Observation as a Research Method: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Dimensions

This document provides information about observation as a research method in international business. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of observation, as well as the four dimensions that distinguish various approaches to observations. Additionally, it explains two ways to minimize observer bias. The content is relevant to the subject of international business and research skills.

International Business
Research Skills

INTRODUCTION
International business study demonstrates as an international, dual blind peer reviewed and
opens entrance. It offers an academic platform for professionals and researchers to donate
innovative work in the field. With the help of effective research ability, the information can be
collect and gather about business at international scale and level (Hamilton and Webster, 2018).
This document will consider information about the observation which is an effective research
method as well as considered in order to collect and assemble information. Moreover, the four
dimensions are defined that distinguish several tools of observations. Furthermore, the report will
contains information of two ways of reducing spectator bias and decisive assessment of ethics if
using covered observation as a study method.
TASK 1
1. The key purpose of observation, outlining advantages and disadvantages of observation to
gathering information
Observation, because the name suggests, is a shape of collecting records via observing.
Observation statistics series method is classified as participatory look at as the researchers has to
immerse them inside the placing in which their representatives are, while taking notes and
recording. Observation as an statistics collecting tool may be based or unstructured, It based or
systematic statement, records collection is organised the use of precise variables and as
according to to a pre-defined agenda. Apart from this, unstructured statement is organised in an
open and loose manner in a experience that there could be no pre-analysed variables or goals.
The key cause of commentary is to offer the muse for principle and hypothesis improvement and
gaining a knowledge of naturalistic settings and its members’ ways of seeing (Alon and et. al.,
2018). Also, commentary fosters an extensive and rich know-how of a phenomenon, scenario
and putting in addition to the behaviour the participants in that placing. A way to collect statistics
by watching person, events or noting bodily characteristics of their herbal putting.
Observations can be apparent or convert. Researcher will become a participant inside the
subculture or context being discovered (Witt, 2019). The major purpose of statement to assist
investigator in amassing information concerning precise research location. The importance of
observation statistics collection device recollect direct get right of entry to to analyze
phenomenon, excessive degrees of pliability in context of utility and collecting a everlasting
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document of phenomena to be stated later. Generally, commentary refers as a device which
considers systematically selection, looking, listening, assessment, touching and recording
behaviour and traits of residing beings, gadgets, or phenomenon. The researchers, accepting and
opting this tool, attempt to understand behaviour and societies via introducing people that
engaged and their values, rituals, symbols, ideals and feelings. This studies method qualifies as a
systematic technique of records accumulating whilst it's far especially designed to answer a
research query and is systematically deliberate and accomplished with appropriate controls. The
description of benefits and drawbacks of statement is defined as below:
Advantages:
Directness- The principal advantages of observation s its directness. The researcher can
collect data at the time they rise up (Buckley, Enderwick and Cross, 2018). The observer does
not need to ask man or woman approximately their behaviour and reviews from others. With
using this method, the surveyor can really watch as people act and talk. While the research
representatives can also have a hazy or lapse reminiscence about occasions that arisen inside the
remote beyond, the investigator is studying activities as they stand up.
Chances of bias are limited- Observation highlights all research. It performs an important
factor in survey process. The trendy situations of statement may be controlled through choosing
the team, unique form of stimuli and the observers (Mostafiz and Goh, 2018). Furthermore,
information accumulated by means of commentary are without delay recorded. All those result in
less bias on the part of observer while accomplishing the advertising research.
Non verbal behaviour- Observation is decidedly superior to survey observe,
experimentation, or report research or amassing statistics on nonverbal behaviour (Hannibal and
Knight, 2018). Some researches awareness on folks that are not able to provide verbal reports or
to articulate themselves meaningfully. For these subjects, the observational tool is quintessential.
Disadvantages:
Lack of control- Despite the advantage as completed from the herbal atmosphere, the
statement examine, but, has little manipulate over extraneous variables that can affect the data
(Easterby-Smith and et. Al., 2018). The presence of observer and the mistake engaged in human
statement and the recording of records that could live out of control of the observer, are in all
likelihood to bias the observations to a notable volume.
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Smallness in simple size- Because observational research are essentially organised
intensive, with information that are frequently subjective and complicated to quantify, the sample
size is basically stored at a minimum (Iammarino, McCann and Ortega-Argilés, 2018). Also, the
in-intensity nature of the remark research typically wishes that they're organised over an
extended duration, then the survey approach or experiments. This feature tends to restriction the
scale of the sample.
No opportunity to learn past- It is one of the main hindrance statement approach that
there's no manner to realize the past (Barnard and et. Al., 2019). It is likewise complex to acquire
records n such topics as intensions, opinions, attitudes or alternatives. This tool can create either
quantitative or qualitative records but tends to be utilised extra for small scale exploratory studies
than for massive scale quantitative surveys.
2. Explain four dimensions that distinguish various approaches to observations
The time period observational research is used to refer to several one of a kind varieties of
non-experimental studies wherein behaviour is systematically located and recorded (Nambisan,
Zahra and Luo, 2019). The intention of observational research is to provide an explanation for a
variable or set of variables. There are specific styles of observational strategies which might be
described as under:
Naturalistic observation- It is an observational device that don't forget observing person’s
behaviour in the ecosystem wherein it essentially arises. Thus naturalistic commentary is a sort
of discipline research. Investigators worried in naturalistic remark essentially make their
observations as inconspicuously as ability so that contributors aren't aware that they're being
examined. Such an method is acknowledged hid naturalistic statement. Ethically, this device is
included to be ideal if the contributors live nameless and the behaviour arises in a public placing
wherein people could not normally have an expectation of privateness (Sousa and Rocha, 2019).
In case where it is not moral and practical to organise disguised naturalistic reorganization,
investigators can organise undisguised naturalistic statement where the participants are familiar
of the surveyor presence and monitoring in their behaviour.
Participant observation- Another approach to information series in observational study is
player commentary. Within this measurement, surveyors come to be active individuals in the
crew or state of affairs they're analyzing (Sousa and Rocha, 2019). Participant observation may
be very similar to naturalistic observation in that it considers gazing character’s behaviour inside
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the environment inside it essentially arises. As with naturalistic statement, the records which
might be accumulated can take into account interviews, notes based totally on their observations
and interactions, documents, pictures and other artefacts. The simplest distinction amongst
naturalistic observation and player recognisation is that investigators concerned in participant
observation come to be lively individuals of the crew or situations they are inspecting. The
fundamental rationale for player remark is that there may be vital statistics this is handiest
available to, or may be interpreted only via, a person who's a lively player in the team or
situation. Like naturalistic observation, player statement can be both hid and unconcealed (). In
disguised player statement, the investigators pretend to be individuals of the social unit they may
be observing and hide their proper specialty as researchers. In undisguised participant remark,
the investigator end up a part of the group they're examining and that they divulge their proper
identify as surveyors to the team under investigation (Nambisan, Zahra and Luo, 2019). Once
again there are significance moral issues to consider with disguised and participant scrutiny. In
this measurement, the researcher is deceiving the contributors via intentionally withholding
information approximately their motivations for being part of the social group they are
analyzing. But from time to time concealed contribution is the simplest manner to access a
protecting unit. The key blessings of this dimension is that the investigator are in a miles better
role to apprehend the standpoint and studies of the person they may be inspecting while they may
be a segment of the social group. Whereas the key obstacle is that the mere presence of the
observer ought to affect the behaviour of the character being determined.
Structured observation- In this measurement, the investigator makes cautious observations
of one or extra precise behaviours in a selected placing this is extra established than the settings
used in naturalistic or player commentary. Often the placing within the observations are made is
not the natural putting. Besides, the researcher may comprehend individual in a natural putting
that they have based a few manner, for example, through introducing some unique project
participants are to contain in or via introducing a selected social state of affairs or manipulation.
Structured observation could be very similar to naturalistic observation and player observation in
that during all 3 instances investigators are recognising naturally bobbing up behaviour, but, the
emphasis in based commentary is on collecting quantitative rather than qualitative statistics
(Iammarino, McCann and Ortega-Argilés, 2018). Surveyor utilizing this tool are inquisitive
about a constrained set of movements. It allows them to quantify the behaviours they are looking
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at. On the other hand, dependent statement is les international than naturalistic or player remark
as the researcher worried in established observations is interested by a small wide variety of
specific behaviours. One of the number one benefits of structured observation is that is far extra
effective than naturalistic and player observation. The investigator is centred on specific
behaviours which minimise time and expenses.
Archival research- Some investigators gain get right of entry to to large amounts of
statistics without interacting with a single study participant. Instead, they utilise existing facts to
answer numerous studies questions. This sort of research size is known as archival studies
(Hannibal and Knight, 2018). This method relies on looking at beyond information or statistics
units to search for exciting styles or relationships. These records may also bear in mind
newspaper, articles, personal advertisements, sport statistics, tweets and speeches by public
figures. This measurement is useful as it minimises the reaction biases of subjects as the
investigator isn't always present while the records is recorded. This device can also help
investigators to develop new thoughts for hypothesis and experiments. On the opposite hand, the
facts that's gathered with the usage of this tool is known as a selective deposit. Archival
document may be biased.
3. Define two ways of minimising observer bias.
Observer bias is also called experimenter bias and studies bias that's the tendency to see
what they expect to peer, or what they want to look. When an investigator studies a positive
crew, they basically come to a studies an exam with preceding know-how and subjective feelings
approximately the group being tested. On the alternative hand, they come to the table with
conscious or unconscious prejudices. When using observation as a shape of statistics series,
investigators frequently cut price the statistics accrued inside the first few days especially if they
appear like distinctive from what's regarded later. In such cases, the observed information from
an investigator’s angle is in all likelihood to be associated with or susceptible to observer bias.
This may additionally occur when a capacity trouble with player observation is faded or
disappears as of the function general thru the investigator within the team or topics have taken
over and the surveyor goes local within the procedure (Mostafiz and Goh, 2018). This might also
final results is biases or fallacious money owed. For instance, the investigator can be recording
be recording mistakes, specifically when deciphering certain duties, activities or behaviours as
well as non-verbal cues. Additionally, observations of activities that manifest in day by day
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foundation over extended intervals could also misery the observer that would also outcome into
biases, mainly when recording the observations.
While biases stand up while recording observations, there are majorly methods that can be
utilised to reduce such occurrences. For example, schooling are basically presented to the
investigators on the paperwork to have a look at and what events to document from the
observation. As such, powerful statement studies would be quality once they set up the inter
observer reliability. These may also be installed, basically for the duration of education of the
observers, which can be done while they're videotaped that also can allows in putting in place the
reliability of the inter observers. The effective formula that may be utilised for the goal is to
divide or categorise the wide variety of agreements among trainees by numbers of the concords
in addition to disagreements that may be taken into consideration to broaden the reliability
coefficient (Hamilton and Webster, 2018). There are exceptional ways and manners via which
observer bias can be minimised or eliminated as under:
Ensuring that observer is well trained- It is the first way through the observer bias can be
minimised during collecting information and data regarding particular research area. Before
collecting information through observation, the research should make sure that person have deep
and brief information about the study topic (Easterby-Smith and et. al., 2018). Also, it is made
sure that the observers are well trained so that can effectively make observation and gather
information. This supports in minimising and reducing bias of research and information
gathering. Observer bias occur when the investigator is not well trained and not aware with the
area of research then it create issues for the researcher in context of data collection.
Having clear rules and processes in place for the experiment- It is another way and form
which can be considered by the researcher in context of removing and minimising observer bias.
By forming and developing effective rules and processes regarding research or collecting
information, the investigator can collect appropriate information through observational tools.
This systematic data collection can support in eliminating observer bias (Buckley, Enderwick
and Cross, 2018). When the research collect information without considering rule and
appropriate process of experiment then it affect data collection process and generate bias.
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4. Provide a critical assessment of the ethics of using concealed observation as a research method
Issues of ethics and integrity in observational research, with a particular recognition on
quantitative shadowing. Qualitative shadowing is a shape of nonparticipant commentary that
considers selected humans and quick recording of their behaviour (Witt, 2019). Concealed
remark is a research approach in which the observer stays hidden from the topics of the research.
It is a studies approach wherein the observer remains hidden from the subjects of the studies.
This is common way of have a look at in flora and fauna observations in which a recognised
human presence might have a main impact at the subjects. When using concealed observation, it
is importance to keep in mind that the manner related to whether or not the members or
contributors of social agencies beneath the research are knowledgeable of the aim of the
examiner and they're informed that they're being tested. The key advantage of a concealed
observation research is that members or the look at topics are not impacted by means of the
attention that they may be being investigated or determined (Buckley, Enderwick and Cross,
2018). Apart from this, unconcealed commentary is covered to be extra obvious since it
outcomes into upsetting the authenticity of the behaviour of the topics being tested.
TASK 2
1. Advancements in technology have helped data collecting via online survey questionnaire?
Explain the mechanisms that can be utilised to researcher online questionnaires and define
pros and cons that may arise
Technology performs and powerful position in records series. Computer based statistics
series tools are increasingly more changing paper and pen methods of survey records collection.
Also, this advancement assist in facts series and by using the usage of on-line survey
questionnaire, individual can accumulate facts in greater powerful and green manner. An on line
survey is a established questionnaire that the target market completes over the net essentially
through a filling out a shape (Witt, 2019). The information is stored in a database and the survey
device normally gives a few degree of willpower of the records similarly to check by a trained
expert. Online survey questionnaire is critical and the importance of it's miles as underneath:
Fatser- The time span required to complete is on average thirds shorter than that of
traditional research methods. Because facts is being gathered automatically, the researchers do
no longer need to look ahead to paper questionnaires.
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Cheaper- Also, using on line questionnaires minimised the studies charges. This will cash
on postage and the researcher don’t ought to allocate time and sources time and resources to
enter the records into a database.
More accurate- The margin of errors is substantially minimised with on-line surveys due
to the fact participants enter their responses immediately into the gadget (Hamilton and Webster,
2018). The margin of error is substantially minimised with on line surveys as members input
their feedbacks instantly into gadget. Traditional strategies rely on the attentiveness of personnel
to enter all info efficiently and evidently human blunders can creep in on every occasion an man
or woman has to execute a repetitive challenge.
Quick to analyse- The results of the online survey are prepared to be determined at any
time. View consequences in real time so the character can act unexpectedly, create facts for
reporting, export information for in addition willpower and share the outcomes with everybody.
Easy to use for researchers- The principal gain of on line surveys for investigators is they
increase productiveness through saving time (Buckley, Enderwick and Cross, 2018). Information
is at once accessible and may be transferred and brought in easier way in to specialised statistical
software program or spreadsheets when extra specified evaluation is required.
The anonymity that net offers makes it the right surroundings for asking their consumers
what they sincerely consider their commercial enterprise, products or services. An on line survey
can display consumer’s true opinions, in addition to supporting them to proportion thoughts with
the researcher in a secure and comfy surroundings (Hamilton and Webster, 2018). There are
different degrees which can be considered through the investigator in context of on line survey
such decide the research dreams, create a listing of questions, invite the members, acquire their
responses, analyse the effects and write a report. The explanation of blessings and disadvantages
of on line survey is as under:
Advantages
Ease of data gathering- It one of the key advantages of on-line survey questionnaire that
the internet is a full-size digital global which connects all types of individual from around the
sector. For this cause, a survey which desires a loads or extra representatives can be organised
faster thru the internet. The survey questionnaire may be swiftly deployed and finished by way of
the responders, in particular if there is an incentive that is offered after their participation.
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Minimal costs- Traditional survey methods regularly want to spend heaps of dollars to
attain the premiere consequences. On the alternative hand, research show that engaging in an
internet survey offerings low price and fast data collection from the target populace. Sending e-
mail questionnaires and different online questionnaires are greater reasonable than the head to
head technique.
Disadvantages
Absence of Interviewer- An online survey is not appropriate for surveys which ask open
ended questions as there is no educated interviewer to discover the solutions of the respondents.
Inability to reach challenging population- This method isn't always applicable for surveys
that need respondents who do not have an get entry to to the net (Easterby-Smith and et. Al.,
2018). Some instances of those responders consider the aged and person who are living in
faraway regions.
2. Define the principle of wording, stating how these are significance in questionnaire design
The principles of wording are undertaken as effectiveness of content of questions.
Moreover, the nature of variables are trapped that would analyse what types of question are
asked. In case variables tapped are of subjective into nature (for example satisfaction,
engagement and others) in which the perceptions, beliefs, behaviours of respondents are to be
measured (Mostafiz and Goh, 2018). In addition to this, the question have to be tapped the
dimensions as well as component of concepts. In addition to this, in case of objective variables,
like the respondents age, education and others level are undertaken into a single direct question
effectively. Therefore, the intent of every questions have to be carefully undertaken so that
variables are relevantly evaluated as well as yet not any superfluous question are asked. For
example: The subjective nature questions: “How ambitious are you?”. Objective variable
options: “What was your huge success?”.
3. How are multiple methods of data collection and from multiple sources associated to the
reliability and validity of the measures
There are two key method of data collection such as qualitative and quantitative method.
With the utilisation of these methods, the research able to collect and gather, brief, reliable, valid
and appropriate information to meet the research objectives and aims in more amended form.
Qualitative method of data collection- This technique depend on random sampling and
established information accumulating units which diverse stories and knowledge into pre-
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analysed reaction classes. They produce results which might be easier to summarise, compare
and generalise. With the support of this technique, the surveyor can gather numerical facts and
information in statistical manner (Barnard and et. Al., 2019). Quantitative research is involved
with testing hypotheses derived from idea and being able to estimate the scale of responders of
desire. Based on the studies question, responders may be randomly assigned to various remedies
(). If this isn't always possible, the investigator can also gather facts on player and situational
characteristics in context of numerically manage for their effect at the dependent or final results,
variable. If the purpose is to generalise from the research members to a larger populace, the
researcher will rent profitability sampling to choose individuals. There are exclusive units and
equipment which can be taken into consideration through the researcher to be able to acquire
statistics like interview, questionnaire, cognizance institution and plenty of more.
Interview- It basically refers to the process of making direct or indirect interaction with
the interviewee and interviewer or denotes to the process of questioning-answering. There is
different kind of interview such as face to face interview, telephonic interview and computer
assisted personal interviewing etc. These all kind of techniques can be considers and opts by the
surveyor in order to gathering information to meet research aim.
Questionnaire- It refers to a document which considers a series of questions related to
the particular research area in order to collect and assemble information from representatives.
There are several kind of research questionnaires such Paper pencil questionnaires, web based
questionnaires and others (Sousa and Rocha, 2019). This instrument often makes use of checklist
and rating scales as well as support in simplify and quantify individual’s attitudes and
characteristics.
Qualitative method of data collection- It refers back to the strategies via facts collected in
theoretical manner. It plays an vital role in effect evaluation through offering information
beneficial to understand the procedures at the back of known outcomes and check modifications
in character’s insights of their well being (Nambisan, Zahra and Luo, 2019). Moreover,
qualitative techniques can be taken into consideration to develop the fine of survey based
quantitative exams by way of assisting generate evaluation speculation, strengthening the design
of survey questionnaires and expanding or clarifying quantitative evaluation findings. There are
exceptional tools of qualitative information series; some of them are as below:
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Focus groups- It additionally one of the generally used qualitative studies methods
utilised in facts series, A consciousness group typically considers a limited range of
representatives from inside their target marketplace (Alon and et. al., 2018). The principal
purpose of this device is to find answers to the why, what and the way questions. One benefit of
this instrument is, the researcher don’t always require engaging with the crew in character.
Case study research- This has developed over the past few years and evolved into a
valuable equal studies approach. As the name suggests it's miles utilised for defining a employer
or an entity. This method is utilized in a number of areas such as training, social sciences and lots
of greater.
Data collection is considered as process of accumulating, evaluating and determining
relevant insights for research utilising standard validated techniques. Moreover, it has multiple
methods such as primary, secondary and others. So, the data collection multiple method as well
as from various sources are associated with reliability as well as validity of measures. Moreover,
it may be described with assistance of illustration that in case responses are accumulated with
aids of questionnaires. In addition to this, it is essential to develop effective questionnaires for
validity as well as reliability before utilising evaluating instruments for collecting information.
Furthermore, it is useful in analysing the facts that evaluation is effective way to measure the
relevancy tools for analysing the variables. Along with this, the reliability as well as validity test
are thereafter utilised for examining the information which is derived from respondents of
questions which are answered through targeted respondents are presentation of population or not
(Mostafiz and Goh, 2018). Apart from this, there are two key reasons that are applicable to
questionnaires which are vital as well as essential for valid and reliable questions. However in
case the asked questions upon questionnaires is able to express something which is evaluated
through it, this is known s valid as well s in case individual’s answers are constant as well as
stabilised over period thereafter the questionnaire is undertaken as reliable.
Reliability determines whether the researcher is getting consistent information. Validity
examines whether the data getting assess by the surveyor and what the person think it measures.
By utilising a statistical tool to examine validity is wholly anchored in what it is being assessed
and what other source of data, the researcher have to compare it to (Hannibal and Knight, 2018).
There are different kinds of validity like content validity, construct validity, outcome validity etc.
and each needs a different sort of examination.
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4. “Every data collection method has its own built in biases. Therefore, restoring to multi
methods of data collection is only going to compound the biases.” Provide a critique of this
statement
It is somehow true that every data collection has its own built in bias and some restrictions or
rounding off of the data now when, the researcher use a single data collection method, the
individual shall get data from one source and with less compounding of biases (Iammarino,
McCann and Ortega-Argilés, 2018). But in case of determination, it is also significant that the
surveyor collect information from diverse methods so the data can be determined with less
probability of errors, offered that the investigator deal with compounding also. In research
study, there are different methods are used and considered by the researcher in order to collect
and assemble information. These methods have some own built biases and facing also built bias
from some external factors. For example, in interview is data collection method which takes
more time and cost which is its own built bias but sometimes, there is a fear to leak the personal
information of the candidates and hurting feelings etc. This is the issues which can be arisen and
occurred due to external factors. On the other hand, if the researcher is opting and considering
single data collection method then, data will be organised in that way and it will be easier to
retrieve rather than utilising multi method of data collection (Hannibal and Knight, 2018). It will
compound the existing biases. Also, the good investigation or study require the data to be taken
from multiple or different sources for the method of information gathering. For instance, in
accounting study, research could be completed by multiple methods, that consider triangular,
quantitative and qualitative method. Along with this, in order to avoid the confusion one requires
to distinguish between the research methods and research methodologist needed to distinguish
before understanding among the two.
CONCLUSION
This has been concluded form the above defined information that in order to perform an
effective research, the research use different methods and techniques of research in order to
accomplishment of research aim and objectives. Observation is an effective research tool which
use in research as data collection method. Also, it has some pros and cons which affect research
project. Additionally, observation has some bias which influences the work as well as support in
offering appropriate information. Due advancement in technology, the research also consider
online survey questionnaire. This has some benefits and drawbacks like by using this, they can
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save their time but it consumes cost. Along with this, principles of wording also support in
develop or design an effective questionnaire. There are different method which are used in
research are reliable and valid in order to offer appropriate information.
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