Integration passive solar ventilation system with phase change Process 2022
Added on 2022-09-15
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Integration passive solar ventilation system with phase
change materials
Abstract: -
A phase change material (PCM) is a material with an extraordinary temperature of combination which, melting and
setting at a correct temperature. It is proficient of keeping and discharging large quantities of energy. Heat is captivated
or free when the substantial changes from compact to liquefied and vice versa. PCMs are stable as latent heat storage
(LHS) units. This plan has its impartial in generating a new appreciative of participating PCMs with
solar airing systems and discovery the associations between them in instruction to strategy an ideal
method. The main steps assumed in the assignment comprise works evaluation, investigation and
hypothetical demonstrating. The phases in this assignment include investigates to establish the
connection between solar freshening systems and PCMs. In this assignment, we discuss the
necessary details of PCM and also discuss the classifications of PCM like organic and inorganic
PCM. To well categorize the standards of PCMs separated their standards into four separate groups.
This scheme of arrangement contains physical, kinetic, thermal and chemical properties. In this
assignment, we try to discuss the Types of solar ventilation like thermal ventilation and other
passive ventilation. There are some effects of solar radiation on system performance like air flow,
fluid temperature, solar energy etc. It also intensive on studies connected to different categories of
airing systems that are well-matched with PCMs. The numerous significant restrictions in the SV-
PCM classification like melting point, charging period and discharging period, heat flux were
identifying. In this project, we elaborate some mathematical models. The planned model in this scheme
is constructed on comprehensive energy equilibrium method to originate the temporary scientific
model of the system. This model is explaining by Gaussian iterative technique. The authentication
of this model will be achieve. Once the investigate set-up will be assembled. In this project, we also
discuss the heat balance equation, which is mainly describe the fix layer PCM temperature. In the
MATLAB flow, we also observe computational air flow rate temperature. Mostly we discuss some
conceptual design like a first, second, third. In an early conceptual design, it is related to the solar radiation
and PCM system. Second Conceptual design was initiated with the Heat reducing neweffect. Last conceptual
model it describes the funnel presented, which is designing by fluctuating the typical roof ventilation
process. At the end of this project, we set up some future work in mathematical process and also
logical process. For completion of this assignment, we are very much thankful for two software like
AutoCAD for structure drawing and MATLAB for numerical calculation.
i
change materials
Abstract: -
A phase change material (PCM) is a material with an extraordinary temperature of combination which, melting and
setting at a correct temperature. It is proficient of keeping and discharging large quantities of energy. Heat is captivated
or free when the substantial changes from compact to liquefied and vice versa. PCMs are stable as latent heat storage
(LHS) units. This plan has its impartial in generating a new appreciative of participating PCMs with
solar airing systems and discovery the associations between them in instruction to strategy an ideal
method. The main steps assumed in the assignment comprise works evaluation, investigation and
hypothetical demonstrating. The phases in this assignment include investigates to establish the
connection between solar freshening systems and PCMs. In this assignment, we discuss the
necessary details of PCM and also discuss the classifications of PCM like organic and inorganic
PCM. To well categorize the standards of PCMs separated their standards into four separate groups.
This scheme of arrangement contains physical, kinetic, thermal and chemical properties. In this
assignment, we try to discuss the Types of solar ventilation like thermal ventilation and other
passive ventilation. There are some effects of solar radiation on system performance like air flow,
fluid temperature, solar energy etc. It also intensive on studies connected to different categories of
airing systems that are well-matched with PCMs. The numerous significant restrictions in the SV-
PCM classification like melting point, charging period and discharging period, heat flux were
identifying. In this project, we elaborate some mathematical models. The planned model in this scheme
is constructed on comprehensive energy equilibrium method to originate the temporary scientific
model of the system. This model is explaining by Gaussian iterative technique. The authentication
of this model will be achieve. Once the investigate set-up will be assembled. In this project, we also
discuss the heat balance equation, which is mainly describe the fix layer PCM temperature. In the
MATLAB flow, we also observe computational air flow rate temperature. Mostly we discuss some
conceptual design like a first, second, third. In an early conceptual design, it is related to the solar radiation
and PCM system. Second Conceptual design was initiated with the Heat reducing neweffect. Last conceptual
model it describes the funnel presented, which is designing by fluctuating the typical roof ventilation
process. At the end of this project, we set up some future work in mathematical process and also
logical process. For completion of this assignment, we are very much thankful for two software like
AutoCAD for structure drawing and MATLAB for numerical calculation.
i
Definitions
phase segregation
Supercooling
Segregation refers to the enrichment of atoms
The process of lowering the temperature of a liquid or a gas below its freezing
point without it becoming a solid
Acronyms
PCMs
TES
T a
T PCM
Phase Change Materials
Thermal Energy Storage
Absorber temperature
PCM layer temperature
T g
T f
T f
T ∞
T m
T i
∆ h
am
C p ,average PCM
C p ,1 p
M
Qsolar −g
Qsolar −a
ag
aa
τ g
T old
T new
t
Glass cover temperature
The temperature of fluid inside the system
Final temperature
Ambient air temperature
The PCM melting point temperature
Initial temperature
Heat fusion per unit mass
Fraction melted
Average specific heat between T m and T i
Average specificwheahert between T finaland T m
Mass of PCM
Solar heat radiation of the glass cover
Solar heat radiation of the absorber
Absorptivity of the glass cover
Absorptivity of the absorber plate
Transmissivity of the glass cover
The temperature of the previous time
The temperature of the current time
Time
The convective heat transfer coefficient due to the wind
The radiative heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and the glass
ii
phase segregation
Supercooling
Segregation refers to the enrichment of atoms
The process of lowering the temperature of a liquid or a gas below its freezing
point without it becoming a solid
Acronyms
PCMs
TES
T a
T PCM
Phase Change Materials
Thermal Energy Storage
Absorber temperature
PCM layer temperature
T g
T f
T f
T ∞
T m
T i
∆ h
am
C p ,average PCM
C p ,1 p
M
Qsolar −g
Qsolar −a
ag
aa
τ g
T old
T new
t
Glass cover temperature
The temperature of fluid inside the system
Final temperature
Ambient air temperature
The PCM melting point temperature
Initial temperature
Heat fusion per unit mass
Fraction melted
Average specific heat between T m and T i
Average specificwheahert between T finaland T m
Mass of PCM
Solar heat radiation of the glass cover
Solar heat radiation of the absorber
Absorptivity of the glass cover
Absorptivity of the absorber plate
Transmissivity of the glass cover
The temperature of the previous time
The temperature of the current time
Time
The convective heat transfer coefficient due to the wind
The radiative heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and the glass
ii
hwind
convection
habsorber−glass
radiation
hfluid−glass
convection
habsorber−PCM
conduction
hglass−sky
radiation
hfluid−glass
convection
G
Aout
Ainlet
L
H
φ
t
ṁ
Nu
Ra
γ
Cd
C p
V wind
K
ρ
μ
v
T sky
ε
σ
β
Gr
cover
The convective heat transfer coefficient betweenthe fluid inside the cavity and
the glass cover
Conductive heat transfer coefficient between absorber and PCM
The radiative heat transfer coefficient between glass and sky
Convective heat transfer coefficient between fluid and glass cover
Solar irradiance
Outlet area of the cavity
Inlet area of the holey
Thickness
Length of the holeyThe a
Angle of the system
Transmissivity of the glass cover
Time
Ventilation rate
Nusselt number
Raleigh number
Mena temperature weighting factor
Discharge coefficient
Specific heat capacity
Wind velocity
Thermal conductivity
Density
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Sky temperature
Emissivity
Stefan Boltzmann constant
Thermal expansion coefficient
Grashof number
iii
convection
habsorber−glass
radiation
hfluid−glass
convection
habsorber−PCM
conduction
hglass−sky
radiation
hfluid−glass
convection
G
Aout
Ainlet
L
H
φ
t
ṁ
Nu
Ra
γ
Cd
C p
V wind
K
ρ
μ
v
T sky
ε
σ
β
Gr
cover
The convective heat transfer coefficient betweenthe fluid inside the cavity and
the glass cover
Conductive heat transfer coefficient between absorber and PCM
The radiative heat transfer coefficient between glass and sky
Convective heat transfer coefficient between fluid and glass cover
Solar irradiance
Outlet area of the cavity
Inlet area of the holey
Thickness
Length of the holeyThe a
Angle of the system
Transmissivity of the glass cover
Time
Ventilation rate
Nusselt number
Raleigh number
Mena temperature weighting factor
Discharge coefficient
Specific heat capacity
Wind velocity
Thermal conductivity
Density
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Sky temperature
Emissivity
Stefan Boltzmann constant
Thermal expansion coefficient
Grashof number
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................................................................V
1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND....................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 AIMS AND SPECIFIC PROJECT OBJECTIVES.........................................................................................................1
1.3 DELIVERABLES AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES......................................................................................................1
1.4 PROJECT SCOPE AND LIMITS...............................................................................................................................1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................................................3
2.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................................3
2.2 PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCMS) DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATIONS...........................................................3
2.2.1 Classifications................................................................................................................................................3
2.2.2 Selection criteria............................................................................................................................................3
2.3 SOLAR VENTILATION SYSTEM.............................................................................................................................5
2.3.1 Passive ventilation..........................................................................................................................................5
2.3.2 Thermal ventilation principles.......................................................................................................................5
2.3.3 Solar chimney.................................................................................................................................................5
2.3.4 Trombe wall....................................................................................................................................................6
2.3.5 Effect of solar radiation on the performance of the system............................................................................6
2.3.6 Integration the solar ventilation system with PCM........................................................................................6
2.4 HEAT TRANSFER..................................................................................................................................................7
2.4.1 Radiation heat transfer coefficient between absorber and glass...................................................................7
2.4.2 Convective heat transfer coefficient between fluid and glass and absorber and fluid...................................7
2.4.3 Convective heat transfer from an inclined glass cover to the ambient..........................................................8
2.4.4 Radiation heat transfer coefficient from glass cover to sky...........................................................................8
2.4.5 The air properties inside the cavity................................................................................................................9
2.4.6 Sky temperature..............................................................................................................................................9
2.4.7 The specific heat capacity of PCM.................................................................................................................9
2.4.8 Outlet temperature..........................................................................................................................................9
2.4.9 Solar radiation................................................................................................................................................9
2.5 SUMMARY AND RESEARCH GAP OR VALIDATION OF THE PROJECT TOPIC........................................................9
2.6 JUSTIFICATION PROJECT ADDRESSES RESEARC- BASED REQUIREMENT..........................................................10
3 METHODOLOGY AND PROJECT PLAN.........................................................................................................11
3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CORRELATION................................................................................................................11
3.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL...................................................................................................................................11
3.2 BUILDING EXPERIMENT SET-UP.........................................................................................................................11
4 PROGRESS TO DATE...........................................................................................................................................12
4.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL...................................................................................................................................12
4.1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................12
4.1.2 Structure of the system..................................................................................................................................12
4.1.3 Assumptions..................................................................................................................................................13
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................................................................V
1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND....................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 AIMS AND SPECIFIC PROJECT OBJECTIVES.........................................................................................................1
1.3 DELIVERABLES AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES......................................................................................................1
1.4 PROJECT SCOPE AND LIMITS...............................................................................................................................1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................................................3
2.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................................3
2.2 PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCMS) DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATIONS...........................................................3
2.2.1 Classifications................................................................................................................................................3
2.2.2 Selection criteria............................................................................................................................................3
2.3 SOLAR VENTILATION SYSTEM.............................................................................................................................5
2.3.1 Passive ventilation..........................................................................................................................................5
2.3.2 Thermal ventilation principles.......................................................................................................................5
2.3.3 Solar chimney.................................................................................................................................................5
2.3.4 Trombe wall....................................................................................................................................................6
2.3.5 Effect of solar radiation on the performance of the system............................................................................6
2.3.6 Integration the solar ventilation system with PCM........................................................................................6
2.4 HEAT TRANSFER..................................................................................................................................................7
2.4.1 Radiation heat transfer coefficient between absorber and glass...................................................................7
2.4.2 Convective heat transfer coefficient between fluid and glass and absorber and fluid...................................7
2.4.3 Convective heat transfer from an inclined glass cover to the ambient..........................................................8
2.4.4 Radiation heat transfer coefficient from glass cover to sky...........................................................................8
2.4.5 The air properties inside the cavity................................................................................................................9
2.4.6 Sky temperature..............................................................................................................................................9
2.4.7 The specific heat capacity of PCM.................................................................................................................9
2.4.8 Outlet temperature..........................................................................................................................................9
2.4.9 Solar radiation................................................................................................................................................9
2.5 SUMMARY AND RESEARCH GAP OR VALIDATION OF THE PROJECT TOPIC........................................................9
2.6 JUSTIFICATION PROJECT ADDRESSES RESEARC- BASED REQUIREMENT..........................................................10
3 METHODOLOGY AND PROJECT PLAN.........................................................................................................11
3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CORRELATION................................................................................................................11
3.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL...................................................................................................................................11
3.2 BUILDING EXPERIMENT SET-UP.........................................................................................................................11
4 PROGRESS TO DATE...........................................................................................................................................12
4.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL...................................................................................................................................12
4.1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................12
4.1.2 Structure of the system..................................................................................................................................12
4.1.3 Assumptions..................................................................................................................................................13
iv
4.1.4 Function of the model...................................................................................................................................13
4.1.5 Heat balance equations................................................................................................................................14
4.1.6 Solving energy balance equation..................................................................................................................16
4.1.7 Programming................................................................................................................................................16
4.2 BUILDING EXPERIMENT SET-UP.........................................................................................................................17
4.2.1 Design selection............................................................................................................................................17
4.2.2 Material selection.........................................................................................................................................19
4.2.3 Building experiment set-up...........................................................................................................................20
5 FUTURE WORK TO COMPLETE PROJECT..................................................................................................21
5.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL...................................................................................................................................21
5.2 MAKING TEST SAMPLE......................................................................................................................................21
5.3EEXPERIMENINGT......................................................................................................................................................21
5.4 VALIDATION OF THE MODEL.............................................................................................................................21
5.5 USING MODEL FOR FUTURE WORK....................................................................................................................21
6 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................................22
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................................22
APPENDICES...................................................................................................................................................................24
A RISK AND HAZARD ANALYSIS FORM....................................................................................................................24
B REVISED GANTT CHART.......................................................................................................................................29
C ENGINEERING DRAWINGS......................................................................................................................................30
D MATLAB CODE.....................................................................................................................................................38
v
4.1.5 Heat balance equations................................................................................................................................14
4.1.6 Solving energy balance equation..................................................................................................................16
4.1.7 Programming................................................................................................................................................16
4.2 BUILDING EXPERIMENT SET-UP.........................................................................................................................17
4.2.1 Design selection............................................................................................................................................17
4.2.2 Material selection.........................................................................................................................................19
4.2.3 Building experiment set-up...........................................................................................................................20
5 FUTURE WORK TO COMPLETE PROJECT..................................................................................................21
5.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL...................................................................................................................................21
5.2 MAKING TEST SAMPLE......................................................................................................................................21
5.3EEXPERIMENINGT......................................................................................................................................................21
5.4 VALIDATION OF THE MODEL.............................................................................................................................21
5.5 USING MODEL FOR FUTURE WORK....................................................................................................................21
6 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................................22
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................................22
APPENDICES...................................................................................................................................................................24
A RISK AND HAZARD ANALYSIS FORM....................................................................................................................24
B REVISED GANTT CHART.......................................................................................................................................29
C ENGINEERING DRAWINGS......................................................................................................................................30
D MATLAB CODE.....................................................................................................................................................38
v
Figure List
Figure 1 PCM classification (Kosny 2015).......................................................................................................3
Figure 2 PCMs characteristic properties (Khan et al. 2017).............................................................................4
Figure 3 classification of PCMs based on melting point (Khan et al. 2017).....................................................4
Figure 4 Thermal ventilation principles (Monghasemi & Vadiee 2018)...........................................................5
Figure 5 vertical and inclined chimneys (Harris & Helwit 2006).....................................................................6
Figure 6 Free convection ina rectangular cavity (Incropera 2011, p.622)........................................................7
Figure 7 The methodology used in the development of mathematical model.................................................11
Figure 8 The methosy used for constructing experiment set-up......................................................................11
Figure 9 the system diagram...........................................................................................................................12
Figure 10 Function of the model.....................................................................................................................13
Figure 11 Thermal network of the system......................................................................................................14
Figure 12 MMAT MATLAB flow chart.........................................................................................................17
Figure 13 First conceptual design...................................................................................................................18
Figure 14 Second conceptual design...............................................................................................................19
Figure 15 Third conceptual design.................................................................................................................19
vi
Figure 1 PCM classification (Kosny 2015).......................................................................................................3
Figure 2 PCMs characteristic properties (Khan et al. 2017).............................................................................4
Figure 3 classification of PCMs based on melting point (Khan et al. 2017).....................................................4
Figure 4 Thermal ventilation principles (Monghasemi & Vadiee 2018)...........................................................5
Figure 5 vertical and inclined chimneys (Harris & Helwit 2006).....................................................................6
Figure 6 Free convection ina rectangular cavity (Incropera 2011, p.622)........................................................7
Figure 7 The methodology used in the development of mathematical model.................................................11
Figure 8 The methosy used for constructing experiment set-up......................................................................11
Figure 9 the system diagram...........................................................................................................................12
Figure 10 Function of the model.....................................................................................................................13
Figure 11 Thermal network of the system......................................................................................................14
Figure 12 MMAT MATLAB flow chart.........................................................................................................17
Figure 13 First conceptual design...................................................................................................................18
Figure 14 Second conceptual design...............................................................................................................19
Figure 15 Third conceptual design.................................................................................................................19
vi
1 INTRODUCTION.
1.1 Background.
The solar ventilation system creates convective air flow using solar radiation and is a natural
process. Under this system, the excess heat from the indoors is dissipating as the air from the
interiors of the rooms and buildings are extracted. During summers, the usage of electricity is more,
as the ventilation of the premises requires amole considerable amount of cooling. Moreover, to cope
up with Australia's climate that includes high humidity and temperature demands for more cooling
of the building interiors. Therefore, the solar ventilation system is given more emphasis to enhance
cost reduction. The energy used by air conditioning systems is being reduced. But this system has
two main drawbacks. Firstly, the collectors get overheated due to the sun's radiation and can result
in a decrease in air flow. Secondly, the system does not work in the night for obvious reasons. As a
solution to these issues, PCMs can be introduced to increase the system's performance.
According to the different situations, MATLAB will be used in different types and sizes of PCMs.
To evaluate the performance of the system over changing conditions and over time, the
mathematical model will be using. A model of a PCM enhanced solar ventilation system would be
creating and verified. To assist the analysis, a similar model without PCM will also be designed to
serve as a control system.
The models will be examined to confirm if the PCM can be used to enhance the working time of the
solar ventilation system. But the correlations between the PCM and the solar ventilation system is
unknown. The objective of the project is to find these correlations and the design parameters that
are required, for instance, temperature, type and size of PCM to apply in the integrated systems in
various applications. The project aims in improving the performance and design of the optimum
system.
1.2 Aims and Specific Project Objectives.
There are three aims of undertaking the project. The first aim is understanding the correlation
between the PCMs and solar ventilation. The Second one is constructing an experimental set-up
which will be testing indoor. And the Third one is building mathematical model.
1.3 Deliverables and Expected Outcomes.
The expected outcomes of this project are:
1. The appropriate correlation between the PCMs and the solar ventilation system will be
identified..
2. The performance, operational time and design of the optimum system will be further
improved.
3. The experimental set-up of a solar ventilation system that is integrating with PCMs will be
created.
4. Mathematical model of the experimental set-up will be written.
7
1.1 Background.
The solar ventilation system creates convective air flow using solar radiation and is a natural
process. Under this system, the excess heat from the indoors is dissipating as the air from the
interiors of the rooms and buildings are extracted. During summers, the usage of electricity is more,
as the ventilation of the premises requires amole considerable amount of cooling. Moreover, to cope
up with Australia's climate that includes high humidity and temperature demands for more cooling
of the building interiors. Therefore, the solar ventilation system is given more emphasis to enhance
cost reduction. The energy used by air conditioning systems is being reduced. But this system has
two main drawbacks. Firstly, the collectors get overheated due to the sun's radiation and can result
in a decrease in air flow. Secondly, the system does not work in the night for obvious reasons. As a
solution to these issues, PCMs can be introduced to increase the system's performance.
According to the different situations, MATLAB will be used in different types and sizes of PCMs.
To evaluate the performance of the system over changing conditions and over time, the
mathematical model will be using. A model of a PCM enhanced solar ventilation system would be
creating and verified. To assist the analysis, a similar model without PCM will also be designed to
serve as a control system.
The models will be examined to confirm if the PCM can be used to enhance the working time of the
solar ventilation system. But the correlations between the PCM and the solar ventilation system is
unknown. The objective of the project is to find these correlations and the design parameters that
are required, for instance, temperature, type and size of PCM to apply in the integrated systems in
various applications. The project aims in improving the performance and design of the optimum
system.
1.2 Aims and Specific Project Objectives.
There are three aims of undertaking the project. The first aim is understanding the correlation
between the PCMs and solar ventilation. The Second one is constructing an experimental set-up
which will be testing indoor. And the Third one is building mathematical model.
1.3 Deliverables and Expected Outcomes.
The expected outcomes of this project are:
1. The appropriate correlation between the PCMs and the solar ventilation system will be
identified..
2. The performance, operational time and design of the optimum system will be further
improved.
3. The experimental set-up of a solar ventilation system that is integrating with PCMs will be
created.
4. Mathematical model of the experimental set-up will be written.
7
1.4 Project Scope and limits
The project will follow several procedures and processes beginning with integrating of the latent
heat storage materials of a ventilation system thereby improving the performance of the system and
mathematical model. The mathematical model will be using to compare its results with the
experiment results. After validating the model, the outputs will be using for various applications.
This project does not include in itself the active solar ventilation system.
There are three limitations of the project. One is the time. The project is estimated to be completed
throughout two semesters. Therefore, each task must be done in a determined time and must follow
the project's plans. Since the project plans to experiment on many different specimens. However,
the time may not be sufficient to cover the whole experiment, so it is expecting that throughout the
project at least one samples have to be experienced and the computer programing will be
simulating. The second limitation is the budget. The project's cost is specified and samples and
since the price of the materials used for the project should not exceed the budget of the project,
there is a chance that it might affect the quality of the prototype constructed. These materials could
be relatively expensive.
The third limitation is designed. The designs are to be select according to the scope of the project.
The scope of the project cannot be subjected to any change without the approval of the supervisor.
8
The project will follow several procedures and processes beginning with integrating of the latent
heat storage materials of a ventilation system thereby improving the performance of the system and
mathematical model. The mathematical model will be using to compare its results with the
experiment results. After validating the model, the outputs will be using for various applications.
This project does not include in itself the active solar ventilation system.
There are three limitations of the project. One is the time. The project is estimated to be completed
throughout two semesters. Therefore, each task must be done in a determined time and must follow
the project's plans. Since the project plans to experiment on many different specimens. However,
the time may not be sufficient to cover the whole experiment, so it is expecting that throughout the
project at least one samples have to be experienced and the computer programing will be
simulating. The second limitation is the budget. The project's cost is specified and samples and
since the price of the materials used for the project should not exceed the budget of the project,
there is a chance that it might affect the quality of the prototype constructed. These materials could
be relatively expensive.
The third limitation is designed. The designs are to be select according to the scope of the project.
The scope of the project cannot be subjected to any change without the approval of the supervisor.
8
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