Information system Assignment PDF

INTRODUCTION
Information system, an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing
data and for providing information, knowledge, and digital products. Business firms and
other organizations rely on information systems to carry out and manage their operations,
interact with their customers and suppliers, and compete in the marketplace. Information
systems are used to run interorganizational supply chains and electronic markets. For
instance, corporations use information systems to process financial accounts, to manage their
human resources, and to reach their potential customers with online promotions. Many major
companies are built entirely around information systems. These include ebay, a largely
auction marketplace; amazon, an expanding electronic mall and provider of cloud
computing services; alibaba, a business-to-business e-marketplace; and google, a search
engine company that derives most of its revenue from keyword advertising
on internet searches. Governments deploy information systems to provide services cost-
effectively to citizens. Digital goods—such as electronic books, video products, and software
—and online services, such as gaming and social networking, are delivered with information
systems. Individuals rely on information systems, generally internet-based, for conducting
much of their personal lives: for socializing, study, shopping, banking, and entertainment
(Bengag et al., 2020).
The main reason why Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) has become the most popular
research study is due to the growing demand for smart road safety and management. VANET
is part or subclass of the mobile Ad-Hoc network (MANET)(Abu Taleb, 2018). Even though
VANET is the subclass of MANET but there is a difference between VANET and MANET.
The main difference between MANET and VANET is the mobility pattern and sudden
topologies changing. The basic component in VANET is Communication – Wireless Access
in Vehicular Environment (WAVE-IEEE 1609.2 also known as DSRC 802.11p, Multi-hop
communication, On-Board unit (OBU), and Roadside unit (RSU). Vehicle to vehicle (V2V)
uses multi-hop or multi-cast technique with two types of broadcasting which are native and
intelligent broadcasting. For Vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), it’s used roadside equipment
(RSU) to establish communication(Rizwan Ghori et al., 2018b). V2I communication modes
are inadequate for applications related to road safety because the infrastructure networks are
not performing as to delivery time. The combination of the V2V and V2I is called hybrid.
Figure 1 illustrated the VANET communication. In this study, I will review and analyze the
various types of VANET routing protocols.
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As major new technologies for recording and processing information were invented over the
millennia, new capabilities appeared, and people became empowered. The invention of
the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century and the invention of a
mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal in the 17th century are but two examples. These
inventions led to a profound revolution in the ability to record, process, disseminate, and
reach for information and knowledge. This led, in turn, to even deeper changes in individual
lives, business organization, and human governance.
The first large-scale mechanical information system was Herman Hollerith’s census
tabulator. Invented in time to process the 1890 U.S. census, Hollerith’s machine represented a
major step in automation, as well as an inspiration to develop computerized information
systems.
One of the first computers used for such information processing was the UNIVAC I, installed
at the U.S. Bureau of the Census in 1951 for administrative use and at General Electric in
1954 for commercial use. Beginning in the late 1970s, personal computers brought some of
the advantages of information systems to small businesses and to individuals. Early in the
same decade the Internet began its expansion as the global network of networks. In 1991
the World Wide Web, invented by Tim Berners-Lee as a means to access the interlinked
information stored in the globally dispersed computers connected by the Internet, began
operation and became the principal service delivered on the network. The global penetration
of the Internet and the Web has enabled access to information and other resources
and facilitated the forming of relationships among people and organizations on an
unprecedented scale. The progress of electronic commerce over the Internet has resulted in a
dramatic growth in digital interpersonal communications (via e-mail and social networks),
distribution of products (software, music, e-books, and movies), and business transactions
(buying, selling, and advertising on the Web). With the worldwide spread
of smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other computer-based mobile devices, all of which are
connected by wireless communication networks, information systems have been extended to
support mobility as the natural human condition (Bengag et al., 2020).
As information systems enabled more diverse human activities, they exerted a profound
influence over society. These systems quickened the pace of daily activities, enabled people
to develop and maintain new and often more-rewarding relationships, affected the structure
and mix of organizations, changed the type of products bought, and influenced the nature of
work. Information and knowledge became vital economic resources. Yet, along with new
opportunities, the dependence on information systems brought new threats. Intensive
industry innovation and academic research continually develop new opportunities while
aiming to contain the threats.
Components of information systems
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The main components of information systems are computer hardware and software,
telecommunications, databases and data warehouses, human resources, and procedures. The
hardware, software, and telecommunications constitute information technology (IT), which is
now ingrained in the operations and management of organizations (Bengag et al., 2020).
Computer hardware
Today throughout the world even the smallest firms, as well as many households, own or
lease computers. Individuals may own multiple computers in the form
of smartphones, tablets, and other wearable devices. Large organizations typically employ
distributed computer systems, from powerful parallel-processing servers located in data
centres to widely dispersed personal computers and mobile devices, integrated into the
organizational information systems.
Sensors are becoming ever more widely distributed throughout the physical and
biological environment to gather data and, in many cases, to effect control via devices known
as actuators. Together with the peripheral equipment—such as magnetic or solid-state storage
disks, input-output devices, and telecommunications gear—these constitute the hardware of
information systems. The cost of hardware has steadily and rapidly decreased, while
processing speed and storage capacity have increased vastly. This development has been
occurring under Moore’s law: the power of the microprocessors at the heart of computing
devices has been doubling approximately every 18 to 24 months. However, hardware’s use
of electric power and its environmental impact are concerns being addressed by designers.
Increasingly, computer and storage services are delivered from the cloud—from shared
facilities accessed over telecommunications networks.
Computer software
Computer software falls into two broad classes: system software and application software.
The principal system software is the operating system. It manages the hardware, data and
program files, and other system resources and provides means for the user to control the
computer, generally via a graphical user interface (GUI). Application software is programs
designed to handle specific tasks for users. Smartphone apps became a common way for
individuals to access information systems. Other examples include general-purpose
application suites with their spreadsheet and word-processing programs, as well as “vertical”
applications that serve a specific industry segment—for instance, an application that
schedules, routes, and tracks package deliveries for an overnight carrier. Larger firms use
licensed applications developed and maintained by specialized software companies,
customizing them to meet their specific needs, and develop other applications in-house or on
an outsourced basis. Companies may also use applications delivered as software-as-a-service
(SaaS) from the cloud over the Web. Proprietary software, available from and supported by
its vendors, is being challenged by open-source software available on the Web for free use
and modification under a license that protects its future availability (Bengag et al., 2020).
Telecommunications
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