in learning.
Honey & Mumford learning styles:
Activists: These learners are the active personality by involving in the task and
activity. They learn by doing new tasks and keep them informed about concept and
areas.
Theorists: These are the individuals who always find logical meaning for every
concept. They assure that, all the concepts must have an effective meaning and criteria
for carry out further understanding.
Pragmatist: These types of learners will not get into the situation but mainly
apply their learning after experimenting it. they want to make it perfect and use the
information in the right and accurate way (Arif, Zainudin, and Hamid, 2019). They are
able to learn the concept of pragmatist learners which makes true thinkers.
Reflector: These individuals are mainly learning through reflecting and observing
the whole situation. Any past experiences or observation will make them learn about
something new that will be applied in their learning area. They learn from the mistakes
or great experiences that will work for them in future learning.
1.2 Analyse models of learning preferences
The learning preferences area able to find the key areas and learners needs.
Every individual prefer different areas and styles which makes them learn easily.
Therefore, the model of learning preferences will show an important finding about the
learners needs in education and training. This is described below:
VARK model:
Visual: As per this model, the learners easily grab information through looking at

it. I can use presentation, demonstration props and tools to makes my learners
understand about topic easily, by looking at it, they recall the information easily.
Auditory: These learners mainly get influence by sound and audio which keeps
their mind active and ready to learn. It shows that, being a teaching in education and
training, I need to use materials and resources which present the information in both
audio and video format. I can use smart boards and recordings to grab learner’s
attention.
Read and write: These learners have different approach towards learning
through which they are able to gain information through books (Shaturaev, and
Bekimbetova, 2021). Thy learn through books and preparing notes out of it. it is one of a
kind and mostly used preference of the students to avoid confusion and get clear with
topics and concepts.
Kinaesthetic: These are the last category of learners in which they mainly learn
through experience. First, they will engage in some activities and tasks and try to find
both positive and negative outcome from it. therefore, this experiences will realise them
about mistakes that and areas that are require for improvement.
1.3 Ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to
teaching, learning and assessment
The theories, principles and models of learning helps in teaching and learning
assessment for growth and development of the students. Being a teacher of education
and training, I will apply the theories of behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism in
finding students requirements. I will initially analyse how the learners are gaining
information and working on it which will showcase their behaviour towards learning
(Kivunja, 2018). I will work in the cognitive students by giving them task and
brainstorming problems to grow their mind. I will use social media and other technology
to make good relations with students which will build ethical and valuable behaviour
towards others. Also, by applying the models of learning, I will use great tools and
techniques like audio and video presentation to meet with the requirement of auditory
and visual learners. The student will get engage in the classroom and make it an
interactive session for others as well. I will give them assessments and projects to test
their learning with experiments for better and long-time remembrance.

1.4 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning
preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment
Inclusive teaching is all about creating a learning environment which meet with the
need of all the students. In a classroom, there are different learners who have high
potential as well as low who takes time in understanding the concepts of education and
training (Andriani, Kesumawati, and Kristiawan, 2018). For that instance, inclusive
environment is important to develop among classroom to treat each individual in a same
way and focus on everyone’s needs. Therefore, by analysing individual learning
preferences, a teacher will make strategies and use teaching aids in an appropriate
manner. I will find what students are requiring and how they raise understanding level
through analysing they ways. This will help in finding weak areas and bring solutions. it
will definitely create inclusive environment and teach students from basic to professional
level. It is important to first understand the preferences and then collect resources which
will help in making them learn. The students of education and training will easily learn
through practical experimentation by involving group discussion, quizzes and case
studies. I take regular feedbacks in finding problems and issues which must solve in
limited time period for not bearing any delay in learning.

TASK B
2.2 Covered in PPT

It has kinds of lesson strategies which is generated according to the learnings
model that is implemented in the condition of lesson will be completely assorted to
the interactive framework. Here are some models which are listed in this presentation

The communication cycle involves the process of relaying information between sender
and receiver. In this cycle the communication begins with sender where message and

medium is decided to share message. The communication cycle has multiple aspects
such are as follows-
sender - the person who convey the content is called as sender. An individual has
complete details link to the content. It is essential to have accurate details that are to
be communicated.
Encoder - it is the communicator that share message into signals so that the receiver
can understand the shared message. Just as in condition of telephonic conversation
the voice is being converted into wave signs.
Decoder - it is a circuit that alters a code into a set of signals. It is known as decoder
due to its does the reverse of encoding but they will start their study of encoders and
decoders with decoders as they are easy to outline.
Receiver - an individual to whom the details is communicated in the end. The actual
destination of the content is called as the receiver. It is essential to transfer the content
effectively so that meaning can be derived.

It is the model which is used to grow the particular perception on other. This theory is
depend on two thought that are as trust can be accessed by revealing details
regarding there learnings from their responses. All person is presented by the
Johari model via four boxes that is listed in below. The way of conveying and
accepting feedbacks is executed in this model. It is presented as a basic window with
four basic boxes. Two of these panes show the section unknown to self but to
another. The details transfers from one to another members of the units.
Open area - Here is requirement at the time of communication. The topic of
communication among the teacher and scholar should be clear as it assists them to
learn properly. It creates the work of the teacher simple.
Facade - it is a hidden section that considers the sources that are identify by the
teacher and not to the another. It is improved things at correct time to make trust and
move next to abstraction.
Blind spot - it is the place where the communication is not aware regarding a point
and the people know the similar. It is known as hurdles to self-awareness. It
becomes crucial to eliminate the obstacles so that there is no issue to communicate.
The unknown areas - it is the area which is not famed to the transmitter or receiver. It

is essential to have accurate details link to all the factors so that the person is
capable to analyse to realize impressively.
. The above report has stated some models that assist in making the teaching more
easy and that assist in understanding the student behaviour towards content so that
teacher can teach them according to their skills and capability.

Ibrahim, M.M. and Nat, M., 2019. Blended learning communication model for instructors
in higher education institutions. International Journal of Educational Technology in
Higher Education, 16(1), pp.1-21.
Stupnisky, R.H., and et., al., 2018. Faculty members’ motivation for teaching and best
practices: Testing a model based on self-determination theory across institution types.
Contemporary Educational Psychology, 53, pp.15-26.
Talebian, A. and Mishra, S., 2018. Predicting the adoption of connected autonomous
vehicles: A new approach based on the theory of diffusion of innovations.
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 95, pp.363-380.
Trenholm, S., 2020. Thinking through communication: An introduction to the study of
human communication. Routledge.
Weinbrenner, P., 2022. Methodologies of textbook analysis used to date. In History and
social studies–methodologies of textbook analysis (pp. 21-34). Routledge.
2.1 Analysis of theories, principles and models of communication
Communication involve the process of sharing ideas and views with others in
which information is transfer from one place to another. The teacher in the classroom
take use of several theories, principles and models of communication as to deliver
lessons and information in effective and efficient manner. In teaching communication is

important for the both the students and teachers as communication make learning
easier which helps student in accomplishing goals, increase opportunities for expanding
learning. The communication strengthen connection between student and teacher which
creates overall positive experience. The utilisation of an appropriate theories and
models of communication create the student’s effective learner.
According to the use of Shannon and weaver model the students are capable to
communicate and analyse content effectively which is consider as simple model. It
effective when communicating person-to-person rather than group. In this model
communication is not one-way process by understanding noise help in solving several
problems in communication. This model starts with information source in which
message is selected and send it through channel. The next it involves encoder which is
machine that covert ideas into signals which can be sent from sender to receiver. The
next step in this model is channel which is infrastructure that gets information from
sender and transmitter through to the decoder and receiver. The noise is next step
which creates interruption in message. Along with this involves decoder, receiver and
feedback. According to the framework and studies there are certain factors that impact
the procedure of communication and they are called as noise. The framework is being
improved in regards to grow the technical communication. Here is need of the
effective communication among the scholars so that the operations is reached
effectively.
The transactional analysis is model of communication which is interpersonal and
receiving immediate feedback. In this approach it’s that feedback for the sender is reply
for receiver. This model helps in understanding human behaviour so that students can
be motivated, and advice can be given by directing another person. The model helps in
developing interpersonal relationships between students and teachers in order to have
effective communication. This model benefits teacher in understanding issues of
students effectively along with raise self-awareness in students.
The communication cycle is important in the teaching, learning and assessment
which helps to communicate in effective way. It is required in daily life as teacher and
student both relay and receive information about themselves. The system of
communication is codified as communication cycle which is broke down into seven

stage. The communication cycle involve sender who express information verbally and
non-verbally. In message information is expressed by sender. The message is
conveying in encoding which involves gestures, tone of voice. Channel is known for
medium of communication. The receiver collects the information which it tries to decode
and understand it. In decoding receiver interprets message and after feedback is
provided. It is important for expressing the system of conveying and understanding
messages. The feedback is considered as main part of communication cycle which
permits sender to analyse message efficacy.
The model of Johari window is technique that is design for helping teachers to
better understand the relationship with themselves and others. This is conception of
understanding conscious and unconscious bias which helps in increasing self-
awareness and understanding of others. This model is based on four panes which
which are open area, blind self, Hidden area, and unknown area. The use of this model
in teaching, assessment and learning helps in improving communication skill and self-
improvement. This helps in encouraging communication and opening up with others
results in enhancement of communication skills.
TASK C
3.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of assessment
Assessment is a vital practice in education and training which have much value in
improving student productivity and performance. Assessments are a part of curriculum
and classroom learning which enhance skills, knowledge and cognitive development
(Richardson, and Watt, 2018). There are various kinds of assessments which enable
feedback and grades to showcase the performance of learners. these types are
diagnostic, formative, summative and ipsative. Diagnostics are used to analyse the
knowledge of learners through preparing reports and articles. Whereas, the formative
and summative are kind of regular test series which inform the teacher about the regular
growth of individual. These assessment shows what areas and skills are still lacking in
learners and take appropriate actions for the same.
The theory of assessments is of black and William theory. This theory involves
the student knowledge about the performance and improvements for learning. They will
be able to find their mistakes and make actions for improving the sane. The learners will

be aware about their own areas and defaults for checking overall performance (Hilpert,.
and Marchand, 2018). This theory supports the reflective practice and behaviour upon
own work to gain better understanding about future requirements. It will undertake the
use of cognitive mind set, brainstorming and use of important skills and behaviour.
Therefore, being teacher I will apply this theory in making students aware about their
own performance and realise about needs and requirements.
Models of assessments:
There are some models of assessments which enhance the levels of activity that
will lead to create practical implementation of necessary practices. These models of
assessments are described below:
The procedural model: as per this model, it has analysed that, there are many
collection of data which needs to be presented in a systematic manner. it has been
derived though different professionals which has done from the key practical that keeps
an informative process in the well manner. for that instance, there is requirement of the
rigid need which makes the student assessing by difficulty.
The questioning model: This model of assessments leads to focus on the nature
of questions that is being asked to approach for solving the issue. In this, the teacher
presents the question for getting valuable answers from the students (West, Michie,
Rubin, and Amlôt, 2020). This model emphasizes on the performance of taking final
decisions.
Exchange model: this model is all about exchanging the information by working in
a group of peers. These assessments are all about exchanging knowledge and skills
among each other which drive best way to promote involvement and consistency. The
assessments become empowered and focused on the developmental issues.
3.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied
in assessing learning
The theories and models of the assessments can be done in an effective manner by
applying it to learning areas. It emphasizes on proving learning and practices which will
apply on the learning practices in education and training. These principles are
discussed below:
Reliance: It is reliable that, there is necessity of the work performance by creating

an assessment. The students must get reliable information and knowledge by working
on the assessments. The teacher has to be sure about presenting its questions and
topics. I will engage with the student and check whether they are learning from it or not.
Validity: The content of the assessments must be valid and cross checked. This
shows that, the assessment must provide some benefits and valid for the development
of student. As being a teacher in education and training, I give assessments with the
motive of improving interpersonal and research skills (Karacabey, Bellibaş, and Adams,
2022). This shows that, the students have the desired information and they can
construct it properly.
Development of feedback: It is also a great principle in which the student finds
them valuable and out of confusion. A teacher must take regular feedbacks and check
on the performance. This will enhance the motivation and learning spirit of the learners
to improve their mistakes. They can lead to find appropriate skills which can be develop
by functioning of the work in future.
Competency: This shows the performance and current growth of the students. This
principle is all about finding competency of learners by working on the assessments
which can be found through grades or marks given. The student will be able to talk
about their working capabilities which can be done in an effective manner.
Authenticity: It is a helpful principle for both student and teacher. It checks the
success and dependency of the assessments that how they will be able to gain
information and knowledge from vital practices. I will use this principle in my own
teaching of education and teaching, the observation technique is effective for the
performance of the students.
Efficiency: After giving assessment, there is requirement of checking efficiency in
meeting with the key areas. The more efficient practice which will make an appropriate
decision. For that instance, I will pally this learning on the efficiency of potential students
(Locke, and Latham, 2019). The students will lead to learn the concept properly that will
have much impact on their assessments working.
These are the various principles which are used for delivering in learning
assessments

TASK D
4.1 Analyse theories and models of curriculum development
The theories and models of curriculum development has an effective area for
development of learners. curriculum plays a vital role in setting syllabus, standards and
paths towards each individual learning. The curriculum can be developed in an
appropriate manner by using theories and models that are describe below:
Stenhouse model of curriculum development: As per this model, the teachers
designed the curriculum in a well manner. the most important way of creating it is to
analyse the need and preferences of learners throughout the subject areas. The topic
which are reliable, authenticate and valuable must be fix in the curriculum so that, no
overlapping will be done. The teacher will be able to develop their preferences and
areas of activities for ensuring development of students. Through this theory, I can
engage myself in designing practices due to which, there will be effective practice of
creativeness and cognitive development of the students.
Tyler model of curriculum development
As per this model, the teacher can make decisions about the curriculum
designing by setting aims and objectives for the whole learning activities. This theory
focuses on the experiments and practical standards of the curriculum ( Sablan, 2019).
In this way, how the learner’s gran information and wants to learn can lead to enhance
the skills and knowledge about the topics. It will create a systematic procedure for the
curriculum design.
There is requirement of key areas and models which also enhance the knowledge and
skills of the learners. Being a teacher of education and training, assessments will help in
individual find their growth and value in learning. There are many concepts and topic
that must be completed during the annual year. This can be done through making
culture of feedback, student response and principles of the good quality content. I will
be able to perform key strategies and questions of the assessments which lead to
enhance the learning motivation of the individual.
4.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be
applied in its development
The role of theories and model of curriculum development is important that can

make the learning easy and effective. By being focused towards educational policies
and standards, I will make curriculum through taking opinions and following all the legal
requirements. I will enhance the key development areas which can be done in effective
ways and theories can be applied for learned growth. By applying Tyler and stenhouse
model of assessment, I will focus on student requirements and find only valuable topic
for the creation of curriculum.
TASK E
5.1 analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation
There are various theories and models of reflection which helps the learner to
provide reflection on own performance. One of the best model of reflection is Gibbs
cycle that provide both positive and negative learning insights for future decision making
(Ibrahim, and Nat, 2019). Description is the main stage that provide all the information
about happening and experience. This shows that, how the overall situation can be find
as concluding area. This other stage like feeling and valuation showcase how does it
feel like when I teach in classroom and prepare curriculum requirements. The
evaluation of the key areas which enhance the valuation of the key areas. This shows
that how the individual will lead to analyse the key areas of development of persons and
their skills. The analysis and evaluation of the key development of individuals which
lead to enhance the effective working.
5.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be
applied to reviewing own practice.
The model of reflection and evaluation are necessary for reviewing own practice.
While teaching to students, taking feedbacks from them, giving best areas and effective
practice that will enhance the development of skills and overcome the weakness
(Alsawaier, 2018). The analysis and evaluation stage will showcase how the effective
individual which enhance the chances of self-development. I will find my strength and
opportunities for teaching students effectively. it will help me in future for my
development in education and training.

CONCLUSION
The report has concluded that teaching is crucial practice that will promote great
learning and education. Teaching involves various areas which require focus while
using teaching aids and theories. Learners are the crucial people for a teacher who
require utmost care and concentration. By providing the area of development, there will
be impact of particular areas and key concerns. This shows that, a teacher needs to
focus on student mind-set, beliefs and values that will lead to perform great role in the
assessments of the individuals. For that instance, it will create learner’s areas of how
the theories and principles can lead to proper development of the individual.

REFERENCES:
Books and Journals
Alsawaier, R.S., 2018. The effect of gamification on motivation and engagement. The
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transformational leadership and work motivation on teachers
performance. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 7(7),
pp.19-29.
Arif, S., Zainudin, H.K. and Hamid, A., 2019. Influence of Leadership, Organizational
Culture, Work Motivation, and Job Satisfaction of Performance Principles of
Senior High School in Medan City. Budapest International Research and
Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), pp.239-254.
Chiu, T.K., 2022. Applying the self-determination theory (SDT) to explain student
engagement in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of
Research on Technology in Education, 54(sup1), pp.S14-S30.
Hilpert, J.C. and Marchand, G.C., 2018. Complex systems research in educational
psychology: Aligning theory and method. Educational Psychologist, 53(3),
pp.185-202.
Ibrahim, M.M. and Nat, M., 2019. Blended learning motivation model for instructors in
higher education institutions. International Journal of Educational Technology
in Higher Education, 16(1), pp.1-21.
Karacabey, M.F., Bellibaş, M.Ş. and Adams, D., 2022. Principal leadership and teacher
professional learning in Turkish schools: Examining the mediating effects of
collective teacher efficacy and teacher trust. Educational studies, 48(2),
pp.253-272.
Kivunja, C., 2018. Distinguishing between theory, theoretical framework, and conceptual
framework: A systematic review of lessons from the field. International
Journal of Higher Education, 7(6), pp.44-53.
Locke, E.A. and Latham, G.P., 2019. The development of goal setting theory: A half
century retrospective. Motivation Science, 5(2), p.93.
Richardson, P.W. and Watt, H.M., 2018. Teacher professional identity and career

motivation: A lifespan perspective. In Research on teacher identity (pp. 37-
48). Springer, Cham.
Sablan, J.R., 2019. Can you really measure that? Combining critical race theory and
quantitative methods. American Educational Research Journal, 56(1), pp.178-
203.
Schunk, D.H. and DiBenedetto, M.K., 2020. Motivation and social cognitive
theory. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 60, p.101832.
Shaturaev, J. and Bekimbetova, G., 2021. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND
THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY. InterConf.
West, R., Michie, S., Rubin, G.J. and Amlôt, R., 2020. Applying principles of behaviour
change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nature human behaviour, 4(5),
pp.451-459.