IoT in Health Care: Impact, Challenges, and Solutions

This article explores the impact of IoT on healthcare, including remote monitoring and health information systems. It also discusses the challenges and solutions to implementing IoT in healthcare, such as data collection and security concerns.

Running head: IOT IN HEALTH CARE
IoT in Health Care
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Abstract
The use of internet of things in healthcare such as personal healthcare, payment applications and
the industry itself has been increased across the world. At the same time, the use of internet of
things in healthcare is increasing the speed as well as quality of the services. Hence, most of the
IoT initiatives in healthcare industry revolved across the enhancement of care like remote
monitoring as well as tele-monitoring several applications. The IoT has an impact on every
industry. After discovery of internet, internet of things has been creating waves in every
business in the world. According to the reports of P&S market research, there is a complicated
growth rate of 37.6% in healthcare IOT industry between 2015 and 2020. It has been claimed
that the rise could have attribute to upped hand of remote monitoring healthcare system. It is able
to identify chronic life-threatening diseases. The report presents the concept of internet of thing
as well as the procedure of using internet of things connecting human services with healthcare
industry. In addition, several issues and challenge when using IoT in healthcare are discussed in
the present study. Literature review part deals with the current usage of IoT in healthcare
services. Implementation and use cases of IOT are presented in the study. The study presents
IoT based healthcare applications and reviewing the sate-of-the art network architecture or
platforms and applications as well as industrial trends in health care solutions. Moreover, present
paper analyzed different IoT security as well as privacy feature that consist of security needs,
threat models as well as attack taxonomies from perspective of healthcare. The process of
leverage by big data, wearable and ambient intelligence in healthcare context has been addressed
several IoT and e-Health policies along with regulations across the globe determining how they
facilitates societies as well as economies in terms of sustainable development.

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3IOT IN HEALTH CARE
Table of Contents
Introduction..........................................................................................................................3
Literature Review................................................................................................................3
Impact of IoT on Healthcare:...............................................................................................5
Health Information System and IoT:...................................................................................8
Issues/ Challenges/ Solutions..............................................................................................8
Integration: multiple Devices & protocols....................................................................11
Accuracy: Enormous amount of data............................................................................11
Aspects to Consider:......................................................................................................12
Future Research.................................................................................................................12
Advantages and disadvantages..........................................................................................15
Conclusion.........................................................................................................................18
References..........................................................................................................................20

4IOT IN HEALTH CARE
Introduction
The Internet of things is rapidly taking over domestic and international health care
industry. Healthcare is one of the necessary parts of life. However, steadily aging populations as
well as associated rise in chronic illness is placing an important strain on modern healthcare
systems (Laplante & Laplante, 2016). On the other hand, the demand for resources is minimizing
the pressure on healthcare. The process of monitoring patients with particular purposes like
aiding rehabilitation by making a continuous monitoring of progress of patients. In addition,
emergency healthcare systems have been detected as a possibility through associated works.
Various associated works have been surveyed particular areas as well as technologies to
IoT healthcare. The study makes a unique contribution in the process that addresses the key
elements of an end-to-end IoT healthcare systems. It is important to concentrate on the sensors in
order to monitor several health parameters short as well as long-range communication standard
along with cloud technologies. Various leading works regarding development of healthcare
systems are described. Hence, development of the recurring themes for the works a generic as
well as standardized model will be suitable for future works. There are several definitions
regarding internet of things exist.
Literature Review
Research in associate fields of work has shown that remote health monitoring is
considered as plausible. However, it is significant that the advantages it could provide in
distinctive context. Remote health monitoring process can be utilized in order to monitor the
process. The issues can be solvable and addressed in literature. However, the progress continues

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to be developed and continues for minimizing the disadvantages. It results benefited of remote
health monitoring service. Several researchers have detected possibility of internet of things as a
solution in healthcare service. However, rehabilitation after injury is a topic of specific interest in
the system.
The system decides the person for notifying as well as patients themselves. The
caregivers as well as family members along with healthcare providers like doctors are included
in it. On the other hand, the system aimed at detecting heart attacks that is built utilizing ready-
made elements as well as custom-antenna. ECG sensors are utilized for measuring heart activity,
processed through micro-controller. Thus, the information can be forwarded through Bluetooth
and smart-phone of the users.
SPHERE is considered as a system, which is under continuing the development that uses
wearable, vision-based as well as environmental sensors for general activity along with health
monitoring purposes. Researchers who are working on the project addressed that the machine
learning would have advantages to learn regarding conditions as well as making decisions related
healthcare of patients.
The existing systems would give highlight that communications are necessary. In various
existing system models as well as short term of communications like blue-tooth can be suggested
in order to translate sensor data to the smartphones that can be processed properly (Islam et al.,
2015). On the other hand, long range of communication like LTE is used in order to transfer
cloud storage database. Use of the sensors is connected to the process that makes high-
computing environment for cloud. Based on the recurring trends, it can be proposed in the
development of internet of things. Wearable sensors nodes are the things that can measure

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physiological conditions. On the other hand, the recommend sensors are helpful for measuring
the important signs such as pulse, body-temperature and respiratory rate.
Impact of IoT on Healthcare:
The healthcare industry is considered to be within the position of excessive despair. The
healthcare services has been more expensive over the recent years. Moreover, the rise of chronic
dieses around the globe. The purpose of the IoT has been an approach for reducing the cost of
the treatments though it cannot eliminate the fatal dieses at once. The IoT is able to track patient
health from remote locations like home or work place, thus reducing the cost of the treatment by
eliminating the hospital bills. The utilization of IoT within the domain of healthcare has greatly
increased around numerous IoT use cases. The complete application of internet of things is
considered to be a mutual profit for hospitals and patients. The healthcare centers can work more
complementally with the help of IoT technology and the patients can also get better treatment.
The benefits of the IoT are as following.
Continuous reporting and monitoring: Real-time tracking through the connected
equipment can save more lives of the patient during emergency situations such as heart attacks,
asthma, diabetes and many more. The real time patient health tracking is done using the sensors
embedded within the IoT device. The devices are connected to the smartphone of the users. This
smartphone stores the data into the local hardware and sends the data to the main server. This
way the IoT devices are always connected to the hospital Information System. These devices
collected various essential data from the human body. The user can access the specific
application, designed for the IoT itself, installed within the mobile phone to track records. The
latest smartphones are very powerful and have tremendous storage capacity, the IoT applications

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can be more flexible and realistic. The physicians can have a separate application installed within
their mobile device which can fetch patient health related data from the hospital server.
The health related data transmitted to main server are such as blood pressure, blood sugar
level, ECGs, oxygen, weight and many more. The main server used in the hospital is installed
within a cloud architecture. The cloud with IoT has been a great approach for healthcare
industry. The cloud allows remote data storage and access which is the many key part of health
data tracking.
Affordability and End-to-end Connectivity: Healthcare Mobility Solution has been a
great way of automating the work flow of patient treatment within the paradigm of IoT. The IoT
is continuously enhancing, introducing new ways of providing better treatment to patients, hand-
in-hand with the next generation patient healthcare services (Islam et al., 2015). The Internet of
Things is mostly known for its device to device communication, data transmission,
interoperability, information exchange and many more factors that has positive part to make the
patient treatment more effective.
The connectivity standards like ZigBee, Bluetooth LE, Z-wave, Wi-Fi and many more
recent released standards are changing the way of communicating IoT device with patient device
or directly to patient healthcare management system. The process of spotting illness has been
more efficient and accurate due to use of better communication standards. The patient receive
better solutions for ailments. The cost of the treatment has been reduced due to the use of
technology. The best thing about the IoT approach is that costly equipment and services like
servers, communication mediums can be used by all the patients at the same time, which reduces

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the overall cost of operating an IoT, enabled treatment process. The hospital equipment and
doctors are free to handle the critical cases only that recue the service cost also.
Data Collection and Investigation: The access to cloud has a great part in the extensive
data collection process within IoT based healthcare paradigm. Because of the use of real-time
data processing, the IoT all the devices connected to the main server, sends huge amount of data
to the cloud for storage. The cloud architecture used within the patient healthcare management
system decides how much data can actually be stored at a time (Fernandez & Pallis, 2014). The
rest of the data either gets dumped or stored in the local device for later storage processing.
Instead of focusing on the conventional data storing process, the IoT based systems uses the
cloud to rectify and examine the data that results in reports and graphs. The visualization of data
provides better understanding of patient health and also reduces the need to store all the raw data,
collected from the device. In addition to that, the healthcare processes permits the hospitals for
obtaining essential healthcare analytics. Moreover, it also provides the healthcare organizations
the data-driven insights of patient’s health. These formatted, restructured and accurately
visualization of data allows the hospitals to make better and accurate decisions regarding patient
treatment.
Alerts and Tracking: On-time alert is considered to be an essential factor in saving lives
of the people in critical conditions. The IoT devices collects and shares the data among the
doctors and hospital in real-time. This makes the tracking process more efficient. In the other
hand, the response from the doctor’s end can be send to the patient in real-time. The patient
receives various alerts regarding degradation of their health which is calculated within the cloud
server.

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The above sections concludes that IoT devices allows hand-on treatment through
enabling tracking, monitoring and alerting in real-time. The accuracy of the patent treatment gets
better based on the data tracking quality. The patient care delivery outcome from the end of the
doctors increases.
Remote Medical Support: The biggest issue during the emergency has been the distance
between the patient and the hospital (Chen, 2017). Patients has been able to contact the hospitals
and share the latest health conditions with the doctor or hospital from any location as long as
there is internet connection. The doctors can check the patient raw data and the reports made
within the cloud to get proper idea of the patient health. Based on the understanding of the
situation, the doctor provide suggestions. The hospital system can also suggest the patient to take
drugs to reduce the pain of bring the situation under control until ambulance arrives.
Health Information System and IoT:
The health information systems uses the EHR or electronic health record. This
technology is used for storing the patient data within the hospital. The doctors and other users
working under that specific hospital can only use these data. The IoT collects the data and
transmits these data to EHR system. The EHR system rectifies those data and store the required
information only. This way the report and graph storing within cloud data storage and raw data
storing can be achieved simultaneously.
Issues/ Challenges/ Solutions
IOT in healthcare provides many benefits in the sectors, ranging from being able to
monitor patients more closely to utilizing generated data for analytics. The data flow also

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generates many casualties and risks in the health sectors. According to mike nelson, vice
president of the healthcare solution at Digicert, this new risks and vulnerabilities are vital and
hard to avoid in some case (Xu et al., 2014). This issues consist of possible harm to the patient’s
health and safety, loss of PHI and unauthorized access to system and devices. IOT changes the
typical methods which are followed by the healthcare industry to diagnosis, monitors, and treat
patients. Although the global value of IOT is estimated to reach $ trillion by the year 2020. The
main challenges occurs for the collection of vast amount of data. Large amount of data is
collected by many connected devices which could be pose quite a bit of challenge. Though in
recent years, the development of IOT in the healthcare industry can be defined as huge success
(Lee & Lee, 2015). The curiosity over wearable sensors and other health related devices which
are available commercially and peoples are also adopting this technology to maintain good
health. Experts also considering many other opportunities in remote health monitoring system for
management, recording and gain clinical access to patient’s physiological information. Now, it is
not hard to imagine the days where people does not have to consider daily check-up by attending
to their personal physician or other health sectors. The check-ups can be done by the data
provided by the inexpensive wearable devices. The wearable devices can record and monitor
user daily activity in terms of calorie gain or loss and many more. This sensors will continuously
record this data and transfer this to the health care sectors.
The healthcare sector remains among the one of the fastest adopting industry of internet
of things. The cause for this trend is integration of IoT features into medicinal devices that can
enhance quality as well as effectiveness of service. It brings high value for patients with chronic
conditions and requires continuous supervision. As per some estimation, spending on healthcare
IoT based applications will reach to $ 1 trillion by 2025.

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For an example, Kaa is one of the leading open source IoT platforms. It allows OEMs as
well as healthcare system integrators in order to develop cross-device connectivity as well as
deploy smart features into medical devices as well as associated soft ware systems. Health care
related organizations are developing hardware and software products. It has selected integrating
e functionality of Kaa into products that are able achieving IoT goals in faster and less expense.
The organizations have benefits for implementing IoT applications. Hence, complete addressing
the mission critical nature, the use of internet of things in healthcare along with the requirement
of organizations for complete control over lifecycle of the product.
Physiological data which are acquired by the wearable devices consist of many critical
circuits and energy preservation system. This wearable devices poses some difficulties which
could be turn into vital problems. The devices must be small, light-weight and should not be
create obstruction the patient’s activity and movements. They also needs power preservation
system to operate which must be fixed in the small devices. Additionally, the battery needs to be
rechargeable or replicable. It is highly desirable that the battery must work without any
replacement for a extend period of time. There are certain challenges occurs regarding low
energy operation requirement in terms of the noise ratio and achievable signal (Islam et al.,
2015). The recent flexible are showing promising results as they are wisely connected to the
skin as it helps to gain information from the body effectively. Although the personal identifiable
data can be removed before transmitting the data to any secure source, the system also pose
many challenges. It can infect with any aggregate disclosures attacks to extract any personal
information about the user. This data can be compromised through network analysis from
concentrator to mobile back from concentrator to mobile back haul. However, the data can be
protected thorough proper encryption.

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Privacy is one of the main concern of the user when using any device. Most of the
healthcare facilities stores this individual data in cloud. According to the terms defined by
accountability act and the health insurance portability, the confidential data such as medical
report of individuals has to be protect from expose (Fernandez & Pallis, 2014). If this
information are compromised the individuals can face many threat. Though there are many
secure cloud storage framework to ensure secure data storage, the protected medical information
processing on the cloud relics an issue.
Integration: multiple Devices & protocols
The variety of many devices in the same system is another obstacle for the effective
execution of IOT in healthcare. The challenge occurs in ensuring the effective communication
among this devices (Da Xu et al., 2014). The problem caused as many manufactures do not have
any particular set of framework to communicate with numerous devices. Usually they does not
follow any predefined protocols and standards. Variety of mobile devices across the world
generating conflicts while collecting continuous data form the individuals. Different protocols
and standards adopted among several manufacturers pose complication in the development of
accumulating the data. The lack of uniformity among the associated medical procedures also
considerably decreases the opportunities of scaling the utilization of IoT in healthcare.
Accuracy: Enormous amount of data
Even though the development of aggregating and collecting information generates many
complication, healthcare IOT is accountable for gathering enormous quantities of valuable
information. This information can be utilized to gain many benefits (Chen, 2017). This data
consist of individuals health record can be useful for the mutual knowledge and insights imitative
from it. However, deriving the insights from the enormous amount of data is very critical and

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challenging without sophisticated analytics programs and data experts. The identifications of the
desired and actionable insights is also crucial. This identification process is also generating many
challenges as the amount of data grows. This vast amount of data is impeding decision-making
and reducing the eminence of the decision-making. The anxieties associate with the overgrow
amount of data are increasing withy the amount of associated devices that incessantly assemble
and produce big data.
Aspects to Consider:
In order to gain the most advantage from the IOT applications, there are certain aspects to
focus. The associated devices and supporting processes have to function as a joint system to
ensure security (Bhatt, Dey & Ashour, 2017). If one of the parts does not work properly. The
whole system will fall and in worst case, personal data can be compromised. Though, the
adoption of IOT in healthcare is overgrowing, very view stand up to discuss the present
encounters which are frequently ignored while describing welfares of digital health application.
There are certain aspects to consider in order to avoid this challenges:
 Emphasize integration capabilities with focus on IOT.
 Ensure adequate encryption measures taken throughout all development stages.
 Establish the type of information requires to be collected by the IOT devices and apps in
order to produce optimal value to each one of the users and stakeholders.
Future Research
The technology of IOT is to gather information, stores them and shares the information in
real time over the cloud, it is one of the most promising technology of the future. This helps in
the processing of the data’s in a more accurate way, thus making some of the most valuable

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challenges in the future of the medicine and health care (Barnaghi et al., 2012). The ongoing
global market of the IOT or the internet of things has grown to the most valuable market among
the world. Recent studies have revealed that the value of the market have increased from $41
billion to more than a $160 billion figures in the recent years. This number reveals that how
much technology is getting adapted with the health care facilities of the world. The use of the
IOT has taken over in every unit of healthcare market and the value of the things is increasing
with days. It can be said that in the recent future the entire healthcare units can be run with the
help of the IOT. The main units that can have a well impact by the internet of things are
production of the machines clinical care, remote controlling, medicines, Quality of the goods,
Transit management , Drug development, better outcome in surgeries.
 Clinical care: The hospitalized people always needs more and more intensive care, the
IOT can help in the process of maintaining the data of intensive care data monitoring
(Gubbi et al.,2013). The real time data monitoring data can help to observe the patients in
a better way.
 Production: In the present times, pharmacy company’s research came up with results that
nearly 30% of their revenues have been in the R&D of the drugs that are been produced.
The IOT can help in the process of the research and the development of the drugs. The
data that are used by the research of the IOT are more accurate than the data that are
researched by the human beings (Islam et al., 2015). Thus, it can be stated that the use of
the IOT in the production of the drugs and the research purpose are very much useful for
the pharmacy countries.

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 Quality: Quality of drugs being produced is one of the major question in the field of
healthcare. The IOT can help in checking the quality of drugs and medicines that are
being produced.
 Early prevention: The IOT can store huge amount of the data from different sectors, thus
making it possible to analyse patients in a better way. There can be human errors, and
also humans cannot analyse human amount of data (Yuehong et al.,2016).The machines
can store huge amount of data and the IOT can be very much useful in gathering the
information and using those data for better monitoring of such data.
 Transit management: In certain cases it has been seen that sensitive medicines requires
very much sensitive conditions for the purpose of the transit. The IOT can help in this by
controlling the seasons in the pods that helps in transportation of the medicines. As the
IOT access minimum amount of the electric charges.
 Drug development: There are many of the drugs that are produced in severe conditions
that are not healthy for the human beings, the IOT can help in the process by maintaining
the processes of the making drugs (Da Xu, He & Li, 2014). Also, the automated
techniques in the process of making the drugs by optimum the process of the making of
the drugs.
 Surgeries: The surgeries can be called some of the most complex situations for any
human being. It can be said that in near future the robots in collaboration with the
Internet of things can take over the entire method of the surgical processes (Pang et al.,
2015). Using the IOT will not only increase the efficiency of the processes of the surgery
but also can reduce the cost of such treatments.

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One of the other major question that comes up in the minds of the many of the critics that
why the use of the IOT is useful in the field of the healthcare and medicines. IT can be said there
that are various needs and reasons that the IOT must be used in the field of the healthcare and
the. Some of the specific reasons are:
 It helps to turn the data into actions: In recent future, quantified health is going to be one
of the most hit topic. It is very much reason able to use the technology for the purpose of
measuring the health, as it uses the advance technology of the internet of things.
 It will help in the purpose of preventing care: prevention has become one of the major
area of focus for the medical agencies (Singh, Tripathi & Jara, 2014). IOT can help in
this by collecting the maximum amount of the data in real time and using them for the
purpose of the prevention system cares.
 TO advance: The IOT in the healthcare systems are opening up new pathways for the
healthcare system (Kulkarni & Sathe, 2014). The procedures or things that were thought
to be unfeasible in recent past generation are now extensively used due to introduction of
the IOT in the field of the health care.
Advantages and disadvantages
The IOT or the internet of things has various different applications in the healthcare, the
range is starting from the monitoring remote to the sensors that are smart and the integration of
the medical device. This has the ability to provide the patients to stay healthy and safe, but it also
has the potential to improve the delivery care of the physicians as well. The IOT in the health
care improves the engagement of the patients and provide the satisfaction for the patients. So that
the patients will more engage with the doctors and will get the improved health care for them.

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There are various kind of obstacles that are related with the IoT in the health care system. There
is a lot of things that are impossible or tough for the management of the hospital to manage. The
amount of the data that are collected from the numerous amounts of patients and from the
doctors are huge and controlling of the data is very hard for the IT of the hospital to manage
properly. The security of the data is another challenge that is faced by the management of the
hospitals as the size of the data is huge. In the report we will further look at some applications of
the IoT in the healthcare.
The IoT health care has several benefits of the IoT is there and there are several
disadvantages of the IoT in the health care is present. Though the IOT in the health care is not
that much wide spread but in the upcoming years this will grow more and more. The IoT take
care of the safety and the health of the patients. For an instance, the hospitals are now a day
using the sensors for the purpose of the security (Chen, 2017). The babies who are newly born
are provided with a wrist band that consists of such sensors that can track the location and it is
wireless. If any of the new-born will take to the exit door then the all elevators will stop
automatically and the doors will be locked, and immediately a notification will be sent to the
management of the hospitals. The benefits that are gained from the internet of things in the
health care are not limited to the application related to the medical applications. Many of the
technology are implemented on the hospitals in the recent years. While the internet of things in
the health cares system provides many advantages there are several challenges too that are to be
faced by the IoT health care. Day by day the technologies in the industry are increasing among
modified. This technology is also implemented to the hospitals and the other health care systems.
Hence, the management of the hospitals and the other health care systems people have to be
updated with the time and they have to know that how to handle the technologies. For using

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these technologies, the people have to be efficient enough and have the capacity to learn quickly.
If the medical devices are operated efficiently and effectively then it will be beneficial for the
patients and for the completely health care system. Another challenge that is raised with the
internet of things in the health care system is associated with the cyber security (Bhatt et al.,
2017). The amount of the data is very high in the system of the health care and for that a proper
security measure is need to be taken care of. There are many cyber-attacks that are happening in
the current time which breaches the data of the health care system. To prevent this kind of cyber-
attacks the hospitals have to install a good and updated antivirus and firewalls that will prevent
the cyber-attacks.
OpenAPS is one of the closed-loop insulin deliveries. It is a fascinating area in IoT
medicine in the open source initiative. OpenAPS stands for open pancreas system. Use of the
data feed from CGM as well as Raspberry Pi computers, own software completes loop as
constant alter of the amount of insulin.
On the other hand, activity tracker is used while doing treatment of cancer patient. The
trackers help in logging activity level as well as fatigue level that appetites being logged in direct
way. Thus, the use of a variety data collected is considered as obvious method that makes
diagnosis as well as treatment (Bhatt et al., 2017). Collected inhaler is the immediate utilization
of the processes. For an instance, Novartis is an undertaking connected inhaler research with
both propeller health and qualcomm in health developing inhalers for chronic obstructive
pulmonary diseases.
In addition, ingestible sensors are a proteus digital health as well as ingestible sensors.
On the other hand, in the particular case, the pill dissolves in stomach as well as generates a

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small signal picked up by sensors. Connected contact lenses are the applications of IoT.
Depression-fighting Apple watch app is an example of internet of things. Takeda is one of the
testing uses of IoT. The app was developed and designed in order to monitor and evaluate
cognitive function with trial set in order to analyze the process of comparing with traditional
testing as well as self-evaluation during reporting mood as well as cognition. Coagulation testing
is first devices for anticoagulated patients.
With the help of this, it can be resumed that internet of things has taken reins as well as
people enjoying personalized attention for health needs. Real time location service is helpful in
this case. It is important to use real time process as well as track the devices utilized for treating
patients (Bhatt et al., 2017). The medical staffs may keep the particular devices out of the areas
that makes difficult for finding medical staffs on scene. The technology sets the platform for
healthcare industry within the next years. The healthcare IoT has become a popular market with
several potential obtaining competitive advantages.
Conclusion
The data consists of health information of the patients and the information is very
confidential so any kind of data breach will affect the personal life of the patients. In the future,
the health care system will see many more technologies and the devices introduced for the
diagnosis of the human body and for the treatment of the patients. The medical devices that are
embedded to the IoT make the communication directly with the implants that are possible.
Several applications of the IoT health care are very surprising. The doctors are able to see the
location of the patients by the sensors by wireless technologies. The industry of the health care
need to take care of the budget and at the same time the infrastructure had to update. For these

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we have to thanks the connection between the devices that is possible for the internet of things in
the health care. The main objective is to improve the quality of the medical care for the patients
and it has to done by spending as much less money as possible. By spending small amount and
have, the high infrastructure is the goal of the management of the hospitals. The patients
experience is enhanced by the implementation of the IoT healthcare. The IoT health care
improves the management of the disease with the help of the health care provider’s real time data
that is able to monitor the patients continuously. Any disease can be spot before the disease is
spread and become more serious for the patients. The IoT allows the accurate collection of the
data, it is automated for the flow of the work and the waste is minimized.

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