Intensifying Primary Care Perspective with Adoption of E-Pharmacy Practices Using Reasoning System

This literature review explores the potential of e-pharmacy practices to enhance primary care services. It examines various research articles focusing on the development and implementation of electronic prescription systems (ERx) and their impact on patient care, healthcare providers, and pharmacists. The review analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these systems, highlighting key factors such as communication, internet accessibility, and patient understanding. It also explores the role of informal learning in supporting clinical service delivery within community pharmacies. By examining these diverse perspectives, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolving landscape of e-pharmacy practices and their implications for primary care.

Literature Review (Secondary Research) Template
Student Name & CSU
ID
Project Topic Title Intensifying primary care perspective with adoption of e pharmacy practices using reasoning system
1

Version 1.0 _ Week 1
2

1
Reference in APA format Kooienga, S., & Singh, R. L. (2017). Pharmacy and primary care perspectives on e-prescribing in a
rural community: A focused ethnography. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 13(4),
820-830.
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/
article/pii/S1551741116303291
Sarah Kooienga and Reshmi L. Singh.
Level of Journal “Q1”
Pharmacist, Rural population, Electronic prescribing,
Digital divide, Primary health care.
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that needs to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Name of the current solution: ERx
tool for E-prescription
Techniques: Information technology
Tools: ERx
Applied Area: Rural and urban area to
develope pharmacy prescription
Problem: Errors in manual prescription
made by doctors, understandable writing,
lack of accuracy about a pharmaceutical
prescription for medical care. The author
has analysed this problem by analysing the
rural primary health care settings according
to which he has found that 14% of medical
practice cases are recorded in the EHR
(Electronic Health Records). It is the
current problem which is the reason behind
this to conduct a research on it.
Goal: To develop an easy, safe, fast and
List of components of ERx
 Information Technology
 Digital prescription
 Pharmacists
 Doctors and nursing practitioners
3

errorless prescribing process to keep EHR
(Electronic Health Records).
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1 Relationship-based activity This stage has effectively worked to
identify the possible problems to develop
an e-prescription.
It is based on the skills of a pharmacist
and primary care providers so it can be
affected by their knowledge and skills.
2 Accessibility of the internet It helps to the pharmacist and primary care
providers which are working in the rural
areas to be connected to share e-
prescription.
Rural areas have many challenges to be
connected with high data transmission
internet. The environment is another
factor which may be hindered in the
internet accessibility.
3 Communication in between patients and
primary care providers
In rural areas most probably a medical care
provider knows the patients personally so
it helps in an appropriate diagnosis of
disease and reason behind to be ill.
It is highly affected by the personal
relations who sometimes decrease the
significance of the case and diagnose the
case in an effective manner.
4 Confirmation of e-prescription It is effective for the patients to get an
availability confirmation notification about
their medicines as prescribed.
It takes a time to ready a set of medicine
by the pharmacist for patients so the late
notification can decrease the
effectiveness of medicines.
4

Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Communication is a dependent variable which is grounded in
the patient, primary medical care provider and pharmacist.
Patients, primary medical care and pharmacist are the dependent
variables which have developed a better role to design the process of
ERx to develop errorless processing of e-prescription.
E-prescription is generated by the primary medical service
providers in the rural areas after diagnosing the patient so e-
prescription is the dependent variable.
The context of rurality is independent elements which have a huge
impact on the e-prescription process.
Internet connectivity is a dependent variable which is
grounded in the context of rurality and environmental factors.
Natural disaster and environmental changes can be a cause of internet
access and connectivity which can develop a huge negative effect on
the ERx.
Input and Output A feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
Information
collected from
patients to analyse
their problems and
issues
An errorless and
appropriately
developed digital
prescription for
medicines for a
specific patient
It also impacts on the electronic health
records which can help to the medical
practitioners to review past history of the
cases. Currently, 14% medical cases are
electronically recorded which a challenge for
the healthcare service provider authorities to
improve the electronic records.
The author has developed a process of ERx
which supports to digitalize the process of the
medical prescription to eliminate the errors,
issues and doubts within pharmacists and
primary medical care provider.
5

1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
ERx with EHR is better to enhance the
validity of the e-prescription for the patients
to keep a record.
Rural pharmacist’s supply chain is not added
to the solution process which decreases the
effect of the solution on the goal.
Author has to synch this identified process with
the mobile number connection of the patient to
send e-prescription as a message.
4. were the conclusion justified and How? Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
According to the author, The Ecological
Transactional Model is appropriate to
conduct primary and secondary research. As
the author has effectively done both types of
research it is justified. Author has explained
the relationship based transaction is effective
to develop a better collaboration between the
healthcare practitioners and pharmacist.
1. The author has developed ERx for rural
areas mainly because they are having a huge
need for medical care benefits. It helps them
to decrease the travelling possibilities for
medical care.
2. The author has identified the ERx as a
better tool to develop an errorless prescription
but it is also effective to use a hard copy of
the medical prescription to remind about
medicines for the patients. Most of the
patients get confused while taking medicines
about the time to take it so the hard copy is
effective to recognize the medicine.
The author has used the patients to take their
feedback about the process which justified that
ERx is effective for them to get a better medical
service.
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Diagram/Flowchart
Figure 1: An adaptation of the ecological transactional systemic map of primary care
Figure 2: Contextual understandings and dimensions impacting
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2
Reference in APA format Zadeh, P. E., & Tremblay, M. C. (2016). A review of the literature and proposed classification on e-
prescribing: Functions, assimilation stages, benefits, concerns, and risks. Research in Social and
Administrative Pharmacy, 12(1), 1-19.
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
https://ac-els-cdn-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/
S1551741115000431/1-s2.0-
S1551741115000431-main.pdf?
_tid=aa0eec9c-4eaa-45ac-a89d-
7accb3e985bd&acdnat=1520062002_3
89869aaa93f14a33ad1612c1acccf60
Pouyan Esmaeil Zadeh, Monica Chiarini
Tremblay,
E-Prescribing; Prescribers ;E-Prescription; Benefits;
Pharmacies; Risks; Medication errors; Assimilation
stages
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
The name of the solution is to Develop
updated online applications for entering
the prescription
Tools: latest web-based applications
Applied Area: Providing medication to
the patients
Problem: entering incorrect prescription
results in providing wrong treatments and
increase medication costs
Goal: Develop the interface which reduces
error while entering the prescription by
using web-based applications.
 Pharmacists
 Pharmacy
 Physicians
 Nurses and clinical staff
 Multidisciplinary team (clinicians, pharmacists
and researchers)
8

The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1 Develop the online system Patients will be able to order medicines
online
The prescription is entered manually
which may result in entering incorrect
prescription
2 Use of web-based application to enter details Patient history can be tracked easily and
medicines can be prescribed accordingly
Lack of knowledge of using the software
may create errors
3 Developing Training programmes Efficiency in operation and patients
records can be viewed online which
enables the doctors to accurately provide
the treatment
Additional costs for training the staff
and nurses
4 Difference between using paper and e-
prescription
Minimising the human effort since all the
details of the patients are entered by using
the application
A complete online system is still being
developed
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Web-based infrastructures such as online platforms and use of Providing prescription to the patients and providing patient care
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the internet services
Communication between physicians and hospital staff for
implementing the web-based platform
Maintaining the complete records of the patient by hospital staff and
providing the information to the physicians as and when required
The interaction between physicians and pharmacists for
providing e-prescription
Providing the medicines required to the patients as per the
prescription provided by the physicians.
Providing patient information by using Clinical Decision
Support (CDS) and monograph in order to ascertain the dose
calculation and drug allergies
Checking the medical condition of the patient before prescribing the
medication which includes the side-effects of the prescribed
medication in order to ascertain the level of improvement in the
health of patients
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
Use of web-based
application for
recording patient
details
Improved medical
services provided to
the patients
Use of web-based application reduces the
human efforts to record and maintain the
prescription. Complete patient history,
including medication type and current
medical conditions, can be easily ascertained
by the physicians.
The physicians will be able to ascertain the
progress of the patients online and hence,
treatment facilities provided to the patients can
be improved
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
10

The ratio analysis could have been done to
ascertain the success of using the web-based
application. The other benefits to the staff and
Nurses such as enhanced knowledge of
internet and their career prospects can also be
added to support the use of web-based
applications in hospitals.
The number of patients who can be benefited
by using the web-based applications can be
further analysed. Also, the benefits of web-
based applications to the pharmacists and
clinical staff can be elaborated since the
reduction of human effort with regard to
patient service has been evaluated
The questions related to the use of the internet
can be asked to the hospital staff in order to
ascertain the actual knowledge possessed by
them. The practical application of the technique
where the e-prescription is sent to pharmacists
can be done to check the viability of this
approach.
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
The conclusion provided a detailed analysis
regarding the use of latest technologies in
hospitals and pharmacy. The advantages and
disadvantages were clearly stated along with
the ways in which the patient care services
can be improved.
The analyses of the problems and issues
related to the use of latest web-based
applications in health care services are clearly
stated. The views of the hospital and clinical
staff were recorded before drawing the
conclusion. However, the current knowledge
of hospital staff and patients could have been
included to understand the needs and
preferences of the patients.
Interviews were conducted to analyse the
possibilities of utilizing the web-based
applications to maintain the records of patients.
The interview was conducted by pharmacists,
physicians, nurses and clinical staff
Diagram/Flowchart
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Figure 3: Selection strategy for the review
Figure 4: The 3Ps model
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3
Reference in APA format Lämsä, E., Timonen, J., Mäntyselkä, P., & Ahonen, R. (2017). Pharmacy customers’ experiences with
the national online service for viewing electronic prescriptions in Finland. International journal of
medical informatics, 97, 221-228.
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
https://ac-els-cdn-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/
S1386505616302295/1-s2.0-
S1386505616302295-main.pdf?
_tid=fdc3fd4c-ae96-4d12-9f38-
a91df1b519de&acdnat=1520062740_2
a913e0ce646a5a7caa29eb95b80c270
Elina Lämsä, Johanna Timonen, Pekka
Mäntyselkä, Riitta Ahonen
Level of journal “Q1”
The consumer survey, records of Electronic prescription
Pharmacy, patients
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that needs to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Name of the current solution:
Effectiveness of My Kanta in keeping
electronic prescription records
Techniques: Online data collection to
keep prescription records
Tools: My Kanta the national online
website to keep data on prescriptions
Problem: The main purpose of this
research to analyse the effectiveness of the
My Kanta for the users. My Kanta is a
typical website to identify the records of a
patient.
Goal: This research analyses the use
friendliness of the site for the users and
analyse the users experience to identify
List of elements involved in the literature are:
 My Kanta online website
 Users of the website
 Older people more than 75 years
 Patients
13

Applied Area: It is applied to the
whole nation
advantages and disadvantages for the
users.
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1 Involve the My Kanta in academic education
course
Currently, it is involved in the higher
education courses to provide the learning
to use the My Kanta website to identify
personal records but it is essential to
provide learning in the early age to aware
children in early age
It may increase the pressure on the
website which can create a problem for
site developers
2 Develop a training program for older people Most of the older people are not effectively
using the site because they are not users
friendly so it can help them to use it.
Older age people have fewer
understandings so it may be a cause of
misinterpretation.
3 Online promotions It is also effective to improve the use of
My Kanta in between people to encourage
them to use and make them user-friendly.
Social media promotions are most
effective to promote videos to explain the
use of the website.
It is based on the understanding level of
the people by which they can
misinterpret the meaning of user
process.
14

Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
My Kanta is depended on the e-prescription records generated
by the medical care providers.
Medical care providers are independent variables which are able to
take their own decision.
E-prescription is affected by the medical care person and
people involved in developing e-prescriptions.
Online prescription developers are highly educated to diagnose the
case and generate a prescription.
Use of My Kanta is based on the understanding level of the
users.
Service users have their own understanding level which is influenced
by the age factors.
Input and Output A feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
Views of customers
of the My Kanta and
e-prescription users
Most of the users
are satisfied and
user-friendly with
the My Kanta to
check their e-
prescription records,
except to older age
people
Training to older age people is improved their
learning to analyse their old prescriptions.
Involvement of My Kanta in the academic
courses is effective to develop user-friendly
adults and children.
Authors have done a tremendous job in
collecting data on the effectiveness of My
Kanta. Authors have discussed the collected
data and develop a better result in improving
effectiveness for targeted users.
1. what in the method could have been 2. what in the author analyses were 3. was there a technique that could have been
15

better? missed? used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
Direct promotions are effective to develop
patients and users more user-friendly to find
out their personal records and e-prescriptions
on the My Kanta website.
Author has developed more focus on the use
of My Kanta in the users and they can add
input process of the e-prescription in it also. It
can help to improve the effectiveness for the
users to use the service and enlarge the
service criteria for the service providers also.
The author has not developed direct
communication with the people which are using
this service which can help them to get a better
review of the e-prescriptions and website.
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
According to the authors, most of the
pharmacy consumers are effectively using the
national online service for e-prescription
which is found in the research also.
Approximately, 78% respondents are
effectively using the services of My Kanta to
track their medical history.
The research is based on the users of the
national e-prescription services which helped
to gather effective and valid data on the key
problems on which research is conducted.
It can be improved by the use of people and
practitioners which are involved in the
national e-prescription services to develop
more validity of data.
Mostly national e-prescription services are used
in the research which validates the outcomes.
Users parameters are always effective to
analyse the services which are used in this
research.
Diagram/Flowchart
16

Figure 5: Study flow
17

Figure 6: Respondents’ opinions on statements concerning the My Kanta service
18

4
Reference in APA format Patterson, B. J., Bakken, B. K., Doucette, W. R., Urmie, J. M., & McDonough, R. P. (2017). Informal
learning processes in support of clinical service delivery in a service-oriented community
pharmacy. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 13(1), 224-232.
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
https://ac-els-cdn-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/
S1551741116000462/1-s2.0-
S1551741116000462-main.pdf?
_tid=f010c099-3f1f-400e-9aaa-
c376a92a6298&acdnat=1520064494_6
1dcd65e5b13fdb11e6a82375dba2b9e
Brandon J. Patterson, Pharm.D., Brianne
K. Bakken, Pharm.D., William R.
Doucette, Ph.D., Julie M. Urmie, Randal P.
McDonough, Pharm.D., M.S.
Community pharmacy, Informal learning, Clinical
pharmacy services, Pharmacy technician.
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Name of the solution: Effectiveness of
informal learning process to provide
community-oriented services
Techniques: Model of informal
learning
Tools: Service users feedbacks are used
as a tool to gather information
Problem: Development in geographical
areas is eliminating the traditional
pharmacy methods that are why this
research has been conducted.
Goal: To develop effective pharmacy
services to accomplish the needs of
specific communities.
List of components:
 Society
 Patients demands and needs
 Health care service providers
 Pharmacy services providers
19

Applied Area: Specific communities to
fulfil pharmacy needs
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1 Informal meetings It is a most effective process to develop a
better relationship with employees to
resolve issues in a pharmacy and health
service provider organisation.
It may decrease the significance and
difference in between the higher
authorities and lower working people in
an organisation.
2 Open discussion on issues It is also effective to develop a better
working environment for employees to
encourage them to work better.
It has a risk to create personal conflicts.
3 Involvement of employees in decision
making
It can help to the pharmacy organisation to
develop a better working process to
provide a better care and services to the
patients and communities.
It may increase the time to take a
decision on an issue.
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
20

Employees are dependent on the employers which are
working in the pharmacy companies to provide services to the
patients.
Pharmacy companies are independent to take decisions to develop a
better working environment.
Individual learnings are based on the learning process which
is used in the organisations.
Learning methods are determined by the higher authorities of the
organisations.
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
Patients, services
users and employees
working in the
pharmacy
organisations
To develop a better
learning process for
the employees to
provide a better
service to the
patients
This solution helps to the organisation
working in the pharmacy sector to develop
better coordination in the workers. It also
helps to develop a better working
environment for the employees to provide a
better service to the service users.
The authors have used the secondary research
to gather data and make an analysis of the
reasons to conduct this research.
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
A collaborative method of informal and
formal learning can be effective to provide an
appropriate and effective learning to the
The author has missed involving the people
who are actually working in the pharmacy
sector to get better understandings and
The informal and formal communication
process is effective in the pharmacy
organisation to provide better learnings to
21

employees. develop better results to improve their
learning’s.
employees.
4. were the conclusion justified and How? Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
According to the author, informal learning
methods are most effective to capture and
learn specific information for employees.
Informal learning method improves the
working abilities and coordination of the
teammates so it is beneficial to provide a
better working to the patient.
But informal learning is not enough to resolve
issues and conflicts of people regarding their
work.
Secondary informational tools are used by the
authors to assess this work. A case study is used
to gather data and develops an outcome on the
research topic.
Diagram/Flowchart
22

Figure 7: Model of informal learning. Adapted from
23

Version 2.0 _ Week 2
5
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
24

1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
25

1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
6
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
26

The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
27

Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
28

4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
7
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques: Problem:
29

Tools:
Applied Area:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
30

Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
31

8
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
32

Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
33

Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
Version 3.0 _ Week 3
9
Reference in APA format
34

URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
35

4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
36

asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
10
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
37

... etc )
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
38

Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
39

Diagram/Flowchart
11
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
40

The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
41

Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
12
42

Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
43

3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been 2. what in the author analyses were 3. was there a technique that could have been
44

better? missed? used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
Version 4.0 _ Week 4
13
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
45

The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
46

Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
47

4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
14
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques: Problem:
48

Tools:
Applied Area:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
49

Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
50

15
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
51

Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
52

Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
16
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
53

The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
54

Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
55

4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
Version 5.0 _ Week 5
17
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
What are the components of it?
56

... etc ) solved
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
57

Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
58

Diagram/Flowchart
18
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
59

The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
60

Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
19
61

Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
62

3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been 2. what in the author analyses were 3. was there a technique that could have been
63

better? missed? used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
20
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
What are the components of it?
64

Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
solved
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
65

Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
66

Diagram/Flowchart
Version 6.0 _ Week 6
21
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Problem:
Goal:
67

Applied Area:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
68

Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
69

22
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
70

1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
71

1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
23
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
72

The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
73

Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
74

4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
24
Reference in APA format
URL of the Reference Authors Names and Emails
and Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn)
Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/
... etc )
The Goal (Purpose) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be
solved
What are the components of it?
Techniques: Problem:
75

Tools:
Applied Area:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; Means How the Problem has Solved & Advantage & Disadvantage of Each Step in This Process
Process Steps Advantage Disadvantage (Limitation)
1
2
3
4
5
Major Impact Factors in this Work
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
76

Input and Output Feature of This Solution Contribution & The Value of This Work
Input Output
1. what in the method could have been
better?
2. what in the author analyses were
missed?
3. was there a technique that could have been
used, or a question that could have been
asked, that the researchers did not use or
ask?
4. were the conclusion justified and
How?
Analyse This Work By Critical Thinking The Tools That Assessed this Work
Diagram/Flowchart
77

© Dr Abeer Alsadoon 2018_CSU Sydney Study Centre
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