Literature Review on Instructional Design Models

Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Literature Review............................................................................................................................2
Understanding of Gagne’s Model................................................................................................2
Thoughtful research on Dick and Carey Model...........................................................................3
Importance of Merrill’s Model....................................................................................................4
Analysis of ADDIE Model..........................................................................................................4
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................5
Analysis Table of key characteristics..............................................................................................5
References........................................................................................................................................7
Appendices......................................................................................................................................8

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
Introduction
Instructional design model helps to understand the abstract learning procedures and
empower the real world application. These are used for the learning experiences and in case of
complex design problems these procedures are used in different principles and patterns (Tess
2013). Models provide different structure and all these structures perfectly execute the entire
possible effective manner to develop the instrumental design. In case of e-learning process, these
are the relevant process to build the level of performance for students.
Literature Review
In this paper, a systematic approach for using these instructional design models have been
discussed and also a thoughtful approach has been highlighted to show comparing and
contrasting idea of the models within the paper.
Understanding of Gagne’s Model
Robert Gagne is the foremost contributor of this kind of systematic approaches and
instructional design and training process. As mentioned by Gagne et al. (2005) the main attention
is the change in behavior and that focus on the outcomes. There are nine steps of learning and
identifying the condition and these nine steps are called as the Events of Instruction. The first
step is to engage the learner through gaining attention towards the lesson. Then inform the
learner about the objectivity and then stimulate the prior learning process. If there is some good
amount of learning experience can extract then it is quite useful for students also. Then the
usefulness of content comes in concern and with the present stimulation of knowledge and
guidance students know about the real learning curve (Gagne et al. 2005). Practice is another

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
step that provides a good feedback for students. Some of the students are performing better if
they practice a lot and that also reflected in their post-performance access (Chai, Koh and Chin-
Chung 2013). In case of retaining this knowledge and to access the mind of learning is presented
in that model and that justifies the resources as well as also maintains the transfer of knowledge
from experts or teachers to their students. Gagne’s design of instructional design model clarifies
the seeking of knowledge and provides good feedback at the end of result through different
levels of practices. (See Appendix 1)
Thoughtful research on Dick and Carey Model
Walter Dick and Lou Carey stated about this instructional model in their book “The
Systematic Design of Instruction” in 1978. The design is so relevant in this modern era that latest
complex designs also consider the significance of this model. As explained by Dick, Carey and
Carey (2005) the model is talking about the entire system and the focusing on the instruction that
makes inter-relationship between contexts, learning skills and instructions. This systematic
approach to model delivers the importance of performance and tries to convey the instruction
analysis result for the students. Performance objectives are one of the purposes that evaluate the
learning outcome and present students participation in the development of the assessment (Dick,
Carey and Carey 2005). The entire model is considering as the description of behavior and all
instructions are deliberately addressing on the better performances that test the thoughtful
process of understanding and influence the better practice that provides better learner
participation for conduct the model. The model also set their target audience as well, students
who are poor in skills and do not have any prior knowledge about the performance can consider
as the target people. The performance, objectivity, content presentation, development of the
assessment and the sectional area that imposed under unidentified reason have to evolve and that