Introduction to Information Technology

This document provides an introduction to information technology and its importance in various fields. It discusses the role of IT in the success of a business, ethical and social issues associated with technology, different types of networks, and the importance of internet and intranet in a business. It also explains the different stages of system development life cycle.

Introduction to Information
Technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................1
Role of IT in the success of a business........................................................................................1
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION...................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................2
Ethical and social issues associated with technology..................................................................2
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION...................................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................4
Differentiate between types of network.......................................................................................4
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION...................................................................................................4
Literature review..............................................................................................................................5
Importance of Internet and Intranet in a business........................................................................5
Analysis and discussion...................................................................................................................6
Literature review..............................................................................................................................6
Different stage of system development life cycle........................................................................6
Analysis and discussion..............................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Information technology is the study of design, development that support the entire
information systems. For that IT workers are also assist people in order to perform the work in
well manner. The current study is also shed a light upon IT and its importance in the field of
walks of life as well as in pandemic. Therefore, the chosen firm for this study is Tesco which is
one of the multinational company that offer different product and services to their customers
with an aim to sustain the brand image at global level. The present study will help the role of IT
in the success of a business and then find ethical and social issue which is associated with quoted
firm. Also report identify and differentiate between different types of technologies and discuss
the importance of internet and intranet. Lastly, it explain different stages of system development
life cycle.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Role of IT in the success of a business
Saeidi and et.al., (2019) stated that information technology foster innovation in a business
and it increases the value and enhance the quality as well as boost the productivity. So it is
examine that it helps to improve the efficiency of operations so that company can easily
complete the task quicker and cheaper. This will assist to help the enterprise software and
centralized company database. Apart from this, it is examine by de Mattos, Kissimoto and
Laurindo (2018) that IT also makes it easier to provide a good customer experience and easier
the marketing strategy. Therefore, with the help of effective IT services customer can
conveniently interact within a firm through its website such that social media, Facebook that
further increase the sales.
Mendoza-Fong and et.al., (2018) share their views by stating that through IT, company is
able to track the performance such that by using ERP software that helps the manager in order to
analyze the performance level of a firm. Apart from this, it also assist to make better decision for
the welfare of a firm. Hence it can be sated that though engaging teams with the help of video-
conferences, company gather the customer feedback and then make decision accordingly. So, it
is clearly reflected that with the help of effective IT, companies trying to move ahead in the
competition and this in turn assist to sustain the brand image of a firm as well.
1

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Tesco is also uses the IT in order to improve the brand image of a firm. Such that it uses
social media like Facebook, Twitter in order to attract the range of customers towards it which
help to increase the overall performance as well as productivity of a firm. Technology for
collaboration has also enabled Tesco to build a good relationship with their stakeholders which
in turn grow their business. Apart from this company Tesco also uses CRM as an information
technology which help to manage the interaction with customers (Selviyanti. and Sardjono,
2020). Quoted firm also has an elaborate CRM system keep manage the interaction with
customers. Thus, it is clearly shows that company uses most of the services that helps to meet the
define aim
Further, company also uses club cards which provides a reward system that helps to
coming back of all the customer. Also this reward system is a tried and tested way that cultivate
the brand loyalty. So it is examined that with the help of effective IT strategies most of the
company uses this technique with an aim to attract the range of customers. Also, this is stated
that it helps to improve the customer support which in turn improve the customer behavior as
well. Therefore, Information Technology is assist to support the multiple channel which in turn
draw attention of many customer towards it. For example, Tesco uses cloud computing which in
turn allow the firm to use many device anywhere in the world to access their actual performance.
Apart from this, different tracking system are also used which in turn help to examine the best or
worst employee out of many. Hence it is clearly reflected that through ERP system the company
is easily generate the best outcome which in turn help to analyze the overall performance in
better manner.
However, it is identified from the secondary sources that Tesco uses range of IT
technique that helps to meet the define aim and take a business at further level of success which
in turn improve the performance of a company. Also, innovation also assist to improve the
overall performance by contributing its best towards profitability.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Ethical and social issues associated with technology
According to the Aicardi and et.al., (2020) making use of technology is not an easy task as
there are several ethical and social issues occurred. One of the main ethical and social issues
while making use of IT is: personal privacy. For accessing services, people and employees have
2

to facilitate their own, hardware, software and operating tools. Big retailers have to distribute
networks on a large scale. This transfer of data in big amount can lead to the hidden chances of
disclosing information and violating the privacy of any individuals. There are huge chances of
loss of personal as well as professional data and it may create several other problems. Barsky,
(2017) argued and said that according to them piracy is one of the main ethical and social issue
that is associated with technology. It is an activity in which creation of illegal copy of software is
being made. There are several laws have been made for copyright protection and legislation can
also protect people from unauthorized duplication of software. This piracy is increasing day by
day, courts are also trying to deal with this problem and they are trying to consider problems of
protection of software. So, overall it can be said that there are several problems are associated
with technology.
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
In regards to ethical as well as social issues related to information technology it can be said
that all these issues like privacy, unauthorized access, piracy and others can have negative
impacts on successful implementation on IT. Harmful actions are main computer ethics that
refers to the damage or negative consequences like loss of property, destruction of property and
others. But by making use of principle of ethical conduct can restrict outsiders from use of
personal and professional users that may protect employees, employers and society from loss to
any of users and information (Swirsky, Gu and Boyd, 2020). So, it can be said that by putting
extra efforts and time, all these social and ethical issues can be solved out and can also protect
individuals against viruses from systems.
Some other issues have also being identified and in regards to issues it is found that patent
and copyright are main ethical issues that are associated to IT to the great extent. Patent is mainly
used for protecting unique ideas and secret aspects. As compared to obtaining copyright,
obtaining patent is quite difficult because it is important for patent holder to provide detailed
information or full details of program to proficient programmer for building a programme. But
there are some legislations and laws that have been made related to copyright and patent and
these laws work as a power tool in protecting computer software. It can be happened when
security specialists know the concept of copyright and other laws otherwise people may have to
face several problems (Coin, Mulder and Dubljević, 2020). Loss of data, resources can create
barriers in successful implementation and use of IT and becoming successful.
3

LITERATURE REVIEW
Differentiate between types of network
There are mainly 3 types of network as per the area covered by them such as LAN, WAN
and MAN. According to the Huang and et.al., (2020) main different between three types of
network is speed and cost. In LAN, cost is low, in MAN cost is higher than LAN and for WAN
cost is the highest than both other networks. In regards to speed it can be said that LAN network
has fastest speed because they cover narrow area and as compared to LAN, MAN has slower
speed and WAN has the slowest speed than others. Oros Klein and et.al., (2016) contradicted and
said that differences among three types of networks can be known as transmission media type
and number of computers. In regards to these bases, they said that in LAN, there is twisted pair
transmission media type and as compared to this, MAN has fibre optic cables along with twisted
pair. In WAN, it has fibre optic, satellite and radio wave. On the basis of another factor like
number of computers there is requirement of smallest number of computers and in MAN there is
requirement of large number of computers and in WAN as per the extent of network, there is
requirement of largest number of computers and it covers wide area and it is the reason, speed in
this type becomes slowest because of distribution of network or speed.
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
It is analysed in regards to differentiate between LAN, WAN, MAN and all three types of
network it can be said that speed varies as they cover different areas of network. With the name
of tree networks such as local area network, metropolitan area network and wide area network, it
can be said that LAN covers local area, MAN covers metropolitans area or more than local area
and Wan covers wide area of network and that is speed becomes slower in this but cost is the
highest because in this type of network there is requirement of several numbers of computers
(Tongs and et.al., 2020). It can also be said that in regards of LAN network as compared to other
networks that this network allow s communication between all connected smallest number of
computers or devices. Control over this network has been done by private owner rather than the
public. LAN has a short propagation delay than MAN and WAN. By examples area of network
can be discussed such as college, schools and hospitals or in premises of local area.
In the context of MAN network as compared to others it can be said that it covers network of
small town and cities. It connects 2 or more than 2 computers that should be located in the same
cities. It is expensive than LAN and might not be owned by one organization. It is also analysed
4

about WAN network that it is expensive than both networks and for distribution of this network to
the great extent there is requirement of satellite or PSTN medium (Zhang and et.al., 2018).
Literature review
Importance of Internet and Intranet in a business
According to Huang and et.al., (2020) internet and intranet play crucial role in company.
Also, technology has provided a platform for business to reach large number of customers and
increase efficiency in it. besides that, there are various software and applications which is installed
and used by business. This has enabled them to implement automation in operational process and
various other areas. Furthermore, it is evaluated that intranet is useful in sharing of data and info,
with that it becomes easy for company to access info quickly. Also, the decisions are taken in less
time and communication process becomes fast. With intranet stakeholders are able to get details
about what decision is taken, strategies are developed, etc. therefore, they are also able to interact
with manager and staff. the e mail are used to share info to employees. Besides that, intranet is
used in knowledge management. In database all data is stored of entire operations of company.
So, it becomes easy for department to access it. moreover, with help of intranet communication is
done faster. The use of e mail and chat bots allows staff to interact with one another in effective
way. thus info is shared quickly which results in increasing efficiency. The tasks are performed in
less time.
As said by Oros Klein and et.al., (2016) internet has also played vital role in business.
They are able to get large info about various things on internet. Moreover, data is shared within
seconds. So, through entire globe the staff working can easily access data and info in seconds.
This has led to increase in efficiency of business and operations. Along with that, companies are
easily able to gather data about market, analyse it and them take decisions. So, this has resulted in
taking effective decisions. Furthermore, marketing is done at global level by which more
customers are being attracted. Thus, organisation is creating awareness about products and
services at global level. The internet has enabled in analysing trends in market. hence, accordingly
new products are being developed and launched in market. with that there is rise in profits and
sales as well. also, on internet there are various solutions as well as outcomes available of different
kinds of problems. Thus, companies are easily able to solve problem by searching data and info
on internet.
5

Analysis and discussion
It has been discussed that by using internet business is able to obtain large info about
various things on internet. Moreover, data is shared within seconds. So, through entire globe the
staff working can easily access data and info in seconds. This has led to increase in efficiency of
business and operations. In addition, it is analysed that intranet is useful in sharing of data and
info, with that it becomes easy for company to access info quickly. Also, the decisions are taken
in less time and communication process becomes fast. It has led to increase in productivity and
efficiency of business (Tongs and et.al., 2020). It has provided a platform to grow and expand.
Along with it, communication has become easy to do and data and info is shared in centralised
way. it is has improve the efficiency of operations so that company can easily complete the task
quicker
Literature review
Different stage of system development life cycle
In the view of Saeidi and et.al., (2019) every software is developed by following a
particular process. Without that it becomes difficult to develop software or program. Thus,
SDLC is process that is being followed in order to develop software. The process gives blueprint
of how to design, develop, etc. software. Thus, this method is easy to follow and understand. By
developing various software customers as well as business needs are fulfilled. basically, there are
different models in it that are waterfall, spiral, etc. the use of model is dependent on nature of
software. There are 7 stage of SDLC. It is discussed as below
Stage 1 – Planning and requirement analysis – it is most important stage in SDLC as it enables in
defining the requirement for software. Also, proper planning is done to identify that how project
activities are to be undertaken.
Stage 2 defining requirement- in this stage the requirement defined are approved from customer
and by doing market analysis. Here, software requirement specification document is prepared. It
contains all requirement to be included in design and development of software. Thus, hardware,
software and other system are mentioned in it.
Stage 3 product architecture- here, the overall design of software is developed. Thus for that
more than one approach is followed and DDS is prepared. This is evaluated by stakeholder to
find out its suitability. There are many criteria followed that are cost, risk, etc. then decision is
taken. in this communication and flow of data is also included. The details are described in DDS.
6

Stage 4 product development – finally here product is developed. The programming is done in it
and developer follow rules mentioned in DDS. Besides that, developer use a specific language to
develop software. However, there are many language like Java, Python, etc. used.
Stage 5 testing- after software is developed then it is tested to find out if there are some errors
in it or not. This helps in solving those errors to ensure that software is error free and developed
as per standards of SRS.
Stage 6 – implementation - the software developed is implemented. This can done on small
scale in order to find out its suitability. Thus, feedback is taken that how well software works
and its efficiency. Therefore it is launched in market.
Stage 7 maintenance- the software is maintained to ensure its quality is not impacted. Also, its
processing and working is monitored in it (Mendoza-Fong and et.al., (2018).
Analysis and discussion
It has been analysed that there are some benefits and drawback of investing in IT by tesco.
This can be said that investing in IT has given a huge return of investment for them. by use of
new software and applications the operational efficiency has increased. Moreover, it has enabled
in attaining of goals and objectives in effective way. when new tools are used then it helps in
eliminating errors and defects from operations. So, it automatically leads to decrease in cost.
Also, tesoc is able to gain competitive advantage as investing in IT allows in developing new
products and process.
But on contrary investing in IT requires a huge funds so it creates burden tesco. They
have to regularly update and maintain their overall IT infrastructure. In addition to that, it is
costly to maintain it as with change in time new and advance tools and software emerge.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been summarized that technology has enabled in providing
platform for tesco to grow and expand. It is been used in various task which has led to
increasing efficiency of it. Moreover, there are many ethical and social issues which occur like
privacy, unauthorized access, piracy and others have negative impacts on successful
implementation on IT. in addition, there are various types of network used by companies like
MAN, WAN, LAN, etc. with that data and info is shared quickly. Internet and intranet has
allowed in gathering of large data which is used in improving business efficiency. The decisions
7

are taken in less time. furthermore, there are 7 stages in SDLC such as maintenance, testing,
product development, etc.
8

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Aicardi, C. and et.al., 2020. Ethical and social aspects of neurorobotics. Science and Engineering
Ethics. 26(5). pp.2533-2546.
Barsky, A.E., 2017. Social work practice and technology: Ethical issues and policy
responses. Journal of Technology in Human Services. 35(1). pp.8-19.
Coin, A., Mulder, M. and Dubljević, V., 2020. Ethical Aspects of BCI Technology: What Is the
State of the Art?. Philosophies. 5(4). p.31.
de Mattos, C.A., Kissimoto, K.O. and Laurindo, F.J.B., 2018. The role of information technology
for building virtual environments to integrate crowdsourcing mechanisms into the open
innovation process. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 129. pp.143-153.
Huang, H.Y. and et.al., 2020. Health‐related quality of life of patients with colorectal neoplasms
in China: A multicenter cross‐sectional survey. Journal of Gastroenterology and
Hepatology.
Mendoza-Fong, J.R. and et.al., 2018. Role of information and communication technology in
green supply chain implementation and companies’ performance. Sustainability. 10(6).
p.1793.
Oros Klein, K. and et.al., 2016. Gene coexpression analyses differentiate networks associated
with diverse cancers harboring TP53 missense or null mutations. Frontiers in
genetics, 7, p.137.
Saeidi, P. and et.al., 2019. The impact of enterprise risk management on competitive advantage
by moderating role of information technology. Computer Standards & Interfaces. 63.
pp.67-82.
Selviyanti, E. and Sardjono, W., 2020, May. Measuring maturity level of information technology
governance at the television broadcasting company. In Journal of Physics: Conference
Series (Vol. 1538, No. 1, p. 012045). IOP Publishing.
Swirsky, E.S., Gu, C. and Boyd, A.D., 2020. An ethical framework to nowhere. The American
Journal of Bioethics. 20(11). pp.30-32.
Tong, Y. and et.al., 2020. Can natural language processing help differentiate inflammatory
intestinal diseases in China? Models applying random forest and convolutional neural
network approaches. BMC medical informatics and decision making. 20(1). pp.1-9.
Zhang, X. and et.al., 2018. A low-power wide-area network information monitoring system by
combining NB-IoT and LoRa. IEEE Internet of things Journal. 6(1). pp.590-598
9

10