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International Relation Assignment

   

Added on  2020-05-11

11 Pages3170 Words204 Views
Running head: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSInternational RelationsName of the StudentName of the UniversityAuthor Note

1INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS1.0 IntroductionAccording to the NASA source, climate is a usual weather that is found in a place like theamount of rain in a nation, amount of ice fall in a geographical region and usual temperature of aparticular location (Nasa.gov 2017). In recent times, scientists found that the climate of the earthis changing and the temperature of the earth is raised up to two degree Celsius. The majoradverse consequence of the climate change is the loss of forest that results in landslides and lossof life. Moreover, another impact of climate change is that agriculture affected a lot due todecrease in monsoon and increase in water level due to melting of ice (Climate.nasa.gov 2017).There are some other adversity like change ecosystem, extinction threats and air pollution. In this essay, details of international relations (IR) regarding the understanding of climatechange are highlighted through which the exact scenario of the adversity can be attained. Burkeet al (2016, 500) mentioned that rules should be formulated for overcoming the problem and inpolitics also, the problem of climate change should be addressed. It is believed that not only thetechnological advancement can overcome the problem but the initiatives taken by commonpeople can also make a difference. The theory of realism, neorealist and liberalism will beexplained along with the limits and potential of these international relations. 2.0 Discussion Mingst and Ivan Arreguín-Toft (2013) stated that the international relations represent aset of ideas that illustrates the working system of the planet. In recent times, there are manyinitiatives are taken into consideration like Paris climate change agreement and Kyoto protocol

2INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSon climate change. Laws like food safety and endangered animal protection regulations are alsoformulated so that people can get relief from the adverse effect of the problem of climate change.Burke et al. (2016, 500) highlighted that the Paris climate change agreement frames themain objectives of keeping a global temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius and pursue effortsto limit the increase the temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius (Unfccc.int 2017). The positiveaspect of this agreement is that all the nations are agreed to provide appropriate financial flow, toenhanced capacity building framework and new technology framework. The internationalrelation theory of multilateralism has been witnessed in this case as different world leaders like-Barrack Obama, Xi Jinping- president of China and others come together to take effective stepfor fighting against climate change (Lacy and Mark, 2012). 196 governments agreed on the needto limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and this also shows the radicalrealism about climate change However, Bulkeley, Harriet, and Michele (2013, 136-154) arguedthat Paris agreement can never be the milestone in curbing the problem of climate change andglobal warming. The criticism illustrates that Paris Agreement, target of achieving net-zeroemissions based on decarburization or emissions; however, it is not clear through whichinitiatives the real emissions reductions will be attained. The technology for reduce carbonproduction mentioned in the Paris agreement is not feasible for the poor countries due to highcost. On the other hand, Kyoto protocol is an extension of United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that aims for the reduction of anthropogenic that ishuman-emitted greenhouse gas emissions (Bulkeley and Vanesa Castán Broto, 2013 361-375).The main strength of this agreement is that total of 38 industrialized counties have involvedthemselves to reduce the GHG emissions and the technology that they have agreed to use

3INTERNATIONAL RELATIONStranslated all the GHG gases into carbon-dioxide that reduces the overall emissions. However,alike Paris Agreement only the Anex-I countries participated in this protocol are well-developedcountries; while, the rest countries are poor countries. De Stefano et al. (2012, 193-209)moreover highlighted the strength of this agreement that the non-listed low-income developingcountries can participate in the Kyoto Protocol through their Clean Development Mechanism.Thus, this protocol also define three flexibility mechanism- International Emissions Trading(IET), Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (Unfccc.int2017). The JI and CDM combined known as “project-based mechanisms”. Bulkeley and HeikeSchroeder (2012, 743-766) highlighted that the project mechanism IET illustrates quantitativerestriction of emissions; whereas, JI and CDM are the projects for giving ideasfor reduction ofthe emission reduction. The only difference is that the JI projects are for the Annex I Parties;while, the CDM projects are designed to encourage non-Annex I Parties. Thus, all developingand developed countries are addressed under Kyoto protocol. In addition to that, in international relations the concept of realist and neorealistperspectives is present. (Tingley and Michael (2014, 344-368) stated that realism illustrates theperception of reign supreme in international relations that is powerful nations can adoptnecessary technology and steps to fulfill their interests; while, the poor nations have to accepttheir inferiority. In context of climate change, there are several realists, who stated thatappropriate global climate negotiations can be approached (Burke et al. 2016, 500). However,the major problem in this case is the issues of power and interests. Realists stated that it is not theresponsibility of any state to take initiative for overcoming the climate change and it is the senseof necessity that they have to realize the fact. Burke et al (2016, 499-500) stated that realistsconsider the principal actorsto be state or a notion who are liable for their own security and act

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