International Security in an Era of Globalisation PDF

International Security in an Era of
Globalisation

Executive Summary
The development of security framework is considered to be very much important for a nation.
It is the responsibility of the government to take appropriate initiatives for the welfare of the
citizens. The development of security rules and regulations can be seen in the United States
after the 9/11 attack. The attack is considered to be one of the most memorable when many
people injured and dies due to the terrorist attack on World Trade Towers. The people as well
as the government of the United States affected by this attack and it forced them to develop a
stronger security framework.
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary...............................................................................................................................1
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................3
Main Context.........................................................................................................................................3
Air travel...........................................................................................................................................3
Architecture.......................................................................................................................................4
Immigration, deportations and tourism..............................................................................................4
News organizations...........................................................................................................................5
Government.......................................................................................................................................5
Current National Security..................................................................................................................6
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................7
References.............................................................................................................................................8
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Introduction
The foreign aggression was not seen within the borders of the United States since the attack
on the Pearl Harbour. On 11 September 2001, the whole world saw one of the well-planned
terrorist acts carried out on the land of America. It is found that 97 percent of Americans can
tell the exact events occurred at that moment which was more horrible than the Pearl Harbour
attack. On 9/11, two airlines flew and entered into the World Trade Towers which fell down
consisting of innocent people. Many people injured and died due to this terrorist attack. At
the airports, security agents who cleared them did not think that there would be anything
apart from the ordinary passengers who were checked with the metal detectors. The terrorists
since that time tried many attempts for harming innocent people on aeroplanes, railway
systems, passenger vehicles and other places. Since the 9/11 attack, America made many
security developments and changes in order to deal with these attacks in future. The
government implemented many security rules and regulations after the 9/11 attack.
Main Context
Air travel
The most obvious and immediate changes took place in the airports of the United States after
the attack. The Congress after two months of the attack passed the Aviation and
Transportation Security Act in order to enhance the security level. The security before 9/11
was being managed by each airport by outsourcing it to the private security organizations.
The Aviation and Transportation Security Act assisted to create Transportation Security
Administration (Peterson, 2016). The new Transportation Security Act implemented
regulations that consist of strict guidelines for luggage screening and passengers. The
passengers with tickets can go only through security. Apart from this, innovative procedures
and machinery were introduced for scanning destructive items and weapons. After the
determination of new threats, the security procedures also included banning liquids and
removing shoes.
Aeroplanes also went through major overhauls such as some aeroplanes dropped curtains of
first-class cabin and introduction of Fortified cockpit doors. The federal flight deck officer
opportunity is provided to the pilots where they can act as the federal officer and carry a gun
with them (Genig, 2018). A “Sept 11 fee” was introduced for decreasing the additional
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security costs by tacking onto the tickets of the passengers. Over nine years, the
Transportation Security Act was able to collect $15 billion. The airlines were also had to give
some of their budgets on luggage screening for assisting offset cost. Between the years 2002
to 2010, the fee collections from air carrier was $2.9 billion.
The cockpits were sealed by locking the pilot behind the secured doors during the flights.
There were less than 21000 airport screeners who were also poorly trained hired at minimum
wage. After the attack, more than 42000 airport screeners consisting of federal employees
were represented by the union (Kaplan, 2006). The investments were done for the
implementation of new machines such as detection machines or mini-van sized in the airport
lobbies. The airports and airlines invested huge funds for developing “in-line” or faster
underground bag screening systems.
Architecture
The International Code Council introduced building code for making the skyscrapers safer
and dealing with similar incidents by keeping in mind the safety of the innocent people. The
changes included for buildings with more than 42 stories more stairways were suggested to
include. Apart from this, it was also suggested to use elevators during the emergencies,
impact resistant walls for exit stairways and elevator shafts and higher fire resistance
(Villemez, 2011). The determination and establishment of the Key resources and Critical
Infrastructure can be seen within the United States. The key resources and Critical
Infrastructure are being implemented into the public and private sectors in order to protect all
the sectors.
Immigration, deportations and tourism
The issuance of visa dropped for Pakistan after 9/11. The number of visas given to the
citizens of Pakistan was fallen to 70% in 2002 and 40% immigrant visas dropped in the year
2001. The Pakistani tourist and immigrant visas were dropped heavily in the year 2008 till it
reached to the pre-9/11 level. Morocco and Egypt also depicted a sharp decrease in the
issuance of visas in the year 2002. The international tourism activity also decreased for three
consecutive years after 2001 (Villemez, 2011). At the beginning of the year 2004, the activity
increased showing a record of visiting of 60 million foreign tourists. The number of people
who travelled internationally from America also decreased after 9/11. From 2001 to 2010, the
deportations also increased by 104%. The highest deportation rate was seen in Central
America with an increase of 430% from 14452 to 76603 deportees. 34% increase in
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deportations was also seen in Asia and 46% increased in Europe. The deportations from
Jordan, Pakistan and Egypt were also increased in the year 2003 (Mittelstadt et al., 2011).
News organizations
Many news organization prior 9/11, were not allowed to show international news. After 9/11,
the news organizations started to show international news in order to get information on the
activities carried out in the other nations. The president of ABC News, David Westin ordered
that the channel should not show the aeroplane that hits the tower for not disturbing the
audiences especially children (Udice, 2018).
Government
The Patriot Act was introduced after 9/11 by the Congress and more than 130 legislations
were passed after the attack. The Visa Entry Reform and Enhanced Border Security Act were
also included which required the Immigration and State Department to share immigration and
visa data with each other. Post 9/11 G.I. Bill was introduced for providing educational
funding to the people in the army. The Health and Compensation Act of 2010 was also
introduced for providing health-related funds to the individuals who played a significant role
at the Ground Zero after and during the attacks. The government agencies introduced
Homeland Security including the United States Naturalization and Immigration Service
(Ritchey, 2011). It was also seen that more than 264 government agencies were reorganized
or created after the attacks. More than 1900 private organizations and 1200 government
organizations carried out works related to homeland intelligence and security and counter-
terrorism. The funding for the defence agencies also increased. The Border Patrol, TSA and
Coast Guard also doubled after the year 2001.
The Department of Homeland Security consisted of officials who monitor the national
security and national strategy. It was being established for protecting the nation against any
kind of terrorist attack by gathering information and carrying out investigations. The cabinet
department-level status was achieved when Congress passed the Homeland Security Act
(Otis, 2017). The department is responsible for carrying out anti-terrorism activities, disaster
prevention and national security. The department has become the third largest cabinet
department and influenced terrorism prevention and security activities all across the nation.
The Total Information Awareness Office was one of the elements of the Homeland Security
Act was introduced by Admiral John Poindexter who was the National Security Advisor
(Smith and Zeigler, 2017). In the year 2002, the Safety Act was passed for encouraging the
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deployment and development of anti-terror technologies and services in order to manage the
liabilities that occurred from the terrorist activities. The InfraGard program of FBI is
considered to be the public and private cooperation initiatives provided an excellent
framework for public education. It has become the most preferred framework which allows
the private and public sectors to exchange their ideas in order to protect the infrastructure
assets significant to the national security and economic development.
Current National Security
The government of the United States took many steps after the 9/11 attack. The changes have
been made at the airports for the passengers when they fly on the aeroplanes. The passengers
are needed to arrive at the airports before at least two hours to their departure. The
installation of hardened cockpit doors can be seen into the passenger airline and air marshals
always fly for patrolling in order to determine any act of terrorism. The restrictions are very
massive and restrictive for travellers. No toiletry or liquid items can be carried above a
certain size (Security Degree Hub, 2018). All the items need to be sealed in bags and no food,
beverages or snacks are allowed without permission. The random passengers have to go
through invasive screenings consisting of physical inspections of the entire body of the
people. More security protocol is still needed despite more and new modern security tools
and equipment. The passengers are examined by removing their belts, their shoes, removing
their jacket and emptying their pockets in a screening room in which they have to also
completely undress their clothes for inspection (Manke, 2016).
Most government or public buildings were protected with tighter security. The security
badges were provided to the American workers for their identification before they enter and
start their work. No flowers, food, deliver or gifts can be taken to the office and it needed to
be examined at the front desk. The insurance organizations also provided travel protection
insurance to the people for any terrorist attacks that can occur in the United States or overseas
(Kayyem, 2016). The insurance of this type covered only the acts occurred overseas before
9/11. The people of United States gained more respect for the fire-fighters and police who
worked during the 9/11 attack. Various surveys and polls depicted the increase in the support
for the national identity card and appropriate screening measured for the Middle Eastern
origin people which are considered basically as the racial profiling.
Surveillance also assisted to monitor the movements and also conversation telephone. The
national security has been engaged in removing the liberties of citizens of United States who
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have no intention to harm anyone. The Patriot Act enabled the government authorities to
monitor communications through email and on phones. The act enabled the government to
watch closely the citizens of the United States (Norton, 2011). The government agencies and
law enforcement allowed to get access to calls on phones through the National Security
Letters obtaining the personal information. The Department of Homeland Security also
promoted a campaign called "Say Something, See Something" for encouraging the people to
participate in protecting her of his neighbourhood and nation. 72 Fusion Centres have also
been implemented all across the United States providing direction to the law enforcement
representatives and agencies to the private sectors for participating and sharing information
related to crimes.
The Homeland Security Information Network allows people from both the public and private
sectors for receiving information on the threat environment, training opportunities
notification, interact with other security experts and distributing intelligence reports. The
National Incident Management System enables to utilize the incident command system in
schools to organizing the elements of crisis response. Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism
Standards has assisted to address some of the crucial assets in the United States such as
electrical generating facilities, chemical plants, Universities and refineries.
The risk management has also constituted to be the major part of the security plan of the
enterprises after the 9/11. The board of directors and leaders of smart businesses are
implementing risk management practices that are highly cost-effective which will assist to
determine and mitigate risks. Effective risk management is integrated fully into the decision-
making process in the operational and financial planning of the organizations (DHS, 2018).
The risk management and mitigation have also always been the part of the security function
of an organization in recognising, determining and mitigating threats.
Conclusion
The federal government of the United States after the 9/11 attack moved quickly for
developing the security framework for protecting the nation from such attacks by enhancing
the local, federal and state capabilities and prepared them to recover and respond to disasters
and threats at home. The private and public sectors along with the people of the community
have contributed their efforts for strengthening the homeland security organization for
mitigating and defending the dynamic threats.
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References
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Homeland Security. Available at: https://www.dhs.gov/implementing-911-commission-
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changed-after-911 [Accessed 22 Dec. 2018].
Kaplan, E. (2006). Targets for Terrorists: Post-9/11 Aviation Security. [online] Council on
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911-aviation-security [Accessed 22 Dec. 2018].
Kayyem, J. (2016). How we’ve improved national security since 9/11. And how we haven’t. -
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Peterson, B. (2016). How Airport Security Has Changed Since 9/11. [online] Condé Nast
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