IoT Smart City: Challenges and Implementation

This report discusses the implementation of IoT in smart cities, its benefits, challenges, and risks associated with it. It also covers the problems faced by smart cities and the literature review on the concept of smart cities.

IoT Smart City
[Name of the Author]

ABSTRACT – IoT or Internet of Things is a growing topic for discussion in every aspect of life. This concept has a great
effect over the way we live and how we work. IoT is the term which encompasses everything which is connected to the internet.
Along with the term IoT is also used for defining the objects which “talk to each other”. The simple definition of IoT is that it is
a simple concept of computing that can be sued for the purpose of describing the idea of connecting each and every physical
objects which are connected to the network and are capable of being making themselves identifiable for other devices. The
usage of IoT has been adopted at a large scale basis in almost each and every field. This technology makes the lives of people
and their works very easy. This report is mainly discusses about the various implementation of IoT in cities. Cities making use
of IoT or smart cities have been discussed in this report along with the problems faced by this technology. The span of smart
city is over several IoT domains and this might include the transportation, energy, and many more. Smart cities generally starts
with the infrastructure, which is associated with the welfare of the public and this, might include the supplying of clan water,
safe gas, efficient public lighting and many more. However, along with benefits there are also some risks associated with the
implementation of IoT in smart cities. This report would be discussing about the major issues related to the use of IoT in smart
cites.
Keywords: IoT, Dempster Shafer Theory of Evidence, SPARQL,
RDF, Web ontology language or the OEL IBM projects SCRIB
1. INTRODUCTION
Smart city generally refers to the urban area, which is
associated with collection of electronic data by making use of
different sensors or better to say by making use of IoT devices
for managing the assets and the resources in an efficient way
[1]. This collection of data is generally done from the citizens,
assets or from devices, which is then processed and analyzed
to monitor various things going on inside the city. However,
along with benefits, there also exists certain challenges and
this mainly includes several things like the technical
challenges, privacy and security challenges and many more.
The total process of urbanization is closely related to the
development in an economic way.
Due to the fact that Internet of things has become a
worldwide trend, and also due to the manufacturing of smart
products by many companies started to offer smart products
which are generally Computerized and is based on Internet
connection so It is expected that in the near future, especially
with IPv6, the use of IoT by people will increase along with
the demand as well. There exists many challenges that is faced
by the IoT technology in the smart cities. Some of the major
challenges involve the attack by hackers, data ownership risks
and single point failure. There always exist a confusion
amongst the data owner’s weather to store data in local servers
or on the servers of the trusted vendors. But in both cases
there exists a risk of hacking. There is no existing mechanism
which is fully protected against hacking. Along with this the
security system which is totally based upon a centralized
controlled system always faces the risk of failure. The best of
avoiding this risk is by having an USP or uninterruptible
power supply so s to help the system keep in running state
whenever a cut in the power supply is. Another way of
protection is by having a miniature server for each house so
that it can act as a backup whenever an emergency arises.
This report mainly discusses about the usage of IoT devices
in cities so as to make the life of people much easier. Along
with the advantages there also exists some disadvantages.
Different types of electronic sensors are used for the
collection of data which helps a lot in easy management of the
assets and the resources efficiently. The data is mainly
collected from the citizens of the city, various devices and
assets. These data is then processed and analysed for the
purpose of monitoring and managing traffic along with the
transportation systems, power plants, network of water supply,
waste management, law enforcement, information systems,
schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.
The convergence of the IoT technology and smart city
technology has led to the generation of big data along with
development of techniques like artificial intelligence or AI.
2. PROBLEMS OR CHALLENGES
Despite of the cities seeking to become smart cities series
of challenges and concerns are raised by the applications used
in the smart cities. Some of the problems faced by smart cities
are listed below:
Overloading of the sensors: All smart cities are based upon
the data. And if data is needed then there also exists the need
of a sensor [23]. The sensors are capable of measuring the
temperature, patterns of the traffic, traffic for foot, quality of
the air and integrity of the infrastructure and many more. The
number of sensors are increasing day by day so the amount of
data are also increasing. This might give rise to a situation
when the sensors would be overloaded when sufficient
number of sensors are not present.
Power: Installing of numerous amount of sensors also
requires lots of power. The current energy paradigms is not
capable of providing to so many sensors [25]. Smart city can
be considered as a sci-fi fantasy without any wireless power.
Leakage of privacy and sensing of data: This is another
problem in the IoT based smart cities. Smart cities are
vulnerable to leakage of privacy due to various reasons, which
might include interference from an outsider. Because private
information is collected, transmitted and processed, there
might exist many areas where the security of the private data
might be compromised [26]. The private information might
include identity of the user, location of the transportation,
health condition, and many more. Therefore, it would be
major insight if the disclosure of privacy sensitive information
happens.

Privacy and the availability of the data storing and
processing: Despite of the competitive advantage provided by
the powerful cloud servers in order to store data and process
the information, there still exists the threats due to various
untrusted cloud servers [27]. In cases when the data of the
smart cities are in the clear texts while storing and processing
the data, then this type of data is directly reveled to the servers
of the cloud. Encryption or sending cipher texts to the cloud
servers might protect the data from any kind of threats.
Despite of the fact that this method is capable of preventing
any type of unauthorized cloud servers to get access of the
collected data, the processing of the encrypted data can be
done in an effective way while performing various types of
analytical operations for the smart cities [28]. Another
challenge is possessed by the computational overheads
regarding the efficiency, and this happens mostly when the
volume of data is very large. One of the challenging issue
related to securing of the data of the smart cities is faced
during the processing and accessing of the controls.
Trustworthy and Dependable Control: Smart cities consist
of a two way control flow and this flow is generally dependent
on the control system and the actuators so as to materialize
various operations that are generally determined by the control
center [29]. The most attractive targets of the attackers
includes the systems responsible for controlling and giving
feedback and this mainly includes the public and industrial
infrastructure. Some of the major attacks involve the Denial-
of-service attacks, spoofing attacks, malicious data injection
and many more and this attacks are responsible for biasing,
making the output incorrect or disabling of the management,
control and operations. The detection of all these type of
malicious attacks and misbehaviors is generally done by the
third party inspections and auditing [30].
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
The idea of smart city is considered to be new and can be
stated as the successor of the informational city, digital based
city and sustainable city. Caraglio et al. (2011) in their
literature review conceptualized the idea of smart cities and
mainly included the following
 enabling of the development of the culture as well as the
society by enhancement of the efficiency regarding the
administration and the economy,
 putting an underlying emphasis over the business oriented
urban development,
 focusing strongly on the goal of realizing the social
inclusions of various types of the urban residents in the
public service,
 putting an emphasis on the sign fact role played by the
high-tech as well as the industries for long term growth,
 having a perspective of paying close attention to the
functioning of the social as well as the relational capital
for the development of the city,
 Having a vision of taking the social and environmental
sustainability as one of eth important aspect of the smart
city [2].
Some other authors have been associated with pointing out
the necessary ingredients to form the composition of eth smart
cities [3][4][5]. In addition, this mainly includes the smart
economy, smart environment, smart mobility, smart people,
smart living and many more. It can be stated that the concept
of smart city has gone beyond the definition of the digital
cities, information cities and intelligent cities. This is mainly
due to the reason that smart cities contextualize the
technology, which is to be used in order to favor the whole
system, and the services provided to the people [5].
Marsal-lllacuna et al. (2015) discussed about the fact that
the experiences should be considered during the evaluation of
the smart cities [6]. The experience might be about the
environment friendly and livable cities, encompassing of the
sustainability along with the quality of life. In addition to this,
the course of the composition of eth technological factors is
also included in the previous experiences. According to
Lazaroiu and Roscia the smart city should also be capable of
representing the technological community, interconnection,
sustainability, comfort, attractiveness and optimized
operations of the municipal services [7][8]. The new reality
would greatly encourage the increasing of the number of
suppliers for the smart cities market. In addition, this would be
done by making use of the technology in order to manage the
urban services as well [9] [10].
Kramers et al. (2014) [12] later emphasized the work of
Schaffers et al. (2011) [11], which pointed out the fact that it
is necessary to have a smart city in order to have the following
things:
 Creation of a rich environment of the various broadband
networks, which would be supporting the digital
applications [11].
 Initiation of a large-scale participatory process for
innovation in order to create the applications.
There exists few cities, which has been associated with
appreciating the concept of smart cities, which they have also
applied at the row domain in order to enjoy the various types
of benefits and meet the needs of the city.
Nam and Pardo (2011) was associated with dividing the
smart cities into three different dimensions [13]. The three
different dimensions includes the technology, population and
lastly the institutions. According to this division made by the
authors investments made on these three dimensions mainly
aims at developing the quality of the life, promoting the
management of the natural resources. This is initially
associated with allowing the institutions to contribute in the
various innovative process and provide better service to the
citizens, strengthens the debates and involves the participation
of the politics [2].
According to Dizdaroglu and Yigitcanlast (2016) one must
consider into account the idea of the sustainable urban
development while studying the smart cities [14]. This would
help in better understanding of the term sustainability. Along
with this the above process can also be considered as a
process for change of how the resources are being exploited,
the directions in which the investments are being made,
development of the technology and lastly the institutional

changes. All this are consistent and the needs of the future as
well as the present. The term sustainability has gained its
importance from the 1990s [15]. This is associated with
denoting the relationship that exists between the social
economies and the environmental sustainability aspects
derived from combination of the indictors of each of the
components. The current vision is mainly associated with
addressing the three main issues and talk about the sustainable
cities [16].
After considering all the aspects Hiremath et al. (2013)
described the sustainable kind of urban development in order
to achieve proper kind of balance between the developments
of the urban areas and the protecting the environment [17].
This was done with a vision of equity in the process of
income, employment, shelter, basic information, basic shelter,
transportation, and social infrastructure in the urban areas. The
interest upon the spread of the smart cities and adjacent
concepts, which are associated with a number of factors. The
factors might include the following:
 Major portion of the population of the world who are
living in the cities.
 Changes in the climate
 Scarcity in the natural resources
 Globalization
 Increased rate of competition.
Along with this the cities also needs to provide services that
are much more improved and customizable [10].
Dhingra and Chattopadhyay (2016) stated that a smart and
a sustainable city is having certain goals, which are to be
achieved, and should be adaptable along with being reliable,
scalable, accessible and resilient [18]. The goals might include
the following:
 improved quality of life of the citizens,
 ensuring the fact that the growth is associated with better
employment opportunities,
 Improvement of the well-being of the citizens and this
would be done by ensuring the access of the citizens to
the social as well as the community services.
 Ensuring the fact that efficient service is delivered and
this would include the basic services and the
infrastructure like the public transportation, drainage
water supply and many more.
 Having the ability of addressing the climatic conditions
and the issues of the environment.
 Providing of regulatory and local governance
mechanisms, which are much more effective and ensures
the policies, which are equitable.
It has been observed that when the environmental issues are
being considered in the smart cities then the discussions
becomes much more political in nature and consider the
international resolutions along with the innovative solutions to
combat the various complex challenges. The author also stated
that there exists four major attributes of eth smart cities and
this mainly includes the (1) Sustainability, (2) Quality of the
life, (3) Urban aspects and (4) Intelligence. This four
attributes are analyzed four major themes and this includes the
(1) society, (2) economy, (3) environment and (4) governance
[19] [20].
Later the themes stated above was presented by Yigitcanlar
and Velibeyoglu (2008) and Yigitcanlar and Lonnqvist (2013)
by their idea regarding the knowledge based urban
development and this is another kind of concept which is
related to the development of the smart cities [21] [22].
Yigitcanlar and Lee (2014) also proposed a similar concept
like the one proposed above which is known as the smart-eco
city and this proposal mainly states that the cities should be
ecologically healthy and use advanced technologies along
with having an economically productive as well as
environment friendly efficient industries [23]. They should be
also having a responsible and harmonious systematic culture
along with an aesthetic and living landscape, which is
functional in nature.
In smart cities, the wireless sensor network acts as a major
source for generation of heterogeneous information. The
information that is generally generated by the various types of
sensor often overlaps along with being partial as well. In order
to tackle the challenges which are related the fusion of the
partial data acts as a major challenge in the research.
According to the Dempster Shafer Theory of Evidence which
was proposed by the Dempster and was later extended by the
Shafer is considered as an extension of the traditional
probability [31] [32]. This can be used for the purpose of
reasoning which occurs under certain conditions. In a similar
way, Tazid et al considered all the merits as well as the
demerits of the various combination rules, which are generally
used in the fusion of sensor data [33]. Yoon, and Suh and
Javadi et al. by making use of the Dempster-Shefer approach
made the fusion of the sensor data in the environmental
domains [35]. The proposed data fusion approach were
limited to the several devices along with their functionality for
a single smart city.
There also exists some Smart city projects like the “IBM
projects SCRIB” provides the definition of the smart city has
with respect to the semantic model. This is based upon the
data that has been gathered from different parts of the world.
Some standards are used for defining the SCRIBE ontology,
these standards might include the Common Alerting Protocol
and the national Information Exchange Model or the NIEM.
These standards address the issues related to heterogeneous
data in various smart city domains. In a similar way, the Smart
Santander project is also associated with evaluating the key
building blocks of the IoT and this mainly includes the various
interactions and the mechanism of the management protocol.
Various kinds of sensors would be used in different cities and
would be associated with exploiting the different applications.
Along with this the the development of the test bed would also
be helping in the exploitation of various Smart city domains
which might include the monitoring of the environment,
intensity of the traffic, and many more. Besides this the City
Sensor Project also aimed at improving the human
infrastructure which is existing and this initially helped in the
providing of better services for eth citizens by means of

exploitation of the available resources in a much more
efficient way. But this projects have a drawback which is they
are not capable of providing a detailed information about the
way they are being implemented. Additionally the semantic
model of eth project also does not specify the way in which
they would be incorporating the aspects which are uncertain in
nature.
After considering all this aspects it is suggested to use an
approach which is enriched semantically and is generally
inferred by means of the intelligent customized applications in
a smart city. Along with this the fusion approach which is
based upon the domains of the expert knowledge and the
process of reasoning which makes use of the Dempster-Shafer
theory of evidence. Therefore, it can be concluded that this
approach is the best, which would be well-suited for the
purpose of dealing with the various uncertainty in the
heterogeneous data for the smart city models. Along with this,
it is also seen that the data, which is generated by the IoT
devices, are heterogeneous in nature.
4. Methodology
The modern wireless technologies and the wireless sensors
network are to be implemented in the future Smart City
system, which would be providing powerful, flexible and
intelligent support for the peoples who would be living in the
cities. The figure that has been provided below shows the
proposed architecture of Smart city, which is known to be an
extension of the, previously restricted system. The process of
integrating the wireless sensor networks and the wireless
communication services has decided some aims and this
includes the real-time high-level context-aware customized
services, living environments, which would be much better
and improved utilization of the resources, which are available.
The sensory data that are deployed in the smart cities are
associated with providing the primary data for purpose of
generating the heterogeneous information. The information
that is generally provided by the sensor nodes is generally
collected by making use of the communication systems, which
are existing. Once the collection of the data is completed then
the processing and analysis of the data is done by means of
semantic web technologies the Dempster-Shafer combination
rule. The deploying of this architecture on the cloud platforms
can be used as a SaaS or software as a service.
Fig 1: Various Components of the Smart City
The architecture that has been proposed would be helping
in numerous ways. This system would also be associated with
serving as one of the intelligent platform for those who are
living in a smart society. Data is collected from smart city
domains and is combined which would be helping the
architecture in assisting the peoples in a smart manner. The
main steps that are to be followed for the purpose of
implementing the architecture is described below which starts
with the collection of the data and processing in order to make
them consumable by the web. After the conversion of the data
is completed into common factors then they are enriched
semantically by making use of the OWL concept. Which is
generally based upon the knowledge of the experts in the
domain. Besides this at the same level, the data which has
been collected are also processed by making use of the
Dempster-Shafer rules. This is done in order deal with the
uncertainty aspects of the semantic model. The main idea
includes the reorganization of the activities and learn the new
rules, which would be governing the activities. The new rules
would also be used for defining the knowledge of the semantic
models. This approach would also be used for defining the
services, which are customizable and would be providing the
feedbacks to the users at the end by means of alerts or
warnings.

Fig 2: Multi-Level Smart City Architecture
The figure provided above shows the primary sources of
the generating the information. The Raw data which are
generally sensed by the sensor nodes is sent to the Level 1
architecture of the Smart city by using the communication
service and this is further associated with performing
processing of the information in the future. The levels have
been discussed in details in the following section of this
report.
 Level 1: Collection of the data: The collected data is
stored for the purpose of further processing’s in this
level. The data is generally collected from various
types of sensors. Data is collected in different forms
and is then converted into a common format.
 Level 2: Processing of the data: In this level the
information which has been gathered from the previous
level is then summarized before the transmission,
analysis and fusion fusions in the next levels by suing
the web related technologies. The main objective
includes the conversion of the collected data into a
common format, which might include the Resource
Description Framework or the RDF. This is one of the
most common ways, which can be used in order to
exchange the information over the web, and this is also
associated with facilitating the sharing of
heterogeneous data and the integration for the different
smart cites [37]. This is also associated with defining
the metadata about the resources present in the web.
Along with this various software also might use the
RDF for the purpose of reasoning the operations in an
intelligent way.
 Level 3: Reasoning and aggregation of the data:
Semantic web technologies is associated with
exploiting the domain specific data which is based
upon the concepts as well as the relationship that exists
between the concepts. Web ontology language or the
OEL is generally used for the purpose of publishing
the ontologies. OWL is an RDF graph is built by
making use of the RDF and the ontologies. This is
associated with allowing the classification of the
individuals or the concepts, which are based on the
different classes. This also provides two types of
properties, this can be used in order to form various
relationships that exists between different classes, and
this includes the property of the data and the property
of the object. After the classification of the data is
completed, then it is further enriched with the experts
of the domain and the uncertain reasoning’s. here the
Dempster-Shafer would be used for recognizing the
activities and learn the new rules in the particular
domain of the discourse [36]. The Dempster-Shafer is
used for combining the data of the sensors from
various smart cities. This would greatly help in the
learning of the new technologies by making use of
uncertain reasoning, which would be assisting in
achieving an intelligent smart system. SPARQL is an
RDF query language which is used for the purpose of
query, retrieving and manipulating the data or the
record which are stored in the format of RDF. After the
database is used or provided in the form of RDF triples
then the SPARQL would be enabling the query and
retrieval of the data in the same format. Initially this
level would be motivating towards the fusion of
information at low level. The new rules, which would
be learnt by this process of extraction of the context
information at the high level from the raw data of the
sensors, would be stored. This would be used for
building up of the knowledge in the architecture of the
Smart city.
 Level 4: Alerts and control of the device: The data
which has been obtained from the level 3 can be used
by different web applications for various operating
condition which are intelligent in nature. The data,
which has been inferred, can be utilized in different
ways, which might include the input or the output,
messages, alerts and the warnings.
A very important role is played by the communication for
achieving the concept of the smart city. The figure which has
been provided below is associated with showing the
communication services which are existing and this is used in
a Smart city infrastructure which might include the 3G, LTE,
Wi-Fi, WiMAX and many more. The main aim includes the
connection of all sort of things, which would be helping in the
making of the life of the citizens more comfortable as well as
safe [38]. The combination of the smart city and the
communication technologies would be associated with making
the cities much more secure and provide a convenient
infrastructure for living in a better way.

Fig 3: The communication system in a Smart city
The figure provided below shows the customized services
present in a smart city. This can be better understood by the
use of an example that is in case of eth vehicle and the health
domains combination of the sensor data is done in order to
measure the impacts of the driver health parameters on driving
conditions.
For cases which involve the environment an administration
domain, the low-level information which is collected from eth
environment domain and includes thing like the temperature
and eth water level would be helping in driving the
customization of the high-level information. Whenever a high-
level customized information is combined with the services
related to city administration then it would be greatly helping
in the saving of lives. In a similar way for the industrial sector,
the context-aware services would be obtained by means of
heterogeneous fusion of the data and this would be greatly
helping in the creation of a safe working environment by the
workers of the factory.
5. Conclusion
A revolution has taken place in the idea of smart city and has
evolved totally into a new era assisted by recent developments
in the ICT which has combined the wireless sensor networks
and also the computer networks. The main aim of this report
includes the addressing of some of the services which are
customizable in a Smart city environment. This is generally
done by making use of the semantic modeling and the
Dempster-Shafere theory. Along with this by making of the
Dempster-Shafer approach in the architecture of smart city
would be helping in addressing the various uncertainty aspects
in the smart city and this would also help in focusing on the
important areas of the smart city environment. It has been
seen that that the IoT is associated with bringing various
changes in the daily lives of everyone. Which is initially
responsible for helping in making the lives of people much
easier and more comfortable. Various technologies and
applications are used in the smart cities for performing various
functions the usefulness of IoT is innumerable. However, with
the benefits there also exists some disadvantage of the IoT
while using it in the smart cities. It can also be concluded that
the real application of the IoT in the smart cities is still in its
infancy phase. However, the potential of the IoT has been
identified which initially not makes it much more hard to
imagine the services that would be provided in the future.
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