Introduction to Safeguarding Studies Assignment 2022

Running head: NURSING
Introduction to Safeguarding Studies
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Introduction- Safeguarding is a term commonly used in Ireland and the United
Kingdom, in order to explain measures that are taken with the aim of protecting the welfare,
health and human rights of people, particularly young adults, vulnerable adults and children.
Safeguarding helps the target population to live free from any kind of neglect, harm and
abuse (Metzler et al. 2017). Vulnerability refers to the state of being exposed to the
opportunity of being injured or attacked, either emotionally or physically (Bajotto, Garcia and
Goldim 2017). It has been found that professional carers place an emphasis on protection,
empowerment, prevention, partnership, proportionate responses, and accountability, while
safeguarding children and vulnerable adults (SCIE 2018). The case scenario involves a
Pakistani family, residing in the UK since the year 2011. In this assignment, we will reflect
on the case scenario, in relation to the principles of safeguarding.
Overview- The Siddiqi family are Pakistani immigrants living in the UK. There are
five members in the Siddiqi family, with a husband, wife, two daughters aged four and five
years, and a paternal grandmother. The father Mr. Siddiqi has some English proficiency and
is seldom at home since he works for long hours at a convenience shop during the day and as
an Uber driver at night. His wife Mrs. Siddiqi is proficient only in Urdu and Punjabi and does
not have any other relatives in the region. The family resides at a rented property and both the
children Nahal and Eman are sent to a primary school. Their paternal grandmother Mrs.
Awan had been recently admitted to the hospital, following a fall incident from the staircase
that resulted in a fracture in her leg. The children are proficient in English and help their
mother communicate by translating information for her. However, of late, the children have
started reporting dishevelled appearance, with exchanged uniforms and reports of sleeping
during the class. In addition, Eman has been found crying inconsolably, while leaving her
mother’s side. Not only has Mrs. Siddiqi been suspected to have bruises, the grandmother’s
carer has also talked about her client’s nervousness and anxiety while being around Mrs.

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Siddiqi, in addition to bruises on the arms. The residents have also complained about
shouting, verbal abuses and banging from the house. On analysing the case scenario, we can
suggest that the environment at home is not beneficial for the health and wellbeing of the
family members, particularly the children and the paternal grandmother. It is imperative for
the classroom assistant to act in the best interest of the daughters, while providing fostering
an environment that addresses their physical and emotional needs (Spencer, Griffin and Floyd
2019). Under circumstances as these, when people are made aware of any suspicions or
allegations of injury to a child, they should immediately report the concerns to the relevant
contacts and administrative officials. However, prior to reporting the incident, the classroom
assistant must listen to both Nahal and Eman in order to relieve their stress and
apprehensions. Hence, it can be stated that both the mother and the paternal grandmother are
experiencing domestic abuse, and the children are a witness to the incident. This suggests that
the family relationship is highly dysfunctional.
If the case scenario is identified to be a matter of urgency, it is also necessary to refer
the children to the police or social services, who might enter the premise and remove the
children from their mother, followed by relocating them to a safe region for 72 hours
(Donnelly 2019). There are several child abuse investigation units available that would
generally adopt the responsibility of investigating the case. However, the adults involved will
always be requested to attend the safeguarding meetings, in order to provide them the
opportunity to present their views and opinion on the matter. Under circumstances when the
victims do not want to remain in contact with the apparent perpetrators, the police might get
the latter arrested and prosecuted (Davies and Biddle 2018). However, in this case, the
children are not in a state to exercise their rights, and do require the love and care of a mother
during their growing years. Therefore, if feasible, the mother and father will be offered
advice, services and information, in order to prevent further instances of abuse.

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Legislation and policies- The UK Government describes the term ‘safeguarding
children’ as the procedure that focuses on defending children from all kinds of neglect or
abuse, besides averting impairment of their development and health. In addition, safeguarding
also ensures that the children are living in situations consistent with the endowment of safe
and operative care that empowers them to have finest life chances and successfully enter
adulthood (Ratcliffe et al. 2020). Had the situation occurred in 1920, the circumstance would
have been different since stringent legislation and policies were not in action at that time.
The gradual change from conventional child safety to an all-encompassing method
was mediated by the original safeguarding children report by the Joint Chief Inspector in
2002, in addition to the Victoria Climbié Inquiry in 2003. The Joint Chief Inspector in 2002
is intricately associated with the case scenario since it identified the fundamental
responsibility that all agencies have towards ensuring the children are protected jeopardies of
further harm (Burton and Revell 2018). The murder of Victoria Adjo Climbié by her great-
aunt and the latter’s boyfriend also resulted in a public inquiry, thereby bringing about major
changes in child protection policies. Owing to the findings that agencies that had been
involved in the care of the victim miserably failed in protecting her, the Every Child
Matters programme was designed with the aim of enhancing the lives of affected children
(Woolley 2017).
The Children Act 2004 would guide the intervention since it aims to put in place
different services that are meant for young adults and children, and also deals with day care,
child minding, adoption, and private fostering. Moreover, the Act also adopts a child-centred
outlook and comprises of world-wide as well as directed and specialist services (HM
Government 2018). Its relevance to the case can be associated to the fact that the act focuses
on incorporation of services, plans and evidence to empower the mind of young people to be

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recognised early to allow opportune and suitable intervention before the necessities become
more acute (Fisher and Hutton-Baas 2017).
Another relevant legislation is the Care Act of 2014 that had been enforced to
overhaul the prevailing 60-year-old legislature concerning social care in the UK. Since we
have identified the paternal grandmother and the mother to be at risk of harm as well, the act
will prove significant in ensuring that the local council promotes their wellbeing, besides
enabling them to access independent monetary advice on their care subsidy (Johnson and
Boland 2019). The Section 42 of this act requires all local authorities to make necessary
investigations if they believe an adult to be at a risk of neglect or abuse. Relevance of this
section 42 to the case study can be accredited to the fact that reports of bruises in both the
mother and the paternal grandmother indicate domestic abuse (Morgan 2019). Hence, it is
imperative for the local authority to identify conduct an impartial enquiry, following which
they are expected to respond to established facts that hint at abuse or violence. The Mental
Capacity Act had also been enforced with the aim of protecting and empowering individuals
who do not have the mental capability to make their own choices about treatment and care
such as, those suffering from dementia, learning disability, brain injury, stroke, sudden
accident, or mental disorder (Harper, Davidson and McClelland 2017).
The Children Act 1989 is also pertinent to this case since it presented the notion of
parental responsibility and stated that welfare of a child is supreme when making any
conclusions about a child’s rearing. The act also makes it mandatory for the court to
determine the wishes and emotional state of the child, and not give an order, unless it is
beneficial to the child. Section 17 of this act ensures that it is the common duty of all local
authorities to promote and protect the welfare of all children who are in need, while
promoting the upbringing these children (HM Government 2018). The case scenario reaches
the threshold for section 17 since it makes it necessary for the authorities to ascertain the

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wishes of the child, in relation to provision for services, while providing due deliberation to
such feelings and wishes. Considering the case suggests that the children are not living in a
secured and protective environment, the section 17 focuses on considering children to be in
need if they are unlikely to maintain or accomplish a reasonable range of development or
health (NSPCC Inform 2012). Under section 47, when the authorities have sensible cause to
predict that a child is suffering or at a danger of substantial harm, they are supposed to make
investigations to decide whether the child’s welfare must be protected or any action must be
taken. This calls for the need to initiate strategic discussion with the local authorities. Some
other legislation and polices that are intricately associated to this case include the Human
Rights Act 1998, Children's Commissioner for Wales Act 2001, Adoption and Children Act
2002, Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009, Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and
Learning Act 2009, and the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (NSPCC
Inform 2012).
Assessment- There were around 71 children (under 15) who died in 2017 due to
assault or undecided intention in the UK, with 62 deaths in England. On an average, the death
rate of children was 65 from 2013-17 and there were roughly 98 children homicides in 2016-
17 in the UK, with at least one child getting killed each week. The report also stated that 42%
child homicides are committed by parents or step-parents and around 93 deaths that account
for 47% occurred owing to maltreatment (NSPCC Knowledge and Information Services
2019). Findings from the Prevalence Survey Report also suggest that around 2.6% people
aged more than 66 years, residing in private households have been subjected to mistreatment
from a care worker, family member or close friend, with neglect, financial abuse,
psychological abuse, and physical abuse being most common (O'Keeffe et al. 2007). In
addition, women and those having poor socio-economic conditions demonstrate an increased
likelihood of being mistreated, compared to their male and affluent counterparts.

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Furthermore, there were an estimated 102,970 persons with investigations under the Care Act
Section 42, and the most prevalent were acts of omission and neglect, thus accounting for
34% risks. Moreover, around 106 Asian individuals per 100,000 population were associated
to Section 42 during 2015-16 (NHS Digital 2016).
A core component of safeguarding assessment is to identify if there is any neglect
occurring, the type of neglect, and the situations for the children and the vulnerable adults.
On using the seven-stage model of assessment, we were able to identify that domestic abuse
and child neglect are prevalent in the family with most of them having serious implications.
While the bruises on Mrs. Siddiqi and Mrs Awan provide an indication of the domestic abuse
they are continually subjected to, the dishevelled appearance of the children, their lack of
concentration at school, and emotional upheaval suggest neglect. This has created substantial
impact on their independence, wellbeing and health since neglect severely impacts the
functioning of brain of a child, thus increasing risk of mental disorders, memory impairment
and suicidal ideation at later stages. Furthermore, domestic abuse not only encompasses
physical injury but also causes psychological disturbance, the effects of which can be serious
(Carthy and Holt 2016). Emphasizing on the strengths and positives in the life of a child
plays an important role in enhancing outcomes by developing a fostering a protective
network surrounding them. The amount of individual resilience is typically associated to the
intrinsic features of a person, and resilience can be built if the children live in a secured
atmosphere where they are able to develop a sense of belonging and have high self-esteem,
competence and worth (Center on the Developing Child 2015).
According to the Caregiver Stress Theory, maltreatment typically occurs when the
family members who look after a disabled or impaired older adult fail to sufficiently manage
their caregiving accountabilities (Pickering, Yefimova and Maxwell 2018). Since the elderly
victim remains extremely reliant on the caregiver, the latter becomes overawed, frustrated

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and unmannerly, owing to the incessant caretaking stresses impersonated by the elderly
individual. Some risk factors that have made Mrs. Awan subject to abuse are: (i) old age, (ii)
impaired mobility, (iii) dependence on caregiver, and (iv) no source of income. This provides
an explanation for the domestic abuse suffered by Mrs. Awan, from her perpetrator, Mrs.
Siddiqi. The resilience matrix given below identifies the vulnerabilities, protective factors,
adversity and resilience of the children.
Figure 1- Resilience matrix
Role of school and local authorities- Schools play an indispensable role in guarding
children from abuse. Schools maintain regular connection with young people and children,
thus are in a strong position for detecting signs of neglect and abuse. In relation to the
reported concerns, the school is expected to create a safe environment for the children by
implementing stringent safeguarding policies, while ensuring that all employees, together
with volunteers do not pose any danger to the children (Stephenson 2017). Moreover, the
school must also guarantee that the staff are well-trained in reporting safeguarding concerns,
while showing adherence to existing policies. Not only will the school play an important role
Resilience
Intelligent
Good self-esteem
High IQ
Sociability
Language proficiency
Capability to respond
Protective factors
Attachment with mother
Good school
Presence of grandparent
Good rapport with teachers
History of positive behaviour
Vulnerability
Worried and frightened about mother
Witnessing abuse at home
Young age
Minority status
Immigrant status
Adversity
Lack of attachment with father
Domestic violence
Poor care and nurture

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in teaching children about remaining safe, but will also foster a setting where the children can
feel self-assured to approach the staff, on facing certain problems (Acik, Deakin and Hindle
2018).
The classroom assistant is accountable for identifying children like Nahal and Eman
who require extra assistance or are suffering. It is imperative for the assistant to have sound
awareness of the organisation vision and actions that are considered acceptable. The assistant
must have adequate understanding about the safeguarding/child protection policies and code
of conduct, in addition to being aware of the fact that safeguarding issues can become
noticeable due to peer on peer exploitation as well. According to the Department of Health
(2013) healthcare support workers are expected to remain accountable for their actions, while
promoting and upholding the rights, dignity, health and wellbeing of their clients, and
fostering collaboration with colleagues. The code of conduct also makes it necessary for the
workers to respect the right to confidentiality of the clients, and makes it necessary to
promote diversity, equality and inclusion. The assistant must also show compliance to
Section 175 of the Education Act 2002 that promotes the development of arrangements for
promoting the welfare of all children. Furthermore, she must also realise that information
sharing is vital for operative protection of children and young people and indispensable for
successful recognition, assessment, risk administration and service provision (HM
Government 2018).
Local authorities have statutory accountabilities for protection of both children and
vulnerable adults. The Care Act 2014 makes it mandatory for the authorities to reduce risk of
harm and neglect to those with needs and also highlights the significance of increasing public
awareness such that, the entire community strives to identify, prevent and respond to neglect
and abuse (Department of Health 2014). The local authority must also ensure that the roles
and accountabilities of persons and organisations are clearly explained and that the vulnerable

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adults are able to access conventional community safety measures. The Children Act 2004
also requires the local authorities to launch a Safeguarding Children Board. They are also
expected to coordinate local work to defend and endorse the welfare of children, while
providing training to the staff, investigating allegations, cooperating with social care services,
and developing steps to confirm a coordinated reply to unforeseen child deaths. The concerns
will be reported to the Multi Agency Safeguarding Hubs and to the police. Multi Agency
Safeguarding Hubs (MASHs) have been developed for enhancing the manner that local
safeguarding corporations deal with child safeguard recommendations (Londonadass.org.uk
2019). A MASH team encompasses several practitioners, still working at the local authority,
probation, police, and health services, nonetheless co-located at one office. Its primary role is
to advance the effectiveness of decision making and information sharing between different
agencies, at the earliest (Home Office 2014).
Interventions and multidisciplinary working- Common interventions for child
maltreatment will encompass examination of child abuse concerns by the child protection
organisations, family counselling, and clinical treatment of their psychological and physical
injuries. We must refer the children to self-help services and also work towards creating the
provision of services and goods such as, respite care (Pizzey et al. 2017). If the perpetrator is
found to be threatening to the health and welfare of the children, they will also be removed
from the home. Multi-agency working will also provide support to the school staff for
making opportune referrals. Early intervention would also encompass engaging the children
in school-based programmes for enhancing their social and expressive skills (Office of the
Public Guardian 2009).
For promoting the wellbeing and safety of the vulnerable adult, security measures like
personal alarms, telephone and pager, and entry devices must be installed. There must be a
formalised agreement for supervising them continuously, in addition to engaging them in

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activities that increase their confidence and self-esteem. Family group conferencing, referral
to domestic abuse support services, neighbourhood watch, referral to advocacy service, and
therapeutic support will also prove effective (Cooper and Bruin 2017). According to Working
Together 2018 the safeguarding partners must encompass three agencies namely, clinical
commissioning groups, local authorities, and chief officers of police. Multidisciplinary
working team consists of a group of social workers, psychiatrists and health professionals
who coordinate their efforts with the aim of diagnosing, treating, and effectively planning for
the children and their family members who are in need of welfare services (HM Government
2018).
Principles and ethical issues- The principles that guide safeguarding are (i)
empowerment, (ii) prevention, (iii) protection, (iv) proportionality, (v) accountability, and
(vi) partnership. These principles state that all children and adults must be encouraged and
supported to make own decisions. In addition, they also highlight the importance of
transparency and accountability in safeguarding practice, apart from representing and
supporting those who are in need. Therefore, empowering the children, their mother and
grandmother, while providing them protection services will improve their wellbeing. State
participation in safeguarding is manifested by a strain between the confidentiality of the
family and the acknowledged necessity to take steps to stop maltreatment to children (Wells
2019). Hence, protection of privacy is a major ethical issue in this case. Moreover, there
might arise the fear of being wrong and uncertain about neglect or poor parenting. Despite the
good intention of protecting the children and vulnerable adults, reporting the concern might
demand police action, and create a negative impact on their minds, thus violating the
principle of non-maleficence. Respect for autonomy might also get breached if the children
are forced to leave their house, owing to the harm they are subjected to (Welbourne 2019).

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Conclusion- To conclude, reassuring the healthy development and existence of
children and vulnerable adults is indispensable for cultures that strive to attain maximum
social, health, and economic potential. Avoiding early adversity, counting in child abuse,
domestic abuse and neglect, is vital, if these objectives are to be met. Communities, schools,
families, organizations, and governments must therefore be involved for preventing physical
and emotional harm to the target population. As a classroom assistance, it is therefore
necessary to identify the risks associated with the Siddiqi family, following which matters of
concern must be reported immediately, and the family must be provided services to
minimalize maltreatment and treat their suffering.

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