Key Studies in Psychology

Key studies in psychology

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
SECTION A.....................................................................................................................................1
Sampling methods and participants............................................................................................1
Difficulty to generalize the results which has been produced by the sample.............................1
Outlining procedure of study......................................................................................................1
Evaluating 2 limitations of study................................................................................................2
Examining the findings of 1st experiment...................................................................................2
Evaluating advantages and disadvantage of experimental method.............................................3
Critically investigating how the staff of hospital respond to pseudo patients.............................3
Examining the key ethics of the study........................................................................................3
Evaluating how data has been collected and its limitation.........................................................4
Evaluating the improvement for study........................................................................................4
SECTION B.....................................................................................................................................4
The persistence of false beliefs...................................................................................................4
Analysis of a phobia of a five year old boy................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Psychology is referred to as the scientific study of the human mind and the functions
which mainly influence the behaviour of the individual. It is significant in effectively
understanding the behaviour and mind of the person. It is a multi-facet discipline and mainly
comprise of various idea of the study for the human development. This study comprises of two
sections. In the first section, answers specified to the articles has been demonstrated. In the
second section, strengths and weakness of the persistence of false beliefs.
SECTION A
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience.
Sampling methods and participants.
The key aim of the study is to analyse how far the individual would effectively obey the
instructions if the person gets involved in harming the other person. For carrying out the study,
the volunteers were recruited in order to carry out controlled experiment. The key participants of
the study were 40 males who has been aged between 20 years and 50 years. However, the jobs of
the participants comprise the range of unskilled to professional.
Difficulty to generalize the results which has been produced by the sample.
A controlled experiment tends to compare the results which has been gained from the
experimental samples which has been gained against control samples (Delgadillo, Asaria, Ali, &
Gilbody, (2016)). It is difficult to generalize the results which has been produced by the sample
because it might produce range of artificial results and also the result might apply to only one
specific situation and is difficult to replicate. As per the results, 65% of the participants has
sustained to high degree of 450 volts. Milgram has carried out more than one experiments where
18 variations of the study has been carried out. The situations has been altered in order to see
how it influence the obedience.
Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T., Pollozek, F., & Frey, D. (2006).
Outlining procedure of study.
The complete study is to mainly based upon the testing of the hypothesis where the psychiatrist
cannot tell the key difference between the individuals who are sane and who are insane. This
study is the key example associated with the field experiment. The manipulation i.e., the
independent variable has significantly made up the symptoms associated with the pseudo
patients. However, the diagnostic level of pseudo patients and psychiatric admission has
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eventually considered to be as the key dependent variable of the study. However, the participants
tends to significantly involve the participant observation. The first part of the study mainly
comprise of 8 sane people (3 women and 5 men) who has been attempted to take admission
within 12 different hospitals within the 5 states of the USA. The pseudo patients stated that, they
have been hearing unfamiliar voices of same sex as themselves (Brooks, (2015)). The voices
sounds like 'hollow', 'empty', 'thud'. These symptoms tends to arise from the key symptoms
which tends to have existential symptoms which has been significantly arisen from the major
concern associated with the meaningless of one’s own life. The pseudo patients in turn has been
given false name and the job. Other than that, all the information has been given true set of
details which mainly comprise of the relationship, general up and down associated with the one’s
own life and various event of history of life. After the admission of the patient to the psychiatric
ward, however the pseudo patient in turn has been stopped the symptoms associated with the
abnormality. The pseudo patients in turn has significantly took part in the activities carried out
within the ward. Every pseudo patients in turn has been asked to come out of the devices by
convincing the staff that they were completely sane. They pseudo patients has also took out time
to write notes based on their observations.
Evaluating 2 limitations of study.
 The hospital staff has been deceived. This is an unethical practice.
 The psychiatrist and the doctors can make a type- 2 error.
Loftus, E.F., & Palmer, J.C. (1974).
Examining the findings of 1st experiment.
The aim of the study was to effectively investigate on the ways where the memory of the
individual person can be influenced on the basis of post event information. The Lotus and Palmer
has effectively carried out two set of laboratory experiments. In the first experiment, the sample
consist of 45 under graduated psychology students were selected from University of Washington.
Both the samples within the study where the eyewitness testimony has been carried out using
opportunity sampling (Cooper, Quick, & Schabracq. (2015)). In this study, all the 45 participants
has been shown 7 film clips associated with varied traffic accidents which has originally been
made part of the driver safety film. The results associated with the experiment 1 examines that,
speed helps in estimating the speed of the participants after watching the video of the car cash.
The critical questions were asked with the given set of 5 verbs. However, the more inaccurate the
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