Literature Review on Instructional Design Models

This literature review discusses the importance of instructional design models such as Gagne's, Dick and Carey's, Merrill's, and ADDIE. It provides a thoughtful approach to comparing and contrasting the models.

Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Literature Review............................................................................................................................2
Understanding of Gagne’s Model................................................................................................2
Thoughtful research on Dick and Carey Model...........................................................................3
Importance of Merrill’s Model....................................................................................................4
Analysis of ADDIE Model..........................................................................................................4
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................5
Analysis Table of key characteristics..............................................................................................5
References........................................................................................................................................7
Appendices......................................................................................................................................8

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
Introduction
Instructional design model helps to understand the abstract learning procedures and
empower the real world application. These are used for the learning experiences and in case of
complex design problems these procedures are used in different principles and patterns (Tess
2013). Models provide different structure and all these structures perfectly execute the entire
possible effective manner to develop the instrumental design. In case of e-learning process, these
are the relevant process to build the level of performance for students.
Literature Review
In this paper, a systematic approach for using these instructional design models have been
discussed and also a thoughtful approach has been highlighted to show comparing and
contrasting idea of the models within the paper.
Understanding of Gagne’s Model
Robert Gagne is the foremost contributor of this kind of systematic approaches and
instructional design and training process. As mentioned by Gagne et al. (2005) the main attention
is the change in behavior and that focus on the outcomes. There are nine steps of learning and
identifying the condition and these nine steps are called as the Events of Instruction. The first
step is to engage the learner through gaining attention towards the lesson. Then inform the
learner about the objectivity and then stimulate the prior learning process. If there is some good
amount of learning experience can extract then it is quite useful for students also. Then the
usefulness of content comes in concern and with the present stimulation of knowledge and
guidance students know about the real learning curve (Gagne et al. 2005). Practice is another

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
step that provides a good feedback for students. Some of the students are performing better if
they practice a lot and that also reflected in their post-performance access (Chai, Koh and Chin-
Chung 2013). In case of retaining this knowledge and to access the mind of learning is presented
in that model and that justifies the resources as well as also maintains the transfer of knowledge
from experts or teachers to their students. Gagne’s design of instructional design model clarifies
the seeking of knowledge and provides good feedback at the end of result through different
levels of practices. (See Appendix 1)
Thoughtful research on Dick and Carey Model
Walter Dick and Lou Carey stated about this instructional model in their book “The
Systematic Design of Instruction” in 1978. The design is so relevant in this modern era that latest
complex designs also consider the significance of this model. As explained by Dick, Carey and
Carey (2005) the model is talking about the entire system and the focusing on the instruction that
makes inter-relationship between contexts, learning skills and instructions. This systematic
approach to model delivers the importance of performance and tries to convey the instruction
analysis result for the students. Performance objectives are one of the purposes that evaluate the
learning outcome and present students participation in the development of the assessment (Dick,
Carey and Carey 2005). The entire model is considering as the description of behavior and all
instructions are deliberately addressing on the better performances that test the thoughtful
process of understanding and influence the better practice that provides better learner
participation for conduct the model. The model also set their target audience as well, students
who are poor in skills and do not have any prior knowledge about the performance can consider
as the target people. The performance, objectivity, content presentation, development of the
assessment and the sectional area that imposed under unidentified reason have to evolve and that

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
brings better chances for students as well as for encouraging them to make the simple outcome of
a complex situation. (See Appendix 2)
Importance of Merrill’s Model
“The First Principles of Instruction” is the effective learning process and problem-based
involvement that David Merrill had stated in this part. The section is comprisedof programs,
practices and variables and all these principles of design addressing to the variety of instructional
programs and practices. As stated by Merrill (2002) the learning phase has segregated there in
four phases like activation of prior experience, demonstration of skills, application of skills and
integration of these skills in case of real-world activity. All the skills are important for students
as the learning cycle based on the principles of the facilitated foundation of knowledge those
outcomes in a strategic approach which demonstrate better chances for leaning system (Merrill
2002). Existing knowledge needs to be found the new knowledge programs and through the
demonstration of learner better facilities can be gained by the students or learners. To make easy
access to gain knowledge integrated learning procedures are important and focus on the problem-
solving scenario. (See Appendix 3)
Analysis of ADDIE Model
ADDIE model is basically the acronym of five phase of development which
isinterrelated. The five phases are Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and
Evaluation. For providing effective training and instructional development this model is effective
enough to justify the possible objectives of learning. Analysis of the identified problem is the
basic goal of this segment. Identify the learning outcome and provide demographical presence
during the phase is the most effective scenario for this model. As mentioned by Molenda (2003)
the model also instructs the methods and activities that provide better results in development. In

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
case of development use of audio, of the use of photography is the main aspect and that develop
the better extension of learning during the course. In case of graphical representation, students
love analysis the thing in aright way so this process of learning is the productive one for the
students (Cook et al. 2013). Implementation of the learning tools and procedures are also
important. Learning management team has to take care of that situation. There are some training
facilities and instructors instruct their level best to analyze the process to students (Molenda
2003). The last step is all about the course completion process that means the evaluation of the
student. There are two phases as well likely formative and summative. These phases identify the
development process and evaluation that help instructional design and analytical phase. In case
of learning interaction students used to know about some training and development, but as per
their knowledge and dimension they develop the content and formulate better study arena for
students. (See Appendix 4)
Conclusion
Therefore it can be concluded that all the training issues and development measures are
applicable for students’ enhancement. All possible models are developing the level of
understanding for students and showing the easy way of making programs and practices.
Analysis Table of key characteristics
Resources Key Aspects
Gagne et al. 2005 Change in behavior and identify the prior learning process.
There are nine steps of learning and identifying the condition
and these nine steps are called as the Events of Instruction. All
the events are addressing to the objectivities that help to get

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
better progress for students.
Dick, Carey and Carey 2005 The model focuses on the inter-relationship between content,
contexts and also provides fare knowledge about the
behavioral change. The model also set their target audience as
well, students who are poor in skills and do not have any prior
knowledge about the performance can consider as the target
people.
Merrill 2002 Program, practice, and variables are sectioning head of this and
that showcases better opportunities for learning and providing
belief for students. Existing knowledge needs to be found the
new knowledge programs and through the demonstration of
learner better facilities can be gained by the students or
learners.
Molenda 2003 Methods and activities like demographical presentation, picture
and audio will represent the more chances of understanding for
students. Identify the learning outcome and provide
demographical presence during the phase is the most effective
scenario for this model.

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
References
Chai, C.S., Koh, J.H.L. and Chin-Chung, T., 2013.A review of technological pedagogical content
knowledge. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 16(2).
Cook, D.A., Hamstra, S.J., Brydges, R., Zendejas, B., Szostek, J.H., Wang, A.T., Erwin, P.J. and
Hatala, R., 2013. Comparative effectiveness of instructional design features in simulation-based
education: systematic review and meta-analysis. Medical teacher, 35(1), pp.e867-e898.
Dick, W., Carey, L. and Carey, J.O., 2005.The systematic design of instruction.
Gagne, R.M., Wager, W.W., Golas, K.C., Keller, J.M. and Russell, J.D., 2005.Principles of
instructional design. Performance Improvement, 44(2), pp.44-46.
Merrill, M.D., 2002. First principles of instruction. Educational technology research and
development, 50(3), pp.43-59.
Molenda, M., 2003. In search of the elusive ADDIE model. Performance improvement, 42(5),
pp.34-37.
Tess, P.A., 2013. The role of social media in higher education classes (real and virtual)–A
literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(5), pp.A60-A68.

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
Appendices
Appendix 1
Figure 1: Gagne’s Model
(Source: https://www.instructionaldesigncentral.com/instructionaldesignmodels)
Appendix 2:

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
Figure 1: Dick and Carey Model
(Source: https://www.instructionaldesigncentral.com/instructionaldesignmodels)
Appendix 3:

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
Figure 1: Merrill’sModel
(Source: https://www.instructionaldesigncentral.com/instructionaldesignmodels)
Appendix 4:
Figure 1: ADDIE Model
(Source:Molenda 2003)