Introduction of Sociology

This report focuses on the principles and theories of sociology, including the difference between sociology, criminology, and psychology, the use of Marxist theory in explaining contemporary society, and the divide caused by capitalism and globalization between the 'West and the rest'.

INTRODUCTION
OF SOCIOLOGY

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Why sociology, psychology and criminology is considered as different even it is social
science subjects and why is this the case....................................................................................3
Why sociologist use Marxist theory to explain the contemporary society.................................4
In what ways has capitalism and globalisation caused a divide between the ‘West and the rest’
.....................................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
This report focuses on the principles and theories of sociology. Sociology is explained as
the behaviour of the people in the society and what factors influences the behaviour in the
society. Sociology helps in studying the changes in social life and what consequences faced by
the society due to the change in social behaviour. This report covers the information about the
difference between sociology, criminology and psychology and covers about the theory of
Marxist and how does it affect the contemporary society (Abbott, 2020).
MAIN BODY
Why sociology, psychology and criminology is considered as different even it is social science
subjects and why is this the case
Sociology is defined as the changes in the social behaviour and analysing those behaviour
of the society which is influencing the changes in the society and how it can be controlled and
changed. Sociology also helps in analysing the patterns and changes in the society and
understanding the culture within the society. Psychology is defined as analysing the mind-set of
the individual towards the changes in the society and how it affects the behaviour of the
individual and it also explains about the change in the thinking of the individual and how it
works. Criminology is explained as the study of the minds of people why they commit crime,
who commits crime and how it can be prevented. Though these three looks alike but there is
slight difference between these topics such as sociology is the overall study of the society and
analysing the changes in the society and how it affects the behaviour of the individual sociology
includes large group of people which includes from race, class or religion. Sociology is a broader
concept as it includes the large group of people and in terms of employability sociology students
have wide scope in every sector as it helps in analysing the behaviour of the society and the
changes in the society. Psychology is the study of the mind-set of the individual and how it reacts
to particular situation and how to treat the people with psychological disorder and the learning
disabilities and also helps individual in understanding their problems which psychologist helps to
solve. Psychology doesn't cover group of people as every mind is different and thinking of every
individual is different and it focuses on the smaller groups or the behaviour of individual and
sociology focuses on the large structure of the people and the organisation (Bowen, 2018).
Criminology is the division or sub part of the sociology as the sociology covers the large part

criminology fall under the part of sociology. Criminology consists the psychology of the
individual that what behaviour in the society or what action of the individual influences them to
commit the crime and how it can be prevented by understanding the factors which is affecting
the mind-set of the individual. Criminology as a part of sociology helps in understanding the
factors which influences the criminal behaviour and what factors played the role in influencing
the crime and analysing the mind-set of the victim of the crime and analysing the thinking of the
victim. These three are considered as different because the sociology is focused on the large
structure of society as it helps in understanding and analysing the behaviour of the society and
the changes in the society whereas psychology is focused on the individual level as it analyses
the behaviour and mind-set of the individual and how the mind-set changes with the changes in
society and criminology which is a sub part of sociology and it helps in understanding the
psychology of the criminal and why people commit crime and what influences them to commit
the crime and how crime can be prevented (Crosbie and Swed, 2019).
Why sociologist use Marxist theory to explain the contemporary society
This part of report focuses on the importance of the Marxist theory in understanding the
working of the society and it is used by sociologist in order to understand the society and its
trends. Sociologist focuses on the understanding the society changes by applying the theories and
by the help of the Marxist theory sociologist understand the behaviour of the capitalist and
analyses the relationship between the capitalist and the workers. Marxist theory was proposed by
Karl Marx and it is being useful for the sociologist who are working towards the betterment of
the society by understanding the values of the society and how does it affects the mind-set of the
people. Marxist theory given by Karl Marx states that the capitalism effect on the labour and the
economic development of the society and this leads to the revolt by the workers and overturns
the capitalism in the communism. Marxist theory stated that the difference between the capitalist
and the workers is leading to the conflict and this leads to the revolution against the capitalism
which is going to convert it into the communism. This theory focuses on the social, economic
and political factors as it shows the gap between the capitalism and Marx also proposed that the
relationship between the workers and the capitalist is considered as exploitative in nature and this
results in the conflict among the capitalist and the workers and this leads to the revolution in the
economy as the working class people throws capitalist out and working class takes the charge of
the economy (Domina and et. al., 2019). This theory states that the society has divided into two

parts which consists of capitalist and workers class as the capitalist are the ones who controls the
economy and the labour and the production whereas workers class are the one who provides
value to the final goods. Marx believed that the production of the goods done in the factories are
under the supervision of capitalist and workers do not own the production, buildings and
resources and the workers class can easily be replaced during the unemployment or in the case of
fall in economy. Marxist theory is still used by the sociologist because the theory stated that the
effect of capitalism on the worker’s class and how it is affecting the workers class and to save
them from the exploitation. This theory used in current scenario to treat and judge people equally
and provide them the fair distribution. Marxist theory provides the information about the
different classes and how the classes can be provided with fair distribution of the factors and
interrelate them to build them as a whole in order to make the functioning of the society smooth
and effective (Fuller and Löw, 2017). This theory helps in planning for the long term and prepare
them to save from the exploitation and it focuses on saving the rights and understanding the
relationship among the worker’s class and owners and how it is playing crucial role in the
transformation of social scenario. This theory helps in understanding the dynamics of the society
and also helps in understanding the functioning of the society to make sure that the relationship
among the people of society is not exploitative and focus on making the society better. It helps in
analysing the relationship in the society and how it is affecting the whole society. Marxist theory
helped in the current scenario to understand the capitalism and it should not affect the
relationship among the people of the society and Marxist theory also encouraged about the
development of the workers class because due to the exploitation by the capitalist in the early
stages Marx always focused the his theory about the struggle between the relationship of the
capitalist and workers class and to save them from the exploitation sociologist focuses on the
theory of Marx in order to save the exploitation of workers class and not to encourage the
capitalism and focus on the well being and welfare of the society. Marxist theory is focused on
the development of the society and to make sure that the all people in the society are treated
equally and no exploitation of the people should be done. Marxist theory focuses on the impact
of capitalism on the society and how the capitalism in the society is reduced make the society
better for the living (Horowitz, 2020). Sociology follows the concept of understanding the
behaviour and changes in the society and the theory of Marxist helps the sociologist in
understanding the contemporary society in the current scenario.

In what ways has capitalism and globalisation caused a divide between the ‘West and the rest’
Everybody in this world is developing themselves and everyone company are developing
themselves, it is all possible with the help of various factors. There are various types of people
out there in the market or there is various industry out there in the market which have progressed
in the market with the help of various factors. There are various types of industry out there in the
market like some of the companies or the industry are working so that they can earn profit and
they can maximize their share in the market. Whereas some of the companies or nth industry out
there are the organisation which do not have the motive to earn profit, these type of company
work for the upliftment of the society. The industry or the business which are having the profit
motive in their mind are the capitalist (Islam, 2017).
Capitalism is defined as the economic system in which the capital goods are owned by
the business and individual. Capitalism can be said as those operations whose main objective is
profit earning. This can be said as the system which is based on the ownership which is private
and which are used for the means of production. There are various factors that are included in
capitalism and that factors are capital accumulation, competitive market, wage labour etc. there
are a lot of other companies also which have progressed themselves by taking themselves to the
international market, this process is called globalisation. Globalisation is a term that that is used
by the growing companies, it is the process through which the growing companies interact and
integrate with different people and different companies or the government worldwide. This can
also be said as the process through which the company globalises themselves so that they can
move to a bigger market and so as to get a bigger customer base. The companies use to do this so
that they can shift their product to bigger market and that they spread their product and that they
can also make use of the new technology and the new trend that are out there in the market . It
tells about the interdependence of the nations which are around the globe with the help of free
trade.
But this terms are not very good for some country or some people like mentioned in the
book west vs the rest. There are various instances in which the people or the business are the
differentiated through the culture. There western culture has divide the people all across the
globe (Karababa Kayalıgil, 2019). That is why as the book suggest by its title the West vs the
rest. The term capitalising and the term globalisation n are the one that are responsible for the

dividing of the society the world is divide into two parts the west and the non-western. The
western people are the one that are modernise and the western industry are having all the latest
technology and the latest trends. These western culture are not accepted by everyone and the one
that does not accept these trends are include in the rest. The western capitalist is the one whose
motive is to acquire the assets and to make them use for the purpose of earning more and more
profit. This book provides the idea on how the concept of west allow us to categorize different
types of society. Secondly the books provide that there is a clear picture of in everyone mind that
the western culture or the western society is the one that is developed and that is modernised
whereas the non-western culture is the one that is underdeveloped, that is bad and this culture or
this society is non desirable (Kim and Hepler, 2018).
Like discussed above there are a few people that are not welcoming the western culture due to
the fac6t that the western culture is changing and it is influencing the trends over all the country
and they are also on the minds of the people. The capitalism is being spread through the process
of globalisation. Through the process of globalisation, the capitalist country expands their
industry to various country band with that they also aim in using the resources of that country.
The capitalist with the help of globalisation are entering new society and they are entering with
the help of their latest technology and with the help of latest trends they have divided the society
into two parts and that have divided the society from within, as the capitalist are influencing the
people, they are targeting the youth as the youths are the one that will influence the society and
they are the one that is going to become the future of the society. The west vs the rest is also
influence by a globalisation, as the it was said then the society were not emerged if these type of
works are not found on them. The process of globalisation has also had a big effect on the
political. Economical and the social factors of these countries. The western society is having
everything they are influencing the mind of the people (Lange, 2020.). The western society is
changing the world from the inside. The capitalist society is having and they are providing the
people with various types of benefits. If a country does not want to accept them they the
capitalist influence the youth of the country and with the help of that they are able to enter into
the country.
As discussed from the view point of Marx he said that the communist and the workers are
having a large gap between them and the communist does not respect the decision of the
workers. Initially this is may benefit them but after some time it will only result in communalism

and this will change the society from within. In the theory it was suggested by the Marx that the
capitalist is exploiting their workers and when they are exploiting their worker it will lead the
capitalist society to be the communalist society. There is various nation in which there were laws
which had to be changed due to the fact that the society is having a very great impact form the
process of globalisation. The way the people are changing their way of thinking and the way that
people are changing themselves and they are adapting themselves will only result in the
transformational the non-western country to be a part of the western country (McCormick,
2018).
The westernisation and the globalisation are having the destructive power for the
destruction the local culture in some non-western nation the capitalism and the globalisation is
also said to be bad omen as they are bringing destruction with their implementation. Although
the process of globalisation is not very old as the traders during their olden time also went to
different parts of the world so that they can sell their product to a newer and to a different
market. The pirates were coming and they were also going to different areas so that they can
trade there and that they can earn money or they can earn profit over a different country. The
process of globalisation is beginning the European people began their process of exploration and
when they were exploring various parts of the world. The business people who were doing their
operation for the motive of earning profit during that time also but during that time the term
capitalist was not very frequently used by everyone and the word came into existence recently. It
is also said that only through the process of globalisation the western countries spread
Christianity to various parts of the world. At first Europe brought their cultures to various parts
of the world during that tie it was also a good process but after sometime their true motives came
out. They conquered various country only with the help of the globalisation.
Although there are various scholars that are criticising the globalisation and the
capitalism but there is also some scholar that are promoting capitalism and globalisation a
according to them the Morden age was only possible with the help of globalisation and with the
help of capitalisation. As the book suggested that the impact of capitalism and globalisation is so
much that the whole world is changing very fast. Now the prices so westernisation is also called
the process of modernity (Pelak and Duncan, 2017). The process of globalisation and the process
of capitalism also paved way for the various crimes such as the crimes related to the sexual
fantasy. Now also there are various countrie4s or there are various society in which are also

being divide because of the fact that they are not putting the capitalism in use. As capitalism
brings money but with capitalism it is also possible that the culture will also change as, when
people are earning money a lot of time they forget their culture and everything. Hence the
process of capitalism and the process of globalisation was the reason for having gap between the
west and the rest.
CONCLUSION
This report concludes about the concept of sociology as it helps in analysing the changes
of the society and helps in understanding the change in the dynamics of the society with the time.
Sociology includes the social behaviour, social changes etc. as it helps in making the society
better. This report covers the information about the sociology, psychology and criminology and
how it differs from each other and what is the importance of these three in analysing the society
and two other parts which is covered in this report is about the theory of Marx in helping the
sociologist in understanding the society and the impact of the capitalism and globalisation on the
society.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Abbott, O., 2020. Introduction: A Relational Sociology of Morality in Practice. In The Self,
Relational Sociology, and Morality in Practice (pp. 1-10). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Bowen, P., 2018. Introduction: Industrial Sociology and Work Control. In Social Control in
Industrial Organisations (pp. 3-254). Routledge.
Crosbie, T. and Swed, O., 2019. Introduction: Sociology and the Privatization of Security. In The
Sociology of Privatized Security (pp. 1-19). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Domina, T., and et. al., 2019. Education and society: An introduction to key issues in the
sociology of education. Univ of California Press.
Fuller, M. G. and Löw, M., 2017. Introduction: An invitation to spatial sociology. Current
sociology. 65(4). pp.469-491.
Horowitz, I. L., 2020. Introduction/The Sociology of Ludwig Gumplowicz: 1838–1909. In
Outlines of Sociology (pp. 10-85). Routledge.
Islam, M. S., 2017. Sustainability through the lens of environmental sociology: An introduction.
Karababa Kayalıgil, P., 2019. Introduction to Sociology-1: Sociological Imagination–What is
Sociology?.
Kim, J. H. and Hepler, S., 2018. Introduction to Sociology (GSU).
Lange, B., 2020. Sociology of regulation. In Research Handbook on the Sociology of Law.
Edward Elgar Publishing.
McCormick, L., 2018. Culture, Sociology of. Core Concepts in Sociology, p.55.
Pelak, C. F. and Duncan, S., 2017. Using a Social Science–Fictional Play to Teach about Global
Capitalism and Macro-structural Systems in Introduction to Sociology. Teaching
Sociology.45(4). pp.334-346.
Rogers, K. B., Nemeroff, A. and Caputo, K., 2020. Strategic Design toward Foundational
Learning Goals in Introduction to Sociology. Teaching Sociology.48(1). pp.40-53.
Schünemann, W. J., 2018. Introduction: The sociology of knowledge approach to discourse in an
interdependent world. In The Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (pp. 1-15).
Routledge.