User Needs in Medical Device Design

This assignment delves into the crucial role of user needs in the design and development process of medical devices. It examines various models and theories, such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Matching Person and Technology Model (MPT), and the influence of external factors on user adoption. The focus is on understanding how user characteristics, perceptions, attitudes, and environmental factors shape the success of medical device implementation.

The Endusers perception of Selective medical
equipments at Eastern Province at KSA for five
hospitals
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................3
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................3
1.2 Statement of the problem ..........................................................................................................3
1.3 Aim of the study.........................................................................................................................3
1.4 Research objectives....................................................................................................................3
1.5 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................................4
1.6 Significant of the study..............................................................................................................4
1.7 Structure of the thesis ...............................................................................................................4
1.8 Scope and limitation of the study..............................................................................................6
1.9 Definition of terms.....................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................8
2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................8
2.2 Systematic reviews....................................................................................................................8
2.3 Summary .................................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................18
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CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
From human factors perspective, the development of high quality and well designed medical
equipments are taking place in medical field (Garmer, Ylven and Karlsson, 2004). The reason of
evaluation is providing good treatment to the end users and deliver well being to the community.
Increase number of diseases in society attracts the attention of medical professionals and it leads to
development of safe and usable medical devices. At present time, the end users perception towards
medical equipments has changed with the time. Perception of the service users describing how
customers views services and products of a firm (Ghulam Sarwar Shah and Robinson, 2006).
Conceptualization of end users influences their behaviour and it ultimately affects profitably of care
organizations. In Eastern Province at Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), hospitals are using different
medical equipments to diagnosis of diseases and provide care according to it.
1.2 Statement of the problem
End users are integral par of every industry and their perception help in development or
modifications in existing services. Many of the organizations are taking several steps to understand
the opinion of the services users so that they can bring the improvement in their product or service
(Money and et.al., 2011). Similarly, in health and social care, hospitals are using numerous kinds of
medical equipments such as mobile X-Ray, endoscopy unit, caughtary unit, defibrillator machines,
ultra sound unit etc. These machines are using for diagnosis of diseases of end users. The
satisfaction level of the end users with medical equipments has affect the services of hospital of
Saudi Arabia (Jorge and et.al., 2012). The deviation of customer perception from offering services
of care centres is causing a serious problems in today scenario. Therefore, it has important to know
about the service user perception towards some medical outfits so that healthcare service providers
can modify and deliver good care services to the patients.
1.3 Aim of the study
“To critically analyse the end users perception of medical equipment at Eastern Province at
KSA for five hospitals”: A case of Saudi Arabia.
1.4 Research objectives
 Understand the perception of medical user towards medical equipments.
 To understand the different aspects of end users perception at Eastern Province at KSA for
five hospitals.
 To explore the factors which affect the end users perception at Eastern Province at KSA for
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five hospitals.
 To compare the end users perception of medical equipments for five hospitals of Eastern
Province at KSA.
 To suggest the strategies to improve end users perception on medical equipments at Eastern
Province at KSA.
1.5 Hypothesis
1. End users are satisfying with medical equipments at Eastern Province at KSA for five
hospitals.
2. End users are not satisfying with medical equipments at Eastern Province at KSA for five
hospitals.
1.6 Significant of the study
The given research study holds significance for all hospital of Saudi Arabia for assessing the
end users perceptions towards medical equipments in order to take using service decisions (Medina,
2003). With the help of it, the health care organizations can understand the different factors which
affect the perception of the customers as well as their buying behaviour. Along with this, the
hospitals of Eastern Province at KSA determines the opinion and viewpoints for medical
equipments services of service users. Therefore, it has important to identified and measure
consumer perception towards the medical equipments facilities (Alemdar and Ersoy, 2010). On the
other hand, the learning from the following study also hold significance for hospitals and care
centres of other nations that wish to make or conduct a survey on identified end users perceptions of
medical equipment. With the help of this, they will able to improve their medical services and
satisfying them.
1.7 Structure of the thesis
The present research study will related to identify the end users perception on medical
equipments at Eastern Province at KSA for five hospitals of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the structure
of current investigation is as follows.
Chapter 1: Introduction – This chapter will deliver the information of background of the research.
It will include small description of end user perceptions, medical equipments and service users
perceptions of medical equipments (Garmer, Ylven and Karlsson, 2004). In addition to this,
introduction chapter will describe aim, objectives and hypothesis of study. Beside this, significance
of the research for the others, its scope as well as limitations of the study will also define. At the end
of following chapter, a complete structure of dissertation such as research-methodology, literature
review, data analysis and conclusion will mentioned (Ghulam Sarwar Shah and Robinson, 2006).
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These all subsections will help the researcher to identify the end users perception of medical
equipments at Eastern Province at KSA for five hospitals of Saudi Arabia.
Chapter 2: Summary of Literature review – The following chapter will deliver a complete
overview of conducting the research. It will summarize and access what has already been written in
the areas of end users perception for medical equipments. For the study, the different sources of
information will take into the consideration such as books, journals, articles, newspapers etc. The
statements and research of different authors in favour and opposite of end users perception on
medical equipments will include by the researcher in literature review.
Chapter 3: Methodology: Summary of Empirical Study – The chapter will define various
methodology that will used under the following study by the researcher (Bordens and Abbott,
2002). Research approach, strategy, data collection method, research design etc will include under
research methodology section. The justification of selection of all kind of research methodologies
by the researcher will also give under the following chapter.
Chapter 4: Presentation of Data Empirical Study – This section of dissertation help in justifying
the approaches which will used by the scholar during the research. The aspects will cover under the
following chapter are conceptual and theoretical framework, instrument of data collection, sampling
technique, target population, methods and tools of data analysis, reliability and validity test as well
as ethical considerations (Cochran, 2007). The analysed data will be represented by the scholar in
various forms such as table, figures, charts etc.
Chapter 5: Analysis of data – Here, the methodological tools will applied by the researcher to
identify the end user perception on medical equipments at Eastern Province at KSA for five
hospitals of Saudi Arabia. Along with this, the questionnaire will be analyse by the investigator with
respect to the aim of the study (Creswell, 2013). Different kinds of analysis tools will used by the
researcher to analyse the collected data and meet the objectives and aim of the study.
Chapter 6: Discussion and interpretation of the findings – Under the following chapter, the
researcher will interpret the outcomes. Along with this, the main key points of the analysis will be
draw out by the scholar and prove the hypothesis (Csikszentmihalyi and Larson, 2014). Beside this,
the results of five hospitals will compare and determine perception of end users on medical
equipments at Eastern Province at Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Chapter 7: Conclusion, implications and recommendations – This chapter will cover the
meaningful conclusion according to the findings of data analysis and discussion sections. In
addition to this, some recommendations will also give by the investigator with the respect of change
in end users perceptions on medical equipments at Eastern Province at KSA for five hospitals of
Saudi Arabia (Daniel and Sam, 2011).
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1.8 Scope and limitation of the study
The following study will related to identify the end users perceptions on medical equipments
at Eastern Province at Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The future scope of the present investigation is
very wide (James and et.al., 2006). This study is conducting for hospitals of Saudi Arabia by
including five medical equipments which are mobile X-Ray, endoscopy unit, caughtary unit,
defibrillator machines, ultra sound unit. In future, this research can be used by the other researchers
for different country hospitals. Along with this, by considering one medical equipments of care
centres, the end users perceptions will be determined (Babulak, 2006).
On the other hand, the researcher will face some limitations during conducting the
investigation (Garmer, Ylven and Karlsson, 2004). The first boundary will availability of less
previous researches on determine the end users perceptions on medical equipments with respect of
Saudi Arabia. This will create a difficulty for the scholar to gather the information on the particular
issue. Second limitation is it will hard to compare end users perception on medical equipments of
five hospitals. It will affect the findings of the investigation (Ghulam Sarwar Shah and Robinson,
2006). Rather than this, the other limitations that will face by the researcher are lack of experience,
lack of time, require huge amount of money to conduct the survey etc.
1.9 Definition of terms
The present research will based on identify the end users perceptions on medical equipments
at Eastern Province at Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In this regards, the different terms will be used by
the researcher during addressing the study which are as follows.
End user perception: It is refer to a process by which a service user select, organize and interpret
the various information with the purpose of creating a meaningful picture for a specific brand
service or product (Money and et.al., 2011). It the other words, end user perception defines how a
consumer view a particular commodity on his own opinions. Perception of the service users may
deviate from what is offering by a service provider to the community. The relationship between the
companies and its customers is not always based on prices and quality of the services (Jorge and
et.al., 2012). At the time of buying the services of an health care organization, a services user
evaluates the benefits of a particular service and compare it with other firms products. It leads to
bring the changes in the perception of the end users. Therefore, it has important to understand the
reasons behind change in customer perception with respect of healthcare services.
Medical equipments: These are used for particular purpose such as diagnosis and treatment of
diseases, rehabilitation during injury etc. It can either use alone or with the combination of other
accessories. Medical equipments are generally implantable and not easily disposable (Medina,
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2003). It is used in the prevention and treatment of illness as well as measuring or correcting the
function of body.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Literature review is a short summary of the research papers that include the various
information of similar study topic. It is considering as a secondary sources of information which a
new experimental work is not required. It include important information of the sources that assist
the new researchers to carry out entire investigation in appropriate manner. The major aim of
conducting a literature review for a research paper is to develop a new arguments so that it can be
easy to meet the objectives of the investigation. It works as a foundation for new study and support
for a new insights that a scholars wants to contribute during the research. The focus of literature
review is to summarize and synthesize previous ideas, opinions, arguments etc without adding new
information. It provide a handy guide to the new researchers for their study topics. In the case of
limited time to organize a research than literature review can be taken into the consideration. In this
situation, it gives an overview of various previous studies, articles etc so that an investigator can
conduct his study in more appropriate manner. The present research is to identified the end user
perceptions of Selective medical equipments at Eastern Province at KSA for five hospitals. In the
following literature review chapter, the various similar studies on the study topic will be consider
and an systematic review of all of them will be done. Along with this, it will also finds that the
whether the take previous literatures findings, methodologies, aim and objectives etc are suitable for
current investigation or not.
2.2 Systematic reviews
a.) Use of medical equipments in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
In Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, there are various types of medical equipments use in its
different hospitals with the aim of providing good treatment of the disease as well as well-being of
the community. With the time, medical industry start to introduced different medical equipments
and technology. The healthcare system of KSA can be divided in national national healthcare
system in which the government provides healthcare services through a number of government
agencies. The private sector participation increases with the time in the provision of healthcare
services. By seen the history of KSA, it has found that in 1949, the number of medical staff was
about to 111 doctors and less than 100 hospital beds. From the duration of 1949 to the 2015, the
Kingdom has made huge advancement in the health care sector. The number of doctors has
multiplied 25 times. In this context, the use of advance of medical equipments within the hospitals
has also raised by 30 time as compare to previous time. But the perception of end users regarding
them have varied because on their past experience or other people experience.
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b.) Previous studies on end user perception regarding use of medical equipments
Being healthy is an important part of human being life. In order to downcast end users
perception regarding the medical equipments during the treatment vary according to the nature and
characterization of people. Researchers within BMC has been acknowledged that E-Health is an
important information sharing tool in healthcare management across the world. It is develop with
the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) with the aim of supporting
health to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare management and information
delivery. E-health has potentially improved healthcare services and reduce professional isolation
from workplace. It enable healthcare professionals to access end users information and optimize
health interventions results. The positive attitude of healthcare professional towards e-health, they
have learned the new skills to use information and communication technology tools.
The title of the article is Knowledge and attitudes of doctors towards e-health use in
healthcare delivery in government and private hospitals in Northern Uganda: a cross sectional study.
In this context, the objective of the study is to determine the relationship between healthcare
professionals attitudes towards e-health, level of ICT skills and e-health use in healthcare delivery
in government and private hospitals in Northern Uganda. For conducting the following
investigation, the researchers were use cross sectional survey design as a methodology. For
sampling, 68 respondents were selected which has medical doctors. Three government hospitals and
four private hospitals of Northern Uganda participated had in the study. The instrument for
collecting primary information has pretested self-administered questionnaire prepare. For analysis
of collected data and get the outcomes, SPSS software version 19 was use.
From the investigation of collected data, it was observe that 39 out of the 68 respondents i.e.
57.4% use computer for information storing and sharing of patients. On the other hand, 29 out of
the 68 respondents i.e. 48.5% use internet for storing and sharing of information. Along with this,
from the observation, it has clearly found that many of the healthcare professionals had positive
attitudes towards e-health concept. The level of skills which had required to operate e-health and
other ICT tools in healthcare professional was moderate. But, attitudes toward e-health concept did
not made any kind of contribution in predicting the more or excessive use of e-health.
The findings of the analysis suggest that there is a need for hospitals management to
strengthen e-health services in healthcare services delivery in Northern Uganda. Along with this, it
can be summarized that there is a need of complete integration of healthcare systems of Northern
Uganda.
Medical equipments design for diagnosis, treatments and monitoring of diseases and
complexed medical conditions. With the up-gradations in technologies, it is also important to
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continuously educate healthcare professionals. For example, in the past time, mercury
sphygmomanometers use for diagnosis but now in the present time, it replace by mercury free
devices. It denotes development of technology in medical area. From the trends, it has found that
healthcare professionals stills trust on old medical equipments and use them to diagnosis, treatments
and monitoring of diseases. So, it is important to motivate healthcare professionals and change their
perceptions regarding the use of new medical tools and equipments as well as increase their
knowledge level. Another research was conducting by the researchers within College of Pharmacy,
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. It was based on Knowledge, Perception and
Attitude of Pharmacists, Nurses and Doctors about Home Care Medical Devices in Sharjah and
Ajman, UAE.
The title of selected article for systematic literature review is Knowledge, Perception and
Attitude of Pharmacists, Nurses and Doctors about Home Care Medical Devices in Sharjah and
Ajman, UAE. The following research was some objectives in which to gauge perception and
knowledge of targeted HCPs on the risk, usage, benefits, issues and perception on difference
between new and older medical equipments.
For carrying out the investigation in the right direction and to achieve the research
objectives, a cross-sectional survey design was use in terms of methodology. A questionnaire was
prepare by considering 34 medical equipments items. The responses were develop by considering
five point scale. The respondents were select for the experiment was nurses, doctors and
pharmacists community practices in Ajman and Sharajah. A sample size of only 89 out of 200
participants responded and complete entire survey. For analysing collected data, SPSS tool was use
by the researchers where Chi Square test was applying to determine any significant difference
between respondents responses regarding on a specific questions in the questionnaire.
The response rate was 44.5% because 89 questionnaires were return out of the 200. Because
of this, it can be assume that either healthcare professionals of Ajman and Sharajah are really very
busy or not interest to take a part in the study. Majority of the participants were responded in a
positive aspect towards the questions. This shows that HCP's is good practice for the patients. Along
with this, the evidence defines that many of the healthcare professionals like to use computerized
devices for treatments of the disease and diagnosed.
From the following study, it has concluded that the knowledge, perception and attitude of
Pharmacists, Nurses and Doctors about Home Care Medical Devices has needed to be change. It is
also suggesting that the healthcare professionals should use different computerized medical
equipments for diagnose and treatments of the patients and deliver good care services to them.
New innovation and advancement in technology bring the expansion and growth in medical
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industry. Introducing new medical devices help in good treatments of the diseases and deliver right
as well as quality healthcare services to the end users. But at the time of implementation of these
new innovative devices in healthcare organizations, various challenges face. For evaluating the
impacts of the challenges, an optimal method has require. For this, subjective and objective
techniques can be use. Both develops a base for the assessment of the introduction of new medical
devices within the healthcare organization. In this context, the researchers conduct an investigation
on interaction between objective performance measures and subjective user perceptions in the
evaluation of medical devices.
Another study which has been considered by the researcher for systematic literature review
is Interaction between objective performance measures and subjective user perceptions in the
evaluation of medical devices: A case study. The objective of the study is to determine the
interaction and concordance between objectives and subjective evaluation of new medical devices.
On the other hand, for carrying out the investigation, the researchers were use both objective
performance measures and subjective user perceptions for the assessment of a new medical
technology which has designed to improve the accuracy of gravity assisted in delivery of
intravenous fluids and compare it with the present and most widely use roller damp devices. A
comparative analysis was use for objective and subjective evaluation.
From objective assessment for the accuracy of intravenous fluid delivery, it has found that
there is a no difference between the two devices. On the other hand, subjective assessment shows
that new medical devices are more efficient and accurate as compare to old techniques. This lack of
concordance can be explained by using both demand and device characteristics.
From the above results of the following investigation, it can be said that there is a significant
discordance between both subjective and objective assessment process. Along with this, it has also
found that there are some reasons which are require to be consider at the time of adoption of new
medical devices without any objective evidence of benefits. The persuasive design has helped in
controlled the evaluation process and help in changing the perceptions of users regarding buying or
implement new medical devices with in the healthcare organization. It has also minimized the risk
and associated cost of purchasing of new medical equipments at premature introduction.
2.3 Summary
From the above systematic literature review of three different articles, it can be summarized
that these have created a base of conducting the present investigation on the basis of this. In this
context, the first article is relating to Knowledge and attitudes of doctors towards e-health use in
healthcare delivery in government and private hospitals in Northern Uganda: a cross sectional study.
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The objective of this study based on determine the relationship between healthcare professionals
attitudes in the direction of using different e-health ICT tools. Along with this, it findings defines
that doctors have positive attitude towards this medical equipments. So, the following article will
help the researcher in his new study because it meet first and fourth objectives of the investigation
in effective manner.
On the other hand, another research was based on Knowledge, Perception and Attitude of
Pharmacists, Nurses and Doctors about Home Care Medical Devices in Sharjah and Ajman, UAE.
The objective of this study was to understand perception and knowledge of various healthcare
practitioners on both older and new medical devices. On the other hand, the finding describes that
healthcare professionals needs to develop a good knowledge for using new medical devices by
having positive attitude. For the present study that is relating to understand the end users
perceptions on medical equipments, the following article will be helpful. The reason of preferring
this is it helps in understanding the perceptions of healthcare practitioners during the use of both old
and new medical devices. It will meet first, second, third and fourth objectives of the investigation
in very well manner.
Beside this, the article which has selected for systematic review is Interaction between
objective performance measures and subjective user perceptions in the evaluation of medical
devices: A case study. The objective of this is to compare objective performance and subjective
perception of the end users during the use of medical devices. The findings of this articles
represents that there is a significant discordance between objective and subjective assessments. So,
its results and other theoretical aspects will help the investigator to carry out its present research in
the right direction. The given article will help in achieve two objectives of present study which are
understand perception of medical users towards medical equipments and compare end users
perceptions regarding medical tools which are using in five hospitals of Eastern Province at KSA.
But there are some main limitations of the previous studies. All three have mostly focus on
analyse the attitude and knowledge of healthcare professionals towards the medical knowledge. In
the simple words, it can be said that the past researches emphasized on those end users who have
already a positive perception regarding the use of medical equipments. Therefore, the negative
perceptions of the customers related research has not considered for systematic review. Further, the
previous studies limited their scope to an examination of other medical devices like X-Ray,
endoscopy unit, caughtary unit, defibrillator machines, ultra sound unit etc. In response to this gap
in literature, the following study use some research models The theoretical framework of these
models related the present paper is explaining in next section.
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
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From the area of research on information system, there are various theories available to
explain the relationship between determinants that affect technology acceptance. The common
elements that affects technology acceptance are perception, attitudes, actual systems and beliefs. In
this respect, TAM is most widely use model in the field of information system to measure
technology acceptance level of the users. It develops on the basis of theory of reasoned action
(TRA). The following framework assist in motivating the users to adopt new technology by
explaining three concepts: perceived ease of use (PEU), perceived usefulness (PU) and behavioural
intention (BI) to use of information system. Both PEU and PU are beliefs which impact on intention
of use of technology.
The present study is relating to identify the end users perception of medical equipments at
Eastern Province of KSA for five hospitals of KSA. For proving the hypothesis and objectives of
the research, TAM model has used. According to this model, there are some external factors such as
user interest, beliefs, attitudes, perceptions etc. It has has affected the perceived usefulness (PU) and
perceived east to use (PEU). With the respect of the present study, both PEU and PU are come
under beliefs that impact of perception of the end users regarding the use of medical equipments in
hospitals. The combination of both of them defines the attitude of the users towards the use of
equipments. These have determined intention to use of medical devices by the end users such as
safety, easy to use, high resolution, better information about the diseases, easy to diagnose the
illness, provide good treatments to the patients etc. The terms after the use of TAM mode for the
present study are as follows:
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Illustration 1: Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
(Source: Babulak, 2006)

External factors: Interest, beliefs, attitudes, perceptions etc.
PU: End users
PEU: the degree to which an individual expects no physical and mental difficulties regarding the
use of medical equipments
A: Positive or negative attitude towards using medical devices
BI: Use of medical equipments
So, as per the above stated terms, TAM framework for the present study will be as follows:
Matching Person and Technology Model (MPT)
MPT is an organizational framework to assess and recommend successful use of different
types of technology for various people according to their conditions like disabilities, school,
workplace, education purpose, performing daily activities, for healthcare etc. In other words, it can
be said that with MPT model is a good tool analyse the needs of the person by considering the
characteristics of him and motivate him to adopt the technology according to it. From the given
below figure, it can be easy to understand the application of MPT. Under this, the following
framework has divided into three section protocol or questions, instruments and purpose.
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External factors:
Interest, beliefs,
attitudes,
perceptions etc.
PU: End users
PEU: the degree
to which an
individual expects
no physical and
mental difficulties
regarding the use
of medical
equipments
A: Positive or
negative attitude
towards using
medical devices
BI: Use of
medical
equipments
Actual use of
system

The present investigation is based to determine end user perception regarding the use of
medical devices at Eastern Province of KSA for five hospitals of KSA. With the analysis of MPT
model, assessment can be classified into three parts: protocol or questions, instruments and purpose.
In protocol section, some questions can be considered such as why is medical device needed, how
will they use, what these will help etc. On the other side, in instrument segment, the question can be
users environment and medical equipments, medical devices and its featured end user might prefer,
users characteristics and preferences regarding use of medical equipments. In purpose section, the
information can be related to evaluation to understand end user perception for medical devices,
match the characteristics of uses with equipments features etc. On the basis of this, MPT model for
the present study will be as follow:
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Illustration 2: Matching Person and Technology Model (MPT)
(Source: Money and et.al., 2011)

Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM 2)
The expanded model includes subjective norms as a casual antecedent of perceived
usefulness and as a predictor of intention to use a technology system. In subjective norms, it has
consist two different social forces voluntariness and image which influenced PU and BI. On the
other hand, the following model is four cognitive instrumental processes that are job relevance,
output quality, result demonstrability, and perceived ease of use and these influence PU.
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Matching person
and technology
Protoc
ol
Instrumen
t
Purpose
User
s’
envir
onm
ent
aequ
ipme
nts
matc
h the
chara
cteris
tics
of
users
Eva
luati
on
end
user
perc
epti
on
Ot
he
r
pu
rp
os
e
medic
al
device
s and
its
feature
d end
user
might
prefer
users
charact
eristics
of
medical
equipm
ents
Wh
at
thes
e
will
help
how
will
they
use
why
is
medi
cal
devic
e
need
ed

For the present investigation that is related to the find end user perception regarding the use
of medical devices at Eastern Province of KSA for five hospitals of KSA. On the basis of TAM2
model, it can be said that subjective norms define that a perception of a end users has different from
the other users regarding the use of medical equipments. It is a link between subjective norm and BI
because the users have different opinions when they have use same medical devices for the same
purpose. On the other hand, voluntariness defines as the extent to which end users believe an
adoption of perception for a particular medical equipments. Along with this, the social process
element i.e. image shows as the extent to which a user believes that technology of medical devices
only increase status of the healthcare organizations of KAS. Image is positively influence by social
norms because if the healthcare practitioners of hospitals believe in medical devices and know
about its usefulness then equipments use will change their perception as well as its end users .
17
Illustration 3: Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM 2)
(Source: Ghulam Sarwar Shah and Robinson, 2006)

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http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1862549
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