Impact of Employee Development on Performance

This assignment delves into the crucial relationship between employee development initiatives and overall organizational performance. It analyzes numerous research papers that investigate the influence of factors such as compensation, support in development, employee voice, and diversity on employee engagement, turnover, and ultimately, organizational success. The assignment encourages a critical evaluation of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence to understand the complexities of this dynamic.

EMPLOYEE RELATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Unitary and pluralistic frames of reference .....................................................................1
1.2 Changes in trade unionism have affected employee’s relations ......................................2
1.3 Role of principle players in employee’s relations ...........................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Procedures an organization should take after when managing different conflicts...........4
2.2 Key elements of worker relations in strife circumstance ................................................6
2.3 The adequacy of strategies utilized as a part of contention .............................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Role of arrangement in aggregate dealing .......................................................................8
3.2 Impact of transaction methodology for specific circumstance ........................................9
TASK4...........................................................................................................................................10
4.1 Influence of EU on the industry democracy...................................................................10
4.2 Comparison between employee's involvement in participation and decision................11
4.3 Impact of HRM on employees relation..........................................................................12
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Employee relation is also called as the Industrial Relations which is connected with
viable, enthusiastic and reasonable relationship among the representatives or administrator of an
association. It is very essential for an organisation ton maintain a healthy and good relationship
with its employees as because this will lead in effective working (1). Tesco is one of the major
retail organization of United Kingdom that is being chosen in the present report. It is a public
limited organisation that is dealing in UK. 55,917 million euro is its revenue; more than 476000
employees are working in this organisation as per the recent study. In this report, pluralistic and
unitary frames of reference have been described. . In this report the different techniques and
tools that TESCO is adapting to retain its employees will be discussed
TASK 1
1.1 Unitary and pluralistic frames of reference
There are a clarification of Pluralistic point of view and unitary frames of reference:
Unitary Perspective- This sort of reference is a style of considering qualities, practices
and state of mind which are connected members of the business and and the management system.
It is completely depended upon attaining the organisational goals and objectives.
The employees of Tesco enterprise and their different responsibilities and obligations
which ought to be partition with similar objectives, aims, objectives and qualities. This point of
view looks through a portion of the clarify by the execution of vision and statements of purpose
and furthermore measuring the flourishing by realized accomplishments of settling the objectives
or points. Unitary frames define that in the working environment of an organization is should not
be rigid and bias so that conflicts does not get arise. From conflicts or strife, the profitability of
an association will be influenced.
Pluralistic system- In this point of view, Tesco business firm divides organization in to
different sub parts or its forces and powers. Each and every groups have their own regard and
loyalty and they offer respects their directors or pioneers. They are dependably for their manager
and listen their guidelines legitimately. There are two sub parts in this pluralistic viewpoint and
that are trade unions or administration (management). The points and estimations of both
1 Stephen David Bluen, Consequences and moderators of industrial relations stressors
(PhD diss., 2015).
1

gathering are not the same as each other. Under this, there is a major part of administration
which will be least towards the controlling, coordination and upholding (2).
The part of trade union is carry out their work in lawful manner. In the event that there is
any conflicts takes place between trade unions and employees, then it became very necessary for
management of the firm to resolve them in an effective manner. The collective bargaining helps
motel explaining the issue in a decent manner since they are master in this field and it will be
useful for the organization's development and advancement. A significant number of the
organizations speak to pluralism in a superior and reasonable way. It will help in improving the
business relations and great.
1.2 Changes in trade unionism have affected employee’s relations
At the season of twentieth century, trade unions union turns out to be all the more capable
however in year 1991, court taken a choice for exchange union that they can sue case for any
sorts of harms if the harms are held at the season of strike and the name of case was Taff vale
case. The trade union is very must require in an association. It is exceptionally useful in holding,
developing and drawing in the enrolment from the new work environment of an organization and
it ought to be distinguish that through extension the working environment of Tesco business firm
has altered for chiefs or representatives. Before 20 years back, the request of exchange unions is
comprehensively fluctuated. In year 1920 the old businesses of coal mining were decrease and it
causes the cut in wages of employees (3). Under year 1926, the businesses of industry limited the
wages of representatives and boosting their specialist’s hours. The excavators of an industry
went on strike and furthermore demand to different individuals from Trade Unions to help them.
The strike was begun from mid night and among every one of a few specialists kicked the
bucket. These all progressions are affected on relationship of workers subsequent to coming the
exchange union in an appropriate frame.
It was trade union and the relationship among specialists and boss was not all that great
and agreeable. After some time, the connection between them two are gradually created. There is
2 Hajo G Boomgaarden, Schuck RT Andreas, Matthijs Elenbaas, and Claes H. De Vreese.
"Mapping EU attitudes: Conceptual and empirical dimensions of Euroscepticism and
EU support." European Union Politics12, no. 2 (2011): 241-266.
3 Ye Cai, Jo Hoje and Pan Carrie, "Vice or virtue? The impact of corporate social
responsibility on executive compensation."Journal of Business Ethics104, no. 2 (2011):
159-173.
2

a need to trade union to arranged again their accreditation as an accomplice in the development
and efficiency. It is the most astounding organized gatherings which can give a superior exertion
towards the improvement of group (4). The trade unions are straightforwardly included with the
monetary arrangement of assembling or conveyance and they are influenced the approaches
identified with social, ecological and financial. They contributed in keeping up the development
of organization and in addition keeping up the relationship among boss or workers. They
additionally advance the vote based system and the human privileges of individuals or labour.
1.3 Role of principle players in employee’s relations
Employees relationship assumes vital part in any sort of association on the grounds that
according to them organization can work viably and productively way and additionally they can
accomplish chose objectives and goals. In Tesco business firm, there is symphonists relationship
among all workers or supervisors and it helps in expanding the efficiency of organization this is
extremely fruitful association (5). For efficiently keep up sound relationship and coordination
among workers and top management in refereed to organization so must be led some critical and
fitting projects and exercises with the assistance of them they can impart and cooperate with
every others and in addition grow friendly condition in association. It essentially incorporates
three components which all are expressed under after:
Role of employees:
Manpower of the organization has assumed vital part in creating and successfully
developing endeavour. And additionally they can help to accomplish vision and mission with the
assistance of new and shrewd thoughts.
 Employees has assuming part as specialized specialists on the grounds that they are
dependably tires to receive new and creative systems and strategies in whole firm so they
can successfully total their chose assignment.
4 Dauda, Adeleke Yunus and Adeniyi Akingbade Waidi, "TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGE AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY IN LAGOS STATE OF NIGERIA."Australian Journal of Business and
Management Research1, no. 5 (2011): 32.
5 Farndale and et. Al, "The influence of perceived employee voice on organizational
commitment: An exchange perspective."Human Resource Management50, no. 1 (2011):
113-129.
3

 Employees dependably has confidence in solidarity, that is the reason they are
concentrates on for manufacture coordination among all representatives so with the
assistance of this create healthy and kindness condition.
Role of employers:
 Work of the firm has vital for dealing with all finished exercises and works in
organization. That is the reason they legitimately analyse and recognize real working
abilities and aptitudes of a specific representatives according to that they share out the
attempts to them.
 Significant part of managers in association is to gives appropriate preparing to employees
so they can successfully learn and improve their working performance. In the preparation
and improvement programs has given over all data identified with the organization,
works, inner condition, significant contenders, current market patterns and so forth
according to that they can chose their short and long term objectives (6).
Role of trade union
 Trade union is working for employees or work welfare that is the reason administration
of UK has entranced and controlled some viable guidelines and directions for employees.
In a portion of the association has segregation nature among all workers that is the reason
they all are does not similarly regard according to shading, religion, cast, occupation and
so forth.
 It serves to created equity of payment to employees on the field that in some of
association does not pay similarly in light of the fact that businesses here and there make
bias nature among employees by this they might be demotivated towards their employees
and in addition diminishing their working execution.
TASK 2
2.1 Procedures an organization should take after when managing different conflicts.
The representatives connection is essential in an association however a few times, clashes
is emerge among workers or bosses. In the event that in Tesco organization, there can be any
6 Michael R Frone and Trinidad Rjonathan, "Relation of supervisor social control to
employee substance use: Considering the dimensionality of social control, temporal
context of substance use, and substance legality."Journal of studies on alcohol and
drugs73, no. 2 (2012): 303-310.
4

sorts of contention emerge, at that point for this situation it takes after some technique to
determine them. A large portion of the circumstances, specialists do strike and it is kindness a
contention however here and there, it is sensible for Tesco business firm to confront this kind of
condition when this organization do a few things or exercises in against of labours or colleagues
(7). The way or technique of each business shape is diverse in various conditions. To determine
these all issues of organization utilize a strategy:
To recognize the issue Before taking care of any issue or issue, right off the bat there is a
need to distinguish it and the causes behind it. There can be many explanations behind emerging
the question like for example:
 Awful carry on or uncalled for treatment with specialists.
 Less preparing give to representatives.
 Perilous and negative workplace.
 Provocation with female specialists.
 Administration issues.
Method for understanding question Under this, occasionally this organization needs to
take a few activities to settling the contentions. There are some administrative activities to expel
the contention from an association. There are a few arrangements of contention ought to be
required (8). This business undertaking use numerous approaches to determine clashes and these
are:
 Give great and positive workplace for representatives.
 To give them well being working environment.
 To convey or collaborate in a legitimate way with labourers. Keeping up amicable
relationship.
 Listen the proposals assessments of workers.
 By giving all offices to them.
 To expel the issues of badgering and give security to female representatives.
Actualize struggle understanding systems Company execute this general technique of
critical thinking in a significant number of the accompanying ways:
7 Rebecca Gumbrell McCormick, "European trade unions and
‘atypical’workers."Industrial Relations Journal42, no. 3 (2011): 293-310.
8 Hameed ans et. al, "Impact of compensation on employee performance (empirical
evidence from banking sector of Pakistan)."International Journal of Business and
Social Science5 (2014), no. 2 .
5

 By counselling with investors of organization.
 Designating a referee who is regular for two clash parties.
This is the general strategy which Tesco association use to determine the issues or
struggle.
2.2 Key elements of worker relations in strife circumstance
To determine or to make the best possible arrangement of contention then for this
situation there ought to be a correspondence which is authority in that field. There are needs of
keeping up an open session or association condition for exhortation labours to impart with
respect to the any issues identified with work in an association. From this, the workers will be
supports and they will discuss their issues transparently with no dire (9). Once in a while in Tesco
business firm, the contention emerge among male and females representatives as a result of
inadequate allocation of their work in business. From this, in organization there is a negative
circumstances or conditions can be made which can be straightforwardly affect on deals,
development and furthermore on profitability of a business. In connection to specific question
circumstance, following are some key components of representatives:
Healthful the relationship among male and female representatives of Tesco: The state of
debate like for example aggregate clash which can be frustrate relationship among all females or
male labourers of Tesco business endeavour. A few times, from this the segregation emerge and
the male staff individuals don't regard female individuals and they increment their voice or yell
on ladies and it can be affect on operations of organization and furthermore its notoriety. From
this sort of circumstance may vantage to beginning the invalidation relationship among the men
or ladies specialists who are working around here firm. It might be likewise influence on clients
since they can not served great in a viable way or way.
Disappointed with substance: It is the another key element of representatives relationship
in debate state. In the event of contention condition, is administration of this organization won't
take any fitting activities against it, at that point it will make uneasiness against it and personnel
part won't work in an effective way (10). Along these lines, to determine issue or issues, the
9 Kim and et. al, "Employee voice and organizational performance: Team versus
representative influence."Human Relations63, no. 3 (2010): 371-394.
10 Koster and et. al, "Does perceived support in employee development affect personnel
turnover?."The International Journal of Human Resource Management22, no. 11
(2011): 2403-2418.
6

administration needs to name a referee, middle person which is regularly known to struggle
parties. From enhancing it, the efficiency or productivity of Tesco business firm can be enhanced
or upgraded.
2.3 The adequacy of strategies utilized as a part of contention
The technique of contention which is utilized by Tesco organization at the season of any
contention emerging which is measured in the shape in aggregate clash circumstance. To
determine the issues or strife this business endeavour utilize the strategy identified with question
taking care of. In this strategy or system, the administration or representatives are participate in
this procedure. From this, all staff individuals from Tesco business firm can be inspire their
thoughts and perspectives that are associated with the proficient apportioning of work around
here association. All workers of this association can be get some information about the dissuade
is behind the contention (11). In the event that the troughs will give the successful and fulfilled
answer for labourers then it will helps in settling the contention. On the off chance that a
business is not give the acceptable arrangement then for this situation the issue is made for
directors or investors of organization.
To determine the disputes, it is important to think about the primary explanation for it or
from which reason the contention is emerge.
 Reacting to conflicts: Most of the circumstances, directors don't know about the
contention that can be try to some other individual. In the event that any
individual inform or express the chief regarding the contention, at that point it is
the duty of his/her to determine that in a powerful way.
 Understanding issue: The great or better approach to react of contention
circumstance, at that point right off the bat it is required to know or comprehend
the issue or purpose for the contention and after that boss needs to attempt to
explain issue or struggle in which way the issue or circumstance is
communicated.
 Work on arrangement: After perceptive the issue or reason of contention, at that
point it is the Math of boss to make or make the positive workplace to make the
best possible arrangement.
11 N Krisch, Who is Afraid of Radical Pluralism? Legal Order and Political Stability in
the Postnational Space.Ratio Juris, 24(4) (2011), pp.386-412.
7

The method is appropriate with the assistance of these following strides, it is help in
settling the contention in a reasonable shape and it must be made the positive and great effect on
condition of organization.
TASK 3
3.1 Role of arrangement in aggregate dealing
The aggregate bartering tends to arrangement among the troughs or specialists
expectation at contract to manage the workplace or conditions, benefits, remuneration,
compensations, teach and so on. It can give the great and legitimate talk among the businesses
and representatives an association (12). In the aggregate dealing process, all representatives who
are working in Tesco business venture will choose the attender who assumes the delegates part
of representatives. With the assistance of this, all workers of this business can be available
effectively their conclusions towards the administration and it is most proficient process. It is
useful in unravelling the issues or question that makes the great and positive workplace which
ought to be given by manager or administration of Tesco business firm. There are a wide range
of sorts of transaction parts which are available aggregate haggling:
 Arrangement helps association in making powerful arrangement: In this given point, the
representatives delegates consults with the troughs of this business organization with a
target to get the effective arrangement in setting to tackle the issues or issues which are
confronted by specialists at the working environment of organization (13). With the
assistance of transaction system, all labourers conveyed the formal and appropriate
discourse with the best level administration if Tesco organization who are cladding a few
issues at working environment. It is the most ideal approach to determine the contention
or making fitting arrangement of debate.
 It helps in enhancing adequacy: The primary goal of aggregate bargaining is to resolve
the contention that emerge among the labours or supervisors in Tesco business firm. The
explanation for the controversy can be changing in workplace. From the transaction, the
directors can be effortlessly disclosed to their workers about the clarification being
12 Todd J Maurer, and Chapman F Elizabeth, "Ten years of career success in relation to
individual and situational variables from the employee development literature."Journal
of Vocational Behavior83, no. 3 (2013): 450-465.
13 Gerald Midgley, "Theoretical pluralism in systemic action research."Systemic Practice
and Action Research24, no. 1 (2011): 1-15.
8

emerging of contention. In this specific situation, the administration of this business
association, can be convey the correspondence with its representatives in setting to
making the productive and compelling work distribution.
3.2 Impact of transaction methodology for specific circumstance
The transaction is somewhat handle in which workers or administration make the
arrangement of issue in an association. With the assistance of this the profitability of Tesco
organization can be expanded. This business firm executed the appropriate methodology of
transaction which will accommodating in expanding the development and efficiency of
organization (14). This association utilize a few techniques to determine issues and systems ought
not be affect on business operations. It makes a few systems which are reasonable for business
venture and that are contending, trading off, keeping away from, accommodative, compelling
techniques.
 Bargaining techniques: In this kind of systems, all pioneers or troughs of this business
firm don't take investment in setting to settling the issues or clashes which is confronting
through representatives. From this, there is an issue emerges among workers or manager.
Inside this kind of procedure, individual set itself its points or goals. This procedure is
made with the target to transaction of any issue.
 Contending systems: Under this, the business of this organization make numerous
methodologies and techniques which can be useful in rivalling their market rivals. The
Tesco business firm faces numerous issues in this expansive rivalry for example Primark,
Mark& Spencer, and so on 15. Along these lines, to keep up the operations of business
great and viable, it is important to administration to make effective and appropriate
systems or strategies.
 Accommodative procedures: This kind of methodology utilized by Tesco organization for
make they arrangement of issues or question (16). It is exceptionally useful and essential
14 Richard T. Mowday, W Porter Lyman and M. Steers Richard,Employee—organization
linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press,
2013.
15 Christian R. Østergaard, Timmermans Bram and Kristinsson Kari, "Does a different
view create something new? The effect of employee diversity on innovation."Research
Policy40, no. 3 (2011): 500-509.
16 Saleh and et. al, "Corporate social responsibility disclosure and its relation on
institutional ownership: Evidence from public listed companies in
Malaysia."Managerial Auditing Journal 25, no. 6 (2010): 591-613.
9

in taking care of monetary issues of an organization. With the assistance of this
methodology, trough can be inspire their representatives and give them working
condition through this they can hold in organization.
 Staying away from methodologies: This sort of procedure is for the most part utilized by
manager of Tesco organization in setting to settling issues or debate which are made
between the specialists at on work environment.
 Driving methodologies: The point of this compelling procedure to accomplish it
individual goals at sensible cost.
TASK4
4.1 Influence of EU on the industry democracy.
There is an agreement which incorporates all the roles, responsibilities and duties along
with that required decisions that are to be made for employees at a working environment in
Tesco has been drawn very specifically. It is a structure, that is available in organization where
the representatives are availed the responsibility for taking the proper choices in working
environment. The Industrial Democracy can specifically influence the European Union in UK. It
is affected by the enactments as becoming through the EU, for example if European Union
passes a powerful action which can helps employees to involve in the making decisions and
presenting their view points (17). In this situation, government of United Kingdom provided a few
rules which is very essential for an organisation to adapt and follow them in an effective and
appropriate manner. If company will not consider them then chances are there where legal
actions can be taken by government as well as employees will also resist working in firm and
situations like lockout and other conflicts will take place in Tesco.
There are some social contrasts in each nation and it can straightforwardly influence
democracy system in United Kingdom. If there is any multinational association that has a place
with different country and does not incorporate all workers in basic leadership procedure of this
business firm, then there are chances that company will face several problems. Legal action by
government can be taken and this will lead in shutting down of the firm as employees are not
provided their employment rights. Industrial democracy, hence is very directly affecting the EU
as many laws and rules are made by governing authority for employee's welfare and rights.
17 Shuck and et. al, "Employee engagement: An examination of antecedent and outcome
variables."Human resource development international14, no. 4 (2011): 427-445.
10

4.2 Comparison between employee's involvement in participation and decision.
Tesco utilizes different strategies which is very useful in availing competitive benefits in
market also labourer interest and contribution in the decision making process can be attained (18).
The counsel or consultation is an approach that is very effective as to make the employees
involve in several business activities like making plans and decisions. Under this method, the
business allows to its workers to express their suggestions or proposals to the management of
Company Tesco. It can helps in improving the execution and development of this business firm.
With the assistance of this, top level managers can persuade their employees so they can make a
few strides or activities for a business firm. This organization utilize another procedure to prompt
their manpower and to consider the execution, work assessment or pay assurance and so forth.
Subsequent to thinking about the reasoning of workforce of a firm can make number of
modulations to attain improvements in the present techniques and arrangements that has been
made by company. To empowering the inspiration of employees, this organization can utilize
another strategy and that is contingency plans. With the assistance of this, all workers are
influenced in participating in procedure of making decision and from this, those representatives
who are disappointed, they likewise can speak to their superiors. With support to this strategy,
the operations or method of this business firm will be completed in a viable and effective way
and from this the business or workers can do conversation with each other and it helps in
improving their relationship.
4.3 Impact of HRM on employees relation.
Human resource management is the fundamental element of an association and it has a
specific relation with its employees and people who are related with the business activities. In
context of this, the human resource division needs to keep up procedures or approaches of Tesco
that has influence on the relationship of manpower with their boss. With the assistance of new
arrangements, the connection with employees can be maintained and attained in appropriate
manner(19). The workplace of Tesco will be certain, effective and very positive and each
employee working there is for accomplishing the objectives and goals of this association .
18 Smith, Katherine E and et. al, “Working the system”—British American tobacco's
influence on the European union treaty and its implications for policy: an analysis of
internal tobacco industry documents."PLoS Medicine7, no. 1 (2010): e1000202.
19 Neil Walker, "Constitutionalism and pluralism in global context."Constitutional
pluralism in the European Union and beyond. Portland: Hart Publishing,
Portland(2012).
11

It will helps in giving the inspiration or supporting to proceed with the current labourers
of this firm. Human resource division will keep up the positive workplace of an organization
which is ideal for bosses and the new candidates can undoubtedly embrace this. The pluralistic
point of view is extremely useful in enhancing the relationship of chiefs or specialists.
CONCLUSION
In this report, unitary and pluralistic frames has been described, impact of changes in
trade unionism upon employees relationship has also been discussed to understand the need and
requirement of human resources management to handle and manage the issues that take place in
an organisation. Methods and techniques that has been used by Tesco to manage the conflicts
that get arise in between employees and with superiors and subordinates. Effectiveness of tools
and techniques used to resolve such situations. Here, influence of EU on the UK's industrial
democracy has been studied, so that company can be able to overcome those affecting factors.
12

REFERENCES
Books& Journals
Bluen, Stephen David. "Consequences and moderators of industrial relations stressors." PhD
diss., 2015.
Boomgaarden, Hajo G., Andreas RT Schuck, Matthijs Elenbaas, and Claes H. De Vreese.
"Mapping EU attitudes: Conceptual and empirical dimensions of Euroscepticism and
EU support." European Union Politics12, no. 2 (2011): 241-266.
Cai, Ye, Hoje Jo, and Carrie Pan. "Vice or virtue? The impact of corporate social responsibility
on executive compensation."Journal of Business Ethics104, no. 2 (2011): 159-173.
Dauda, Yunus Adeleke, and Waidi Adeniyi Akingbade. "TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND
EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN
LAGOS STATE OF NIGERIA."Australian Journal of Business and Management
Research1, no. 5 (2011): 32.
Farndale, Elaine, Joppe Van Ruiten, Clare Kelliher, and Veronica Hope‐Hailey. "The influence
of perceived employee voice on organizational commitment: An exchange
perspective."Human Resource Management50, no. 1 (2011): 113-129.
Frone, Michael R., and Jonathan R. Trinidad. "Relation of supervisor social control to employee
substance use: Considering the dimensionality of social control, temporal context of
substance use, and substance legality."Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs73, no. 2
(2012): 303-310.
Gumbrell‐McCormick, Rebecca. "European trade unions and ‘atypical’workers."Industrial
Relations Journal42, no. 3 (2011): 293-310.
Hameed, Abdul, Muhammad Ramzan, and Hafiz M. Kashif Zubair. "Impact of compensation on
employee performance (empirical evidence from banking sector of
Pakistan)."International Journal of Business and Social Science5, no. 2 (2014).
Kim, Jaewon, John Paul MacDuffie, and Frits K. Pil. "Employee voice and organizational
performance: Team versus representative influence."Human Relations63, no. 3 (2010):
371-394.
Koster, Fleur, Andries De Grip, and Didier Fouarge. "Does perceived support in employee
development affect personnel turnover?."The International Journal of Human Resource
Management22, no. 11 (2011): 2403-2418.
Krisch, N., 2011. Who is Afraid of Radical Pluralism? Legal Order and Political Stability in the
Postnational Space.Ratio Juris,24(4), pp.386-412.
Maurer, Todd J., and Elizabeth F. Chapman. "Ten years of career success in relation to
individual and situational variables from the employee development literature."Journal
of Vocational Behavior83, no. 3 (2013): 450-465.
Midgley, Gerald. "Theoretical pluralism in systemic action research."Systemic Practice and
Action Research24, no. 1 (2011): 1-15.
Mowday, Richard T., Lyman W. Porter, and Richard M. Steers. Employee—organization
linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press,
2013.
Østergaard, Christian R., Bram Timmermans, and Kari Kristinsson. "Does a different view create
something new? The effect of employee diversity on innovation."Research Policy40,
no. 3 (2011): 500-509.
13

Saleh, Mustaruddin, Norhayah Zulkifli, and Rusnah Muhamad. "Corporate social responsibility
disclosure and its relation on institutional ownership: Evidence from public listed
companies in Malaysia."Managerial Auditing Journal 25, no. 6 (2010): 591-613.
Shuck, Brad, Thomas G. Reio Jr, and Tonette S. Rocco. "Employee engagement: An
examination of antecedent and outcome variables."Human resource development
international14, no. 4 (2011): 427-445.
Smith, Katherine E., Gary Fooks, Jeff Collin, Heide Weishaar, Sema Mandal, and Anna B.
Gilmore. "“Working the system”—British American tobacco's influence on the
European union treaty and its implications for policy: an analysis of internal tobacco
industry documents."PLoS Medicine7, no. 1 (2010): e1000202.
Walker, Neil. "Constitutionalism and pluralism in global context."Constitutional pluralism in the
European Union and beyond. Portland: Hart Publishing, Portland(2012).
Online
Employer/employee relations, 2017. [Online]. Available through:
<http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/people/employeremployee-
relations.html>. [Accessed on 22nd July 2017]
14