IoT Smart City: Challenges and Implementation

IoT Smart City
[Name of the Author]

ABSTRACT – IoT or Internet of Things is a growing topic for discussion in every aspect of life. This concept has a great
effect over the way we live and how we work. IoT is the term which encompasses everything which is connected to the internet.
Along with the term IoT is also used for defining the objects which “talk to each other”. The simple definition of IoT is that it is
a simple concept of computing that can be sued for the purpose of describing the idea of connecting each and every physical
objects which are connected to the network and are capable of being making themselves identifiable for other devices. The
usage of IoT has been adopted at a large scale basis in almost each and every field. This technology makes the lives of people
and their works very easy. This report is mainly discusses about the various implementation of IoT in cities. Cities making use
of IoT or smart cities have been discussed in this report along with the problems faced by this technology. The span of smart
city is over several IoT domains and this might include the transportation, energy, and many more. Smart cities generally starts
with the infrastructure, which is associated with the welfare of the public and this, might include the supplying of clan water,
safe gas, efficient public lighting and many more. However, along with benefits there are also some risks associated with the
implementation of IoT in smart cities. This report would be discussing about the major issues related to the use of IoT in smart
cites.
Keywords: IoT, Dempster Shafer Theory of Evidence, SPARQL,
RDF, Web ontology language or the OEL IBM projects SCRIB
1. INTRODUCTION
Smart city generally refers to the urban area, which is
associated with collection of electronic data by making use of
different sensors or better to say by making use of IoT devices
for managing the assets and the resources in an efficient way
[1]. This collection of data is generally done from the citizens,
assets or from devices, which is then processed and analyzed
to monitor various things going on inside the city. However,
along with benefits, there also exists certain challenges and
this mainly includes several things like the technical
challenges, privacy and security challenges and many more.
The total process of urbanization is closely related to the
development in an economic way.
Due to the fact that Internet of things has become a
worldwide trend, and also due to the manufacturing of smart
products by many companies started to offer smart products
which are generally Computerized and is based on Internet
connection so It is expected that in the near future, especially
with IPv6, the use of IoT by people will increase along with
the demand as well. There exists many challenges that is faced
by the IoT technology in the smart cities. Some of the major
challenges involve the attack by hackers, data ownership risks
and single point failure. There always exist a confusion
amongst the data owner’s weather to store data in local servers
or on the servers of the trusted vendors. But in both cases
there exists a risk of hacking. There is no existing mechanism
which is fully protected against hacking. Along with this the
security system which is totally based upon a centralized
controlled system always faces the risk of failure. The best of
avoiding this risk is by having an USP or uninterruptible
power supply so s to help the system keep in running state
whenever a cut in the power supply is. Another way of
protection is by having a miniature server for each house so
that it can act as a backup whenever an emergency arises.
This report mainly discusses about the usage of IoT devices
in cities so as to make the life of people much easier. Along
with the advantages there also exists some disadvantages.
Different types of electronic sensors are used for the
collection of data which helps a lot in easy management of the
assets and the resources efficiently. The data is mainly
collected from the citizens of the city, various devices and
assets. These data is then processed and analysed for the
purpose of monitoring and managing traffic along with the
transportation systems, power plants, network of water supply,
waste management, law enforcement, information systems,
schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.
The convergence of the IoT technology and smart city
technology has led to the generation of big data along with
development of techniques like artificial intelligence or AI.
2. PROBLEMS OR CHALLENGES
Despite of the cities seeking to become smart cities series
of challenges and concerns are raised by the applications used
in the smart cities. Some of the problems faced by smart cities
are listed below:
Overloading of the sensors: All smart cities are based upon
the data. And if data is needed then there also exists the need
of a sensor [23]. The sensors are capable of measuring the
temperature, patterns of the traffic, traffic for foot, quality of
the air and integrity of the infrastructure and many more. The
number of sensors are increasing day by day so the amount of
data are also increasing. This might give rise to a situation
when the sensors would be overloaded when sufficient
number of sensors are not present.
Power: Installing of numerous amount of sensors also
requires lots of power. The current energy paradigms is not
capable of providing to so many sensors [25]. Smart city can
be considered as a sci-fi fantasy without any wireless power.
Leakage of privacy and sensing of data: This is another
problem in the IoT based smart cities. Smart cities are
vulnerable to leakage of privacy due to various reasons, which
might include interference from an outsider. Because private
information is collected, transmitted and processed, there
might exist many areas where the security of the private data
might be compromised [26]. The private information might
include identity of the user, location of the transportation,
health condition, and many more. Therefore, it would be
major insight if the disclosure of privacy sensitive information
happens.

Privacy and the availability of the data storing and
processing: Despite of the competitive advantage provided by
the powerful cloud servers in order to store data and process
the information, there still exists the threats due to various
untrusted cloud servers [27]. In cases when the data of the
smart cities are in the clear texts while storing and processing
the data, then this type of data is directly reveled to the servers
of the cloud. Encryption or sending cipher texts to the cloud
servers might protect the data from any kind of threats.
Despite of the fact that this method is capable of preventing
any type of unauthorized cloud servers to get access of the
collected data, the processing of the encrypted data can be
done in an effective way while performing various types of
analytical operations for the smart cities [28]. Another
challenge is possessed by the computational overheads
regarding the efficiency, and this happens mostly when the
volume of data is very large. One of the challenging issue
related to securing of the data of the smart cities is faced
during the processing and accessing of the controls.
Trustworthy and Dependable Control: Smart cities consist
of a two way control flow and this flow is generally dependent
on the control system and the actuators so as to materialize
various operations that are generally determined by the control
center [29]. The most attractive targets of the attackers
includes the systems responsible for controlling and giving
feedback and this mainly includes the public and industrial
infrastructure. Some of the major attacks involve the Denial-
of-service attacks, spoofing attacks, malicious data injection
and many more and this attacks are responsible for biasing,
making the output incorrect or disabling of the management,
control and operations. The detection of all these type of
malicious attacks and misbehaviors is generally done by the
third party inspections and auditing [30].
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
The idea of smart city is considered to be new and can be
stated as the successor of the informational city, digital based
city and sustainable city. Caraglio et al. (2011) in their
literature review conceptualized the idea of smart cities and
mainly included the following
 enabling of the development of the culture as well as the
society by enhancement of the efficiency regarding the
administration and the economy,
 putting an underlying emphasis over the business oriented
urban development,
 focusing strongly on the goal of realizing the social
inclusions of various types of the urban residents in the
public service,
 putting an emphasis on the sign fact role played by the
high-tech as well as the industries for long term growth,
 having a perspective of paying close attention to the
functioning of the social as well as the relational capital
for the development of the city,
 Having a vision of taking the social and environmental
sustainability as one of eth important aspect of the smart
city [2].
Some other authors have been associated with pointing out
the necessary ingredients to form the composition of eth smart
cities [3][4][5]. In addition, this mainly includes the smart
economy, smart environment, smart mobility, smart people,
smart living and many more. It can be stated that the concept
of smart city has gone beyond the definition of the digital
cities, information cities and intelligent cities. This is mainly
due to the reason that smart cities contextualize the
technology, which is to be used in order to favor the whole
system, and the services provided to the people [5].
Marsal-lllacuna et al. (2015) discussed about the fact that
the experiences should be considered during the evaluation of
the smart cities [6]. The experience might be about the
environment friendly and livable cities, encompassing of the
sustainability along with the quality of life. In addition to this,
the course of the composition of eth technological factors is
also included in the previous experiences. According to
Lazaroiu and Roscia the smart city should also be capable of
representing the technological community, interconnection,
sustainability, comfort, attractiveness and optimized
operations of the municipal services [7][8]. The new reality
would greatly encourage the increasing of the number of
suppliers for the smart cities market. In addition, this would be
done by making use of the technology in order to manage the
urban services as well [9] [10].
Kramers et al. (2014) [12] later emphasized the work of
Schaffers et al. (2011) [11], which pointed out the fact that it
is necessary to have a smart city in order to have the following
things:
 Creation of a rich environment of the various broadband
networks, which would be supporting the digital
applications [11].
 Initiation of a large-scale participatory process for
innovation in order to create the applications.
There exists few cities, which has been associated with
appreciating the concept of smart cities, which they have also
applied at the row domain in order to enjoy the various types
of benefits and meet the needs of the city.
Nam and Pardo (2011) was associated with dividing the
smart cities into three different dimensions [13]. The three
different dimensions includes the technology, population and
lastly the institutions. According to this division made by the
authors investments made on these three dimensions mainly
aims at developing the quality of the life, promoting the
management of the natural resources. This is initially
associated with allowing the institutions to contribute in the
various innovative process and provide better service to the
citizens, strengthens the debates and involves the participation
of the politics [2].
According to Dizdaroglu and Yigitcanlast (2016) one must
consider into account the idea of the sustainable urban
development while studying the smart cities [14]. This would
help in better understanding of the term sustainability. Along
with this the above process can also be considered as a
process for change of how the resources are being exploited,
the directions in which the investments are being made,
development of the technology and lastly the institutional