Leadership and Management in Non-Profit Organization

This report focuses on the leadership and management in the non-profit organization, specifically Australian Red Cross. It discusses the concept of leadership and management, methods of leadership and management, and their significance in non-profit organizations. The report also provides recommendations for effective strategies in leadership and management.

Leadership and management

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Aim...............................................................................................................................................5
Objectives.....................................................................................................................................5
Research questions.......................................................................................................................6
Rationale......................................................................................................................................6
Significance..................................................................................................................................6
Literature review..........................................................................................................................7
Concept of leadership and management......................................................................................7
Methods of leadership and management......................................................................................9
Leadership and Management in non profit Organization..........................................................12
Research methodology...................................................................................................................14
Research type.............................................................................................................................14
Research approach.....................................................................................................................15
Research philosophy..................................................................................................................16
Data collection...........................................................................................................................17
Sampling....................................................................................................................................18
Data analysis..............................................................................................................................19
Ethics..........................................................................................................................................20
Validity and reliability...............................................................................................................20
Research limitations...................................................................................................................20
Data analysis..................................................................................................................................21
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................40
Reflection...................................................................................................................................41
References......................................................................................................................................43
What Is Ethics in Research & Why Is It Important?......................................................................44
What Is Ethics in Research & Why Is It Important?......................................................................44

What Is Ethics in Research & Why Is It Important?......................................................................44
Abstract
The following report focuses on the leadership and management in the non – profit organisation.
This report provides detail information amount the leadership and management of Australian Red
Cross. Apart from this literature review and various researches methodology is being discussed
in this report.

Introduction
Leadership plays a critical role in any organisation whether it is a non profit organisation or the
aim of the organisation is to earn maximum profit (Golenskyand et.al2020). Leadership can make
or break the organisation. As the success of any organisation totally depends on the leadership
and Management. Management of the organisation is responsible for making various Strategies
and policies for the development of the organisation. But leadership is the one who executes all
the strategies made by management and it also motivated and courage the employees to perform
their work effectively in the organisation. Leadership is the key of non profit organisation as it
helps in meeting all the objectives and goals of the organisation so that organisation does not
have to face any kind of issues in the long run. Good leadership help the organisation to survive
in the competitive edge and also boost the morale of employees towards their work and assist the
employees to produce extraordinary work. The following report focuses on the leadership and

Management in the non-profit organisation. Non profit organisation is those businesses which
gets fund by the internal revenue service’s because the main motive is to provide social care and
concern for the people not to earn profit. Non profit organisation works dedicatedly for the
benefit of public. They run their day to day operations with the help of donation and charity. As
leadership and management has to face a lot of challenges in the non-profit organisation that
leaders and managers need unique skills and qualities to manage the non-profit organisation.
Management of non-profit organisations wants that every people who is participating and your
organisation they should work dynamically so that organisation must fulfil their objectives and
provide as much services to the needy ones and public. Leaders of this organisation communicate
with the employees and provide them all the details about strategies which have been maintained
by the management of the organisation and create a voluntary contribution so that they can
provide advance and modern services to the society and help the society to develop more.
Management of non-profit organisation makes the organisation stable in the market and also try
to get more funds from various investors and those people who continuously provide donations
and charities so that management can provide all the necessary things to their employees as well
as to people. But the objective of Management can’t get fulfilled in the absence of proper
leadership. Leadership helps each and every employee of the organisation and also they may
produce all the necessary information about the goals of the organisation and how they can
produce encouragement and motivation among the employees is also depends on the leadership
of the organisation. So the entire report focuses on non profit organisation gold Australian Red
Cross (Hines, 2017). Australian Red Cross Society is a humanitarian and community services
charity. The Australian Red Cross provides a variety of services including International aid cross
the Asia Pacific region, migration support, Blood Donation and various community services. So
the entire report focuses on the management and leadership of Australian Red Cross so that the
main objective of this non profit organisation can be fulfilled by providing number of services to
the public. This report provides detailed information about various methods of leadership and
Management adopted by this organisation. This report provides literature review research
methodology and various research approaches.
Aim
The aim of the study is the Leadership and Management in non profit Organization on Australian
Red Cross.

Objectives
 To develop understanding about the concept of leadership and management.
 To identify methods of leadership and management.
 To analyse Leadership and Management in non profit Organization.
 To recommend effectual strategies of leadership and management to Australian red cross.
Research questions
 What is the concept of leadership and management?
 What are the methods of leadership and management?
 What areLeadership and Management in non profit Organization?
 What are the strategies of leadership and management to Australian Red Cross?
Rationale
Rationale of this study provides various information about the leadership and Management in the
non profit organisation. The main objective of this study is to develop proper leadership and
Management in the organisation so that this organisation can easily sustain in the market and
achieve their objective. This study also provides information about the importance of leadership
as well as management then only the organisation can achieve all the success. The main focus of
this study is to develop understanding about the leadership and Management so that people can
understand how leadership and management both are important for the success of any business
whether it is a profitable organisation or non profitable organisation. This study provides various
methods of leadership and management so that this non-profit organisation can implement such
methods and provide more Customer services to the people. Is report also recommended various
effective Strategies for leadership and management to the Australian Red Cross so that they can
encourage and motivate their employees to provide more extra ordinary services to the customers
and specially for those people who are in need.
Significance
This study provides broad detail about the management and leadership in the nonprofit
organisation. So this report will help the other organisations to make certain Strategies and
policies and by following such policies they can Obtain their goals and objectives. Apart from
this, the following report will help the other researchers and Scholars who want to conduct
research on the same topic. This research will help this organisation as well to further develop the
leadership Strategies and also different methods so that this organisation do not have to run

without proper management and leadership because leadership provides encouragement and also
it motivates the employees to perform some extraordinary work and develop more services.
Apart from this other organisations who want to start any nonprofits work and if they want to
provide various work and services to the public they can also take help from this report.
Literature review
Literature review refers to the survey various scholarly sources selected topic. Literature review
helps in providing overview about the present knowledge and also it allows various theories
methods to the researcher.
Concept of leadership and management
According to Shumate and et.al (2018 )leadership is all about influencing and motivating others
and changing their behaviours. Leadership helps the people and encourage name towards their
goals physically the main motive of leader ship is to make people ensure that what is their
objective and goal and why they are working. So leadership is the one who influence and
motivate people to achieve their and goal and become successful in their life. But leadership is
incomplete without followers. But on the other hand management is totally different from
leadership. Management is a continuous and old age concept where all the managers of the
organisation create various policies plans and Strategies for the organisation so that in future
organisation can obtain the set objectives and goals. In the favour of thisStewart (2018) states
that the main motive of management is to ensure that all the employees of the organisation must
follow all the rules and norms and their complete the entire given task on the given time duration.
So that organisation can obtain success. On the other hand leadership is a continuous process
through which a person can influence others to fulfil and publish their goals and objectives.
Anyone can become a leader if they have proper willpower and desire to influence others. Apart
from this managers are responsible for getting things done by their teammates and different
people. Main work of manager is to provide various trainings and guidance to the teammates and
people of the organisation so that they can complete their given task on a given deadline and they
can improve the work quality and productivity as well. Leadership and Management are two
terms which frequently considered as synonyms. It is very difficult to understand that leadership
is more important than the effective management or not because both leadership and
management are incomplete without each other. Today is also a crucial component of
Management because leadership create a work environment where employees can produce

excelling work which is needed by the organisation. Manager of the organisation should have
traits of a leader then only it can guide and train their teammates. Manager also so have
influencing power so that all the teammates and people who are working under their management
can successfully complete all the tasks and targets. The main job of manager is to lay down All
The structures and authorities and also provide responsibilities to the employees that they must
possess and complete all the given task on the other hand leader is responsible for providing
direction and also I need to communicate the mission vision and objective of the organisation so
that employees can perform all the work effectively. According toLi,(2019 )the main objective of
management is to focuses on planning organising staffing coordinator and controlling on the
other hand leadership a very important part of directing functions of the management. On the
other hand leadership put more emphasis on listening and building a strong relationship with
employees so that they can encourage teamwork in the organisation. Manager gets the authority
and reputation by their position on the flip side leader gets the authority by followers. If the
leader has lots of followers people will listen to them and also follow the instructions and
guidance provided by the leader to them. Basically leadership polis proactive approach to
motivate and encourage employees on the other hand management follows a reactive approach
and we have to provide feedback on the work which is being done by the employees so that it
any drawback and descriptions are found they can overcome them.
As per the views of Ndalamba, Caldwell and Anderson (2018) leadership is the vital part in the
organisation. as effective leadership skills can also help the company to achieve the objectives.
So it is necessary that leaders should have possess effective leadership skills as the world is very
competitive so to be in the competition, leaders must be efficient and they will be efficient only if
they have leadership skills. As this skill will help them to manage the team effectively. As
handling team is not the easy work because it require patience, collaboration, cooperation etc.
When leaders are handling team then they have to face various problems so they must have
problem solving skills. As through this skill they can solve each and every problem or hurdle
which is faced by their team members. Skills which include problem solving, decision making,
communication, analytical, presentation skills etc are all comes under the leadership skill. As
leader must have all these skills.
As it is called that effective leaders is the one who can handle their team and motivate them to
achieve the goal of the organisation. so leadership skill guides leaders that how they can manage

their team. As managing team is not easy, it requires knowledge and necessary skill set.
Leadership is the part of management only. Leadership is the ability through which they
influence the team so that goals can be attained. Leaders are also able to understand market
trends that is why they help management in making such strategy so that can take competitive
advantage. As in today’s world competition is increasing. So if company want to beat the
competition then they require effective leaders. Effective leaders can be attain by providing
required training to the leaders. So that they can achieve advanced knowledge and build skills so
that they can control their team efficiently.
Zubek, (2020) stated that management is more important than leadership. No organisation can
formed without proper management. As management have the power to control the functions of
entire organisation. leadership behaviour is the major element of the management so that such
office environment can be made in which employees can work collaborately and happily. In the
organisation there should be the sense of collaboration, cooperation, trust etc within the
employees. Every employee should help other employee in their job. as through this only
company can achieve its aim more rapidly. Management should make sure that their is no office
politics in the organisation. office politics is very harmful as it increases employee turnover rate
and because of it top performer also leaves the company. So it does not helps in retaining high
performer employees in the organisation. managers have the leadership qualities. As manager
have to manage complete department so it requires many skills. manager should have effective
communication skill so that they can influence staff with their communication. They should have
strong verbal as well as written communication skills. If organisation want to achieve expected
growth and success then they require robust leadership and management skills. Leadership is
also important but the management is more important than leadership. Leader cannot to the work
of manager but manager can do the job of leaders. So that is why it is said that manager is more
important. Management mainly concentrate on planning, organising, controlling, directing. It
deals with the technical aspects of the company. Managers can manage and control the
organisation so they have rights to do so.
Methods of leadership and management
According to the views of Smith,(2017)any organisation which is not following proper leadership
then it becomes difficult for the organisation to motivate and encourage the employees to
perform extraordinary in the workplace. So selection of correct leadership style and methods is

very important for the Welfare and success of the organisation. If the organisation fails to get
select the best leadership and management style and methods then the employees also have to
suffer that they can’t perform their work effectively because they do not know what exactly they
need to do you at the workplace and sometimes employees do not know what is their job position
in job role and they always remain in the situation of dilemma. So there is a lot of leadership and
management styles are available such as participate, authoritarian, transformational and many
more. In addition toLam, (2020) some leadership follows the opinion and suggestion of the
employees so that they can take best and appropriate decisions for the organisation and
Organisation must attend all the goals and objectives. On the other hand some leadership and
management styles are those in which management and leaders do not consider reviews of
Indians in suggestions of the employees so that sometimes organisation have to face a lot of
difficulties because the higher management and leaders do not consider employees as an valuable
asset of the company. In recent result employees also do not produce quality and productive
work. So it is in the hands of organisation that which kind of leadership and management style
they implement in the organisation so that they can easily fulfil their all the mission and vision.
According to Freund,(2017)some organisation do not follow hierarchy of leadership and
Management which makes the work delay because when there is no proper leadership and
management exist in the organisation then no one will guide and motivate employees towards
their job role and work quality. When the organisation follows battle management and leadership
methods then it creates a positive work environment in the organisation and also boosts the
enthusiasm and motivation in the employees.
Chukwusa, (2018) evaluated that there are many leadership methods. Autocratic leadership style,
in this style all major decisions are taken by higher authority only. Company does not involve
their employees in the decision making process. The major benefits of this style is it saves time
because decisions are taken immediate and also there are chances of effective decisions because
decisions are taken by higher authority who have more experience. chain of command can be
clearly applied. It is observed that while implementing plan mistakes can be reduced. Through
this leadership method consistent results can be obtained. It demotivate the employees because
employee feels that organisation is not valuing them as they are not involved in the decision
taking process. When employees are not motivated then it affects their productivity. It ends up

the creativity and innovation capacity of the workforce. The input of group goes down quickly. It
results in increasing employee turnover rate.
Democratic leadership style, it is the most common leadership method and also used by majority
of companies. In this method leaders involve their employees when taking important decisions.
As the final decisions are in the hands of higher authority only but they take views and opinions
of the employees before implementing any decisions. By taking views from young employee can
help organisation to achieve the objective. Democratic leaders share problems with their
employees and they together find out solution for the issue. There are many advantages of this
style as through this style employee pave trust in their leaders and it also enhance team spirit and
cooperation amongst the workforce. Another leadership method is laisse faire leadership. Under
this method it provides maximum freedom to their team members. Workers gets high
independence while working. Here the leaders delegates the responsibilities to its employees.
Leaders have limited responsibilities with them because he or she delegates majority of
responsibility to their workforce. Here individual employees gets the opportunity to seek
development and take responsibility so that an individual can build skills to become the leaders
in the future. In this method every worker is getting chance to show their efficiency and function
independently. It have some disadvantages also as it can delay in attaining goals.
As majority of responsibilities are in the hand of employees so by making one wrong decision
can create issue in attaining the goal. Without proper control of leader, team can face issues in
getting right direction. Lack of control by the leader can misguide team members from the goal.
Takahashi, (2019) said that management means which make work done by others. As to attain
the objectives of the company, manger is responsible for that. So that is why planning, directing,
organising, controlling remains in the hands of manager only. Along with that manager have
other responsibilities also as they make budgets, monitor and control budgets. Methods of
management is management by objective. This is the most famous methods of management.
Under this objectives are made and different aspects are targeted by the organisation. the main
work of the manager is to find out that objectives are achieved or not. They also allot resources
and equipments to the employees so that they can able to work effectively. The other form of
management is autocratic, in this approach where managers make target for their employees and
observe their performance.

Under this manager guide or sometimes pressurise their employees so that task can be
accomplished. As outcome matters for the company so manager controls the performance of their
workforce. With the autocratic approach the ,ain problem is that manager does not able to
encourage their employees because if they force their workers to achieve targets than how they
will be encouraged. While in the democratic approach, managers are able to encourage their
workers. Another method is multiple management, in this method juniors are assigned to the
board. Sessions took place in which real time issues are discussed with different views and after
that meaningful decisions are taken. In this method juniors gets the opportunity to participate in
the decision making process and give their views. Project assignments which is the another
method of management. In this method employees are assigned the projects depending on their
knowledge and skills. Example in the starting new employees are given small projects so that
manager can review their performances. This method helps executive take better perspective of
their work with relation to the filed other than its own. So that employees can practice the skills
and procedure which he or she will be using in doing the daily work and this will also prepare
employees for the higher position of the organisation. another method is case study. This method
is proved to be excellent when building analytical skills. This method is used by large as well as
small organisations.
Case study refers to the description which is written about the true situation so that after reading
it the reader can get idea that what is going. Clear picture of situation will be understood by the
reader and what problem is there in the study will also be identified. It will encourage reader to
find out solution for the problem. As trainess is given case study by the manager and they are
asked to evaluate the issue and suggest some solutions.
Leadership and Management in non profit Organization
As per the views of Golensky and Hager (2020) leadership and management both are very
important. In non profit organisation also effective leadership and management is must. The aim
of non profit organisation is to serve the society or community. As they want to make the world
better place. These organisation generally raise the normal issues which are prevailing in the
society. Non profit organisation serve the society in various ways like they give charity, medical
facilities or help old people etc. So in non profit organisation proper leadership and management
both are must. Leaders handle team which work for the society. Here team is instructed that they
have to do the activity which benefit the society. Their activity should not be in the view to earn

profit. As non profit organisation is not running to make profit but they have objective to increase
the living standard of people who are living in the society. Effective leaders should be there in
the non profit organisation just like that effective manager should also be there. Leaders have
duty to influence team members with their personality. Managers of non profit should also have
proper knowledge and skills to carry business activities. Manager should never aim to make
profit on the stake of society but society should be their priority every time. It is the duty of
managers to teach their employees that how to carry business activities as the actions taken by
them will be reflecting the society. As per non profit organisation society is primary rest
everything is secondary. When leaders are making any strategy for the business they should have
keep this thing in their mind that what is the aim of the business. The strategy should be society
oriented and not the profit oriented. In every non profit making organisation whether it is small
or large, effective leadership and management is essential. Management of NPO should run with
certain protocol and in NPO no mistake is considered lightly because its activities are for the
society and any mistake can hurt the society. Non profit company provide donations to the
people or to those organisation which are orphanage, old age home etc. Megheirkouni, (2017)
stated that NPO which is also called as voluntary organisation is for society and for the people
which lives in that society. In the world there are many this type of organisation which operate
with the aim to serving the society. These types of organisation is very necessary to have because
they help needy people. Employees of this organisation should have also given training that how
to serve the society. So that they can effectively do their work. When the management of the
NPO is strong then only they can effectively serve the society. So for that company should hire
efficient leaders and managers which have the capability to deal with the society and its issues
effectively. NPO believes that the world can upgrade only if the people of the society will get
upgraded. As people cannot be separated from the society. In such organisation leaders should
have opt democratic leadership so that employees opinions and views must be taken in case of
making decisions. As employees can have good or innovative ideas and that can be beneficial for
the society. Whether it is non profit organisation or profit making organisation leadership and
management both are important. As every organisation have workforce and to manage them
effective managers and leaders are required. Leaders and managers both are different but
company required both. Leaders should be efficient which provide direction to the team members
and leaders should have problem solving skills so that they can solve the problem of their staff.

As it is said that efficient human resource is the key to success because without human resource
no organisation can survive. Baltaci and Balcı, (2017) said that Non-profit organisation require
both leadership skills and managerial skills as a NPO a lot of time some quick and big decision
is to be taken so as an organisation it should be that a right decision and at the time the decision
should be taken with managerial shills along with leadership skills. As an Non-profit
organisation, it should do the work which is benefit to the citizen of the country but when it is
done at a large level you have leadership and managerial skills to handle such stuff which comes
but a lot of responsibility because it involve effort and commercials too so the organisation
should give this responsibility to some one who can handle a such big task with maturely and
should be accountable for each and every department of non-profit organisation. Leaders work
smartly and manage his time hire people to do his work and complete the assign work in time so
that leader can invest his valuable time in other stuff and ask other people to complete the work
on time. As a leader, a person should make sure each and every work should be done in the given
time frame.
The managerial skills mainly involve time and accountability of the assign work as a leader it is
his responsibility to assure that the work should do done correctly and in the given time which
come once you develop managerial shills within yourself. In Non-profit organisation can be
nearly anything that enable you to manage the staff effectively and correctly, while some other
skills vary based on your industry and the nature of your work but in non profit organisation both
leadership and managerial skill work hand-in-hand and it is essential too for the better working of
the organisation. Both leadership and managerial skill in non profit organisation require one
important quality of professionalism if they want to grow for long time as a good manager of npo
hold themselves to the highest standards so that organisation can achieve success.
Research methodology
Research type
It is the research method through which the research can be conducted. It is very important
to select the research type so that researcher will follow one type in the entire research. If the
research type is selected wrong than the entire research will go in vague. It is divided into two
type which is qualitative research type and quantitative research type. In qualitative research, it
includes gathering and evaluating data which is non numerical like audio, video and text so that
knowledge can be get regarding concepts, values, experiences etc. It has many uses as can be

used to collect deep information of the problem and also providing innovative ideas for the
research study.
Qualitative research is not similar to quantitative research as it is way different. Qualitative
study is mainly used in social sciences like the subjects which involve sociology, health sciences,
anthropology etc. The research explains that what experiences people are getting from the world.
This research have multiple approaches. This is flexible and concentrate on retaining meaningful
information . there are qualitative methods through which the research can be conducted like
interviews, secondary research, focus groups, observations etc. The researchers which conduct
this research thinks that they are the instruments in the research as the observations, evaluation
and interpretation are filtered via their eyes.
Quantitative research is the method of gathering and interpreting numerical data. It has many
uses and can be used for making predictions, granting results to larger population, searching
patterns and averages etc. This research is majorly used in natural science like sociology,
marketing, chemistry etc. This research can be used for experimental, descriptive research and
correlational (Quantitative Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples., 2021). In the
descriptive research, researcher gets summary of the variables. In correlational, investigation is
done between the relationship of the variables. In experimental, between the variables cause and
effect relationship is examined. Both the research which is correlational and experimental are
utilize for testing hypotheses or making predictions using statistics. The outcomes are generalised
to large population on the basis of sampling method. While gathering qualitative data,
operational definitions are used so that abstract concepts can be translated into observable and
quantifiable manner. Methods through which quantitative research can be done are experiment,
survey, software etc.
The current investigation is conducted by using qualitative technique, as through this technique
concept of leadership and management can be easily evaluated (Lazar, Feng and Hochheiser,
2017). As qualitative is used to evaluate topic in depth and this topic also demanded deep
research so that is why researcher has decided to use this technique.
Research approach
It is the process and plans for the research which starts with the step of wide assumptions
and consider various methods for collecting data, evaluation and interpretation (Research
Approach., 2020). The process includes many decisions and should not have been considered as

the order so that they can be considered as sensible. Decisions includes that from which approach
study have to be undertaken. It is divided into two which are inductive research approach and
deductive research approach. In inductive approach which is also called as inductive reasoning
means starting with the observations and theories which are made at the end of the research
procedure as the outcome of the observations. This approach finds out the pattern from the
observations and development of theories within the patterns via series of hypotheses. In the
starting of the research, no series or hypotheses are applied and researcher have freedom to make
changes to the study after the research procedure has started.
So there should have focus that inductive approach does not apply any theories while
making research questions and aims (Dawson, 2019). The main goal of this particular approach
is generating meanings from the set of data so that patterns can be identified so that theory can be
build. This approach does not restrict to use existing theory so that research questions are made
for exploration. Whereas deductive approach which is the deductive reasoning also means on the
basis of existing theory it develops a hypothesis. After that in order to test the hypothesis,
research strategy has been designed. In general the meaning of deductive is coming to particular
from the general. If the general link is applied through the particular case then it can be true in
those cases. Deductive design tests to find out that if the link has got from general circumstances.
This approach is described by the means of hypotheses, which are obtained from the elements of
the theory (Quinlan and et.al, 2019). To this approach, only deducting conclusions matters from
the propositions. This approach starts with the expected pattern which has been tested against
observations while induction starts with observations itself and searches pattern with them.
Through deductive there is the probability for explaining causal relationships within the variables
and concepts.
There are probability for measuring quantitatively concepts. Possibility to simplified
research findings to certain limit. This research approach finds out theory and tests so that to
know that the theory is valid or not into given situations. Deductive approach is based on
following logic path carefully. This current study is done using inductive research approach as
this method is helpful in describing leadership and management in NPO more efficiently.
Research philosophy
It refers to the belief about the manner under which data of the phenomenon must be
collected, interpreted and used (Understanding research philosophy., 2016). Epistemology which

is true as compare to doxology what is considered as true passes many philosophies in the
research approach. The objective of science is transmitting things which are believed into well
known things that is doxa to episteme. There are two philosophies which are interpretivism
research philosophy and positivism research philosophy. interpretivism philosophy means under
which interpretation of the elements of the study is done by researchers. This philosophy
integrates interest of human into the study. Researchers believes that reality can be accessed only
via social constructions like shared meanings, language, instruments etc. This philosophy is
developed on the critique of positivism.
It concentrate on qualitative data over quantitative data. This is connected with the idealism
of the philosophical position and is used to make groups of the various approaches that involves
phenomenology, social constructivism etc. As per this approach, make the researcher as the
social actor so enhance differences within people. So that is why this study concentrate on
meaning and also apply many methods to that various aspects of the problems can be reflected
(Plonsky, 2017). This approach is the natural based approach for collecting data from
observations or interviews. This philosophy, have disadvantages also which is associated with
the subjective nature and it will also give scope to the researcher to went to bias. Positivism
research philosophy refers to that the factual knowledge can be got through observations which
include trustworthy measures. Under this philosophy, researcher role is limited within data
collection and evaluation. Under this investigation, research findings are normally quantifiable. It
is dependent on the quantifiable observations which leads to the statistics. The positivism
philosophy is the empiricist view under which the knowledge is gained from the human
experience. In this study the analyst is independent and there are no rules for the human
interests. Positivism generally use deductive approach while interpretivism uses inductive
approach. Positivism is connected with the point of view under which the researcher have to
focus on facts.
Principle of this philosophy says that there should be no difference in enquiry logic,
research have the objective to describe and predict. With the help of human senses, research must
be observable. Science is not similar with the common sense. As through common sense
research findings cannot become bias and science should be free from the value and should have
been checked through logic. The research is done by interpretivism research philosophy as the

subject management and leadership is theory subject and that can be evaluated through this
technique as interpretivism can easily evaluate theory.
Data collection
It is the method of collecting qualitative and quantitative information on particular topic
with the objective of analysing the results and creating actionable insights. Effective data
collection carries the process which make sure that the information which is gathered is clean,
reliable and valid. Under this analyst can analyse its hypothesis on the basis of gathered data.
Data collection is vital in the research because it is the main part of the research. Whichever the
research is data collection is primary. Although data collection approach is different for the
different areas of study and completed dependent on the information which is required. The aim
for which data collection is carried out is getting information which is based on reliable data
collection for statistical analysis so that good decisions can be made from the research. Data
collection can be done through phone, online, interview, mail etc.
While collecting data from interview most reliable data but it is expensive and consumes
much time. Collecting data form mail will reach to everyone in no time but expensive and cause
errors. Through phone, there is the confidence in data which is collected but research need to hire
agency for that. Whereas online surveys are cheap and give less errors but every customers does
not have email account or have knowledge of internet. Data collection can be done with two
types which is primary and secondary research. Primary research is the research in which every
information is collected by the researcher himself. It can be conducted via interviews,
ethnographic research, surveys, observations etc. This is called first hand research as data is
directly collected from customers or any other source. Sources are asked questions in order to
collect the information. Carrying primary research is not easy because it require skill so that
research can be supplemented in secondary sources like magazines, books or journals. Data
collected by primary research can be used for writing the projects. Primary research is the good
learning skill as it can be used in various things like academic, business etc. Whereas secondary
research is based on primary research.
This research is also called as desk research as it uses already existing data. Existing data is
collected and evaluated so that effectiveness and efficiency of the research can be increased.
Secondary research uses data which is published in reports or research documents. These
documents can be easily achieved from websites, surveys, public libraries etc. Some agencies

also have data which includes government and no government. This is the method which the
researchers should have used when he is doing research for the first time because when you do
research for first time then primary research can be difficult and it also consumes more time as
compare to secondary. Secondary research is also have its own importance. Secondary research
is worth doing because this research is cost effective as compare to primary. The main
disadvantage of secondary research is it is not first hand research like primary.
The current investigation is conducted using both primary and secondary research. Primary
research is done by questionnaire method and secondary is done through literature review.
Sampling
Sampling is the approach which is used while doing statistical analysis under which the
already determined number of samples are obtained from the large population. The method
which is used to find out sample from wide population is dependent on the kind of analysis
which is being performed (Pajo, 2017). The sample which is selected should be the fair
representation of the whole population. While taking out sample from wide population, research
should take care of the thing that how the sample is chosen. Sampling can be conducted via two
methods which are random sampling and non random sampling. In random sampling, every
individual from the entire population gets equal chance for selection. This technique is free from
bias because there is no human involvement for selecting the sample. This method is simple and
most used method for collecting data. The good element of this method is it brought unbiased
data collection and that gives unbiased conclusions. This sampling is also known as probability
sampling. This should be also kept in mind that samples does not give exact representation of the
population in its whole and any variations within it are considered as the sampling errors. Non
random sampling which is also called non probability sampling under which the samples are
selected by the researcher on the basis of judgement by the researcher apart from randomly
selected.
This method is not the stringent method. This method is completely dependent on the
knowledge and expertise of the researcher. It can be undertaken by observation and researchers
are highly used for doing qualitative research. Under this sampling technique every individual in
the population do not get equal chance for selection (Gravetter and Forzano, 2018). This type of
sampling is widely used in pilot survey. Researchers uses this method in those studies where
random sampling cannot be used because of lack of time and cost. In this study simple random

sampling is used in order to select 30 employee from the non profit organisation and given them
questionnaire to be filled. As in this research data is obtained from questionnaire method.
Data analysis
It is the process of clarifying, transforming and converting data so that can extract useful
information and can take effective decisions (What is Data Analysis? Research | Types | Methods
| Techniques., 2020). This is the purpose of data analysis to take out important information from
whole data and make decisions on the basis of data analysis. Example of data analysis is when
the decisions are taken in daily life then decisions are taken on past experience and also what can
happen in future if made decision. Here past and future are analysed so that effective decisions
can be made. Technique of data analysis helps user to process data and also evaluating
relationships between data set (Edgar and Manz, 2017). For the purpose of interpretation it is
helpful in identifying trends and patterns. Once the data is cleared then they are ready for
analysis. After checking the data, researcher find out the information which is needed by them or
there is need for more data collection. Data analysis is of two types which is thematic perception
test technique and statistical package for social science (SPSS).
Thematic test is the projective test which explains the ambiguous scenes. This is also called
as picture interpretation technique. This test describes and show picture card to the people which
gives various ambiguous characters. This technique is utilized so that more information can be
collected about the person so that is why this test is considered as the icebreaker which provide
important information. TAT is also used as the therapeutic tools that clients can indirectly
express their feelings. This can be also used to evaluate job candidates.
SPSS is the software which is used by the researchers for doing tough statistical data analysis.
This software was made by management and statistical analysis for social science data
(Andreassen, Sano and McInerney-Lankford, 2017). SPSS is preferred by people because of its
English command language and also of easy user manual. SPSS can be utilized by health
researchers, government entities, data miners, analyzing survey, market researchers etc and this
can be also collected via online survey platform. SPSS is the important technique for
manipulating survey data. This research is conducted using thematic test because leadership and
management in NPO can be evaluated with this test as it is theory based topic and thematic test
also supports qualitative research.

Ethics
Ethics are very important thing in the research (What is ethics in research and why is it
important., 2020). It is vital to follow ethical principles so that rights and dignity of the research
participants can be protected. No research can be done without the presence of human beings, so
it should be checked that all are following research standards. Ethics are the basic which can be
learn at school or home or society can teach that. In the childhood only wrong and right things
are taught (Hennink, Hutter and Bailey 2020).
In this research reference list is attached at the end of the report so that to show that information
is obtained from valid sources. Consent form is given to the participants and also made them
signed by them so that to show that participants are willingly participating and no one is forcing
them to participate. As people can think that respondents are forced to fill questionnaire so
through consent form researcher can prove that he has not forced anyone to participate and
through their own wish respondents has participated.
Validity and reliability
For ensuring the validity aspect copyright and patented sources are used. As information
are extracted from copyright sources only so that valid informatics can get (Anderson and et.al.,
2019). And there will be no chance for getting and wrong information. For the reliability aspect,
latest information is used as information which is published after 2016 are only used and old
information is not considered. No modification is made in the existing data and information is
used as it is. The reason for using latest data is so that research will not look obsolete and will
look new.
Research limitations
Time, money and resources are the major limitation in this current research. As due to less
time and money technique like SPSS is not used because SPSS require more time and money but
by using this software more valid and accurate data can be obtained. As figures can be taken
from this technique. But to mitigate this issue thematic perception test technique is used because
this technique is good and perfect when it comes to leadership and management (Sassenberg and
Ditrich, 2019). Due to lack of time more books and websites are not evaluated properly which
can give more reliable data. If researcher had more time and money, then research might have
present more effective outcome.

Data analysis
Theme 1: majority of respondents said that yes effective leadership helps in achieving goals of
the company.
Do you think effective leadership is helpful in achieving goals of the
organisation?
Respondents
Yes 20
No 10
total 30
Yes No total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
20
10
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above bar graph it can be interpreted that out of 30 respondents 20 said yes and 10 said
no that leadership does not helps in achieving company’s goal. As leaders will give direction to
the employees and also provide guidance to their workers where it is required. When proper
guidance and direction is given to the workers then they will motivate and work hard. So that
goals of the company can be achieved. Leadership is the most important thing in the
organisation. As leader leads complete team so he or she should be effective. If leader will
provide wrong direction then employee will put efforts in wrong activities and his efforts will

also go in waste and also organisation will not able to attain goals. Goals of the organisation is
very important and also goals and leadership is dependent on each other.
Theme 2: maximum employees said that out of 5 they will rate 4 to their leader.
Out of 5 what rating you will give to your leader? Respondents
1 2
2 6
3 7
4 10
5 5
Total 30
2 6
7
10
5
30
Chart Title
1 2 3 4 5 total
Interpretation:
From the above pie chart it can be interpreted that out of 30 respondents 10 gave 4 rating out of
5. 2 gave 1 rating, 6 respondents given 2 rating, 7 has given 3 and 5 has given 5 rating to the
leaders. Rating which is given by the employees to its leaders are based on various factors like
how they handle team, did they give feedbacks to their employees, they are rude with employees
or not. It is seen that majority of employees has given 4 rating and by that it is clear that the
leader of the organisation is very friendly and provide guidance to their team members whenever
necessary. If team members are not happy with their leaders then that can be seen in their work
quality. As employee will not perform as what is expected from them.

Theme3: maximum employees said that their managers and leaders involve them in decision
making process.
Does your leaders and managers involve you in the decision-making
process?
Respondents
Yes 25
No 5
Total 30
Yes
No
Total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
25
5
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above pictorial representation, it can be observed that out of 30 respondents 25 said yes
leaders and managers include them at the time of making decisions. 5 said no they are not
involved when decision making process is going through. Leaders and managers should always
involve their workforce while making decisions. As by young employees there are probability
that they will get creative and innovative ideas. When employees are involved in decision
making then they feel that they are being valued by their managers and this increases the level of
motivation in them. This also boosts employee morale. As final decision is remains in the hands
of senior authority only but employees must be allowed to give their opinion. Employees should
be also appreciated if their idea has helped in company’s growth.
Theme 4: majority of respondents said that team leaders is giving equal opportunity to everyone.
Do you think that your team leader is providing equal opportunities to all Respondents

members?
Yes 23
No 7
Total 30
Yes No Total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
23
7
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above diagram it can be interpreted that out of 30 respondents 23 said yes and 7 said no
team leaders is not providing equal opportunities to every member. Getting equal opportunities is
the right of every employee. Each and every employee should have been treated equally and
fairly by their managers and leaders. If employees are not treated equally then it demotivates
them and also reduces its dedication towards work. Opportunities can be in terms of getting
promoted or getting rewards etc. if equality is not there in the organisation, then it also increases
employee turnover rate. As no employee will work in such organisation where opportunities are
only given to selected people. High turnover rate also hurt the image of the company and
company can also lose top performer employee. Hence equal opportunity to everyone is vital.
Theme 5: maximum employees strongly agree that feedbacks should been provided by managers
or leaders.
Do you agree that leaders and managers should have provided feedbacks to
the employees?
Respondents

 Strongly agree 15
 Agree 5
 Disagree 7
 strongly disagree 3
Total 30
15
5
7
3
30
Chart Title
· Strongly agree · Agree · Disagree
· strongly disagree Total
Interpretation:
From the above picture it can be observed that out of 30 respondents 15 strongly agree, 5 agree, 7
disagree and 3 strongly disagree that there is no need of feedbacks by leaders and managers.
When feedbacks are provided by the managers then employee comes to know that where they are
making mistakes and where there is the area for improvements. It also helps in building good
relations within them as at the time of giving feedbacks manager will communicate with their
workforce and that can strong their relations. If managers will not provide feedback, then
employee will not realise that where they are making mistake and they will repeat the mistake
again and again. This can delay in achieving company’s goals.
Theme 6: maximum respondents said that democratic leadership method is used by their leaders.
which leadership method is used by your leaders? Respondents
 Autocratic method 10
 Democratic method 15

 Affiliative method 4
 None 1
Total 30
·
Autocratic
method
·
Democratic
method
· Affiliative
method · None Total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10
15
4
1
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above chart it can be observed that out of 30 employees 15 said that their organisation
is using democratic leadership method. While 10 voted for autocratic method, 4 said that
affiliative method is used and 1 said none of the above leadership style is used by the company.
Democratic method is used because in this method leaders allow their employees to participate in
the decision-making process. Employees are asked to give their views and opinions and then
final decisions are rest in the hands of higher authority. Democratic style is the most used
leadership style and through this leadership style leaders can effectively manage their team
because it also helpful in building healthy relations between leaders and workforce. Democratic
is completely opposite to autocratic because in autocratic employees are not allowed to
participate while making decisions.
Theme 7: majority of respondents said that every order of manager should not be taken without
even questioning to them.
As per your opinion, do you think employees should take every order of
their manager without questioning?
Respondents

Yes 11
No 19
Total 30
11
19
30
Chart Title
Yes No Total
Interpretation:
From the above pictorial representation, it can be seen that out of 30 respondents 19 said no and
11 said yes employees should have follow every order which is given by their manager without
even questioning to them. It is right that employee should have follow or do what their manager
is telling to do but wrong orders of the manager must not be followed in any of the situation.
When employee feels that his or her manager is telling wrong thing to do then that must be
opposed by them and should not be followed. Questioning to the manager for what is said and
why is said is not wrong until asked in the proper manner. As all employees have the right to
know that what he or she is doing is right or not and will give what outcome.
Theme 8: maximum employees said that all leadership style which is mentioned is present in
their leader.
What leadership skill is present in your
leader?
Respondents
 Communication skill 3

 Problem solving skill 2
 Analytical skill 3
 Decision making skill 2
 All 20
Total 30
· Communication skill
· Problem solving skill
· Analytical skill
· Decision making skill
· All
Total
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
3
2
3
2
20
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above graph it can be interpreted that out of 30 respondents, 20 feels that all the
leadership skill is present in their leader. 3 said only communication skill is there, 2 said problem
solving skill, 3 said analytical skill and 2 said decision making skill is there in their leader. To
lead the team properly, leadership skills are must. Communication skill one of the vital skill, as
leaders make work done by their members so they must possess good communication skill.
Decision making skill is also required because leaders have to make important decisions timely.
Problem solving helps leaders in solving problem if arise and analytical skill will help leader to
excel the performance of his or her team. Without having leadership skill, leaders cannot handle
the team properly.
Theme 9: maximum respondents said that managers explain about goals of organisation.
Did your manager explain you about the goals of the organisation? Respondents
Yes 22

No 8
Total 30
Yes
No
Total
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
22
8
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above image it can be observed that out of 30 respondents 22 said yes manager explains
about goals and 8 said no manager does not explain of goals. Every manager should have explain
their employees regarding what the goal of the organisation is because it will help employees to
decide that in what direction they should work so that they can contribute in achieving goals of
the company. If employee doe not know or not aware of the goal then he can work in wrong
direction and his efforts will go in waste.
Theme 10: maximum employees said managers always takes suggestions from them.
Does your manager take your suggestions? Respondents
 Always 15
 Sometimes 10
 None of the above 5
Total 30

· Always · Sometimes · None of the
above Total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
15
10
5
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above diagram it can be interpreted that out of 30 respondents 15 said managers always
takes suggestions, 10 said sometimes their suggestions are taken and 5 said no there suggestions
are never taken. Manager should taken suggestions of their employees as there are chances that
workers can give good suggestions and by using that suggestion company can grow. As
employees are also part of the organisation so there suggestions also matters. If employees are
not asked their suggestions then it might feel that they are not part of this organisation and they
may get demotivated.
Theme 11: majority of respondents said that training and development is provided by their
company.
Does your organisation provide training and development to their
employees?
Respondents
Yes 24
No 6
Total 30

24
6
30
Chart Title
Yes No Total
Interpretation:
From the above picture it can be seen that out of 30 respondents 24 said yes training and
development company provides. Whereas 6 said no training is not provided by their company.
Training and development are the important part and every organisation should have provided to
their staff. Training is required by new joinee so that they can build advanced knowledge and
skills which can be used while doing work. Existing employee are also given training so that in
order to give them advanced knowledge and to brush their skills. Although training is the
expense for the company but it can give good results to the company. If employee is hired and
gave him work without giving him proper training then there is possibility that he will do lots of
mistakes and that will waste time. If employee will not understand what he has to do then he will
leave the job.
Theme 12: maximum respondents agrees that conflicts are easily resolved by their managers.
Do you agree that your manager resolves conflicts easily? Respondents
 Strongly agree 5
 Agree 15
 Disagree 7
 strongly disagree 3
Total 30

· Strongly
agree · Agree · Disagree · strongly
disagree Total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
5
15
7
3
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above diagram it can be observed that out of 30 respondents 15 agrees that manager
resolves conflicts. Whereas 5 strongly agree on this statement, 7 disagree and 3 strongly disagree
with this statement. Manager should have the ability to resolve all conflicts if arise in the
company.
As confusion creates conflicts and conflicts leads to misunderstanding. Conflicts also disturbs the
working environment of the company. For healthy working environment, manager should ensure
that workplace should be conflict free. Conflicts will demotivate the workforce and also
increases turnover rate in the organisation. For resolving conflicts managers also require
managerial skills. Those managers who does not have skills will not able to resolve conflicts
easily. Conflicts are the major issue in the organisation and it must be resolved at the earliest. As
every conflict is different so each conflict will take different time to get resolved.
Theme 13: maximum respondents said that yes company provide extra benefit to workers.
Do you think that your company’s management gives extra benefit to the
workforce?
Respondents
Yes 28
No 2
Total 30

Yes
No
Total
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
28
2
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above graph it can be observed that out of 30 respondents 28 said yes and 2 said no
extra benefits is provided by their company. Organisation should have provided extra benefits to
their employees in terms of rewards, flexibility, recognition etc so that employees gets motivated
and this will be helpful in increasing their productivity. Apart from salary employees requires
extra it also helps company in decreasing employee turnover rate. As the employees will never
leave such company who will provide extra benefits to them. Benefits will be the extra income
for them so every company should provide some benefits to their workers. Nowadays work in the
company is not limited till office hours but hours generally expands. So if employees are
working more then what is said then they should have get extra for that.
Theme 14: majority of respondents said that their performance are regularly reviewed by their
managers.
Does the performance of the employees are reviewed by the
manager?
Respondents
 Regularly 18
 Sometimes 11
 None of the above 1
Total 30

· Regularly · Sometimes · None of the
above Total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
18
11
1
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above picture it can be seen that out of 30 respondents 18 said regularly their
performance are reviewed. Whereas 11 said sometimes it is reviewed and 1 said no performance
are not reviewed by managers. If manager will review the performance of the workers then only
he will come to know that what mistakes they are making and tell them to not repeat mistakes. If
mistakes are not catch then employee will repeatedly make mistakes. Manager should have plan
that weekly or once in two weeks he or she have to review the work of their workers. This will
also helps in making workers more efficient. By reviewing the performance, managers can also
provide suggestions to the workers regarding how he or she should have work so that work will
complete more fast and correct.
Theme 15: maximum employees said that meeting is conducted by the manager.
Does your manager conduct meeting with the employees? Respondents
Yes 26
No 4
Total 30

26
4
30
Chart Title
Yes No Total
Interpretation:
Form the above chart it can be interpreted that out of 30 respondents 26 said yes and 4 said no
meeting is not conducted by the manager. If manager will conduct meeting then it will be
beneficial for the employees as well as for the organisation. In the meeting employees will get
opportunity to discuss of issues which they are facing.
Theme 16: majority of respondents said that there is healthy working environment at there
workplace.
Did your manager has build trusting and wealthy working environment? Respondents
Yes 20
No 10
Total 30

Yes No Total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
20
10
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above bar graph it can be interpreted that out of 30 respondents 20 said yes and 10 said
no that there manager has not built trusting and wealthy working environment. When trusting
environment is built then only one can see the sense of connection between manager and
employees. Manager have to trust on their workforce because if they will not trust on them then
how they delegate responsibility to them and for delegating responsibility trust is must. At the
workplace wealthy environment is the reason which reduces employee’s turnover rate. Bad
working environment will increase employee turnover. More employee turnover rate will also
hurt the image of the company in the market. It will also demotivate other top performer
candidate to apply for the job in such company where the employee turnover rate is more
because they will think that employees are leaving this organisation because it is not good then
why such high performer candidate will join such company. Trusting environment can only built
if manager will trust their workforce.
Theme 17: maximum employees said that leaders provide targets to the team members which are
compulsory to achieve.
Does your leader provide you targets which you have to achieve? Respondents
Yes 28
No 2
Total 30

28
2
30
Chart Title
Yes No Total
Interpretation:
From the above pie chart out of 30 respondents 28 said yes while 2 said no leader does not
provide targets which is compulsory to achieve. The work of leader is to control and monitor
team members. So they will definitely provide targets to their team. Nowadays organisation
works on targets and they have assigned targets to every team leader and further team leader
distribute target amongst their team members. Although team leader help team member to
achieve targets but achieving target is the duty of the employees and they compulsory have to do
it. Targets are given by the company because of competition in the market. As the competitors
are so active and takes no time to take the customer from the company. So that is why workers
have to work on ground level so to ensure that customers retain with company. There are various
targets which is difficult to achieve for team members so that is why guidance are provided by
team leader in order to achieve the target.
Theme 18: majority of respondents said that team leader takes responsibility in case if any team
member failed to achieve expectations.
Does your team leader take responsibility if any team member fails to
achieve expectations?
Respondents
Yes 25
No 5
Total 30

Yes
No
Total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
25
5
30
Chart Title
Interpretation:
From the above diagram it can be observed that out of 30 respondents 25 said yes whereas 5 said
no team leader does not take responsibility if team member fails toa chieve expectations.
Although if team member does not achieve what is expected from them then they should be
responsible for that but final responsibilities is in the hands of leader only if team member is
unable to perform any task then the leader is answerable for that. So that is why leaders have to
take responsibility for those task which his team member did not achieved. So it is why it is the
duty of team leader to provide guidance to their team member so that task can be achieved. There
are some leader which did not take responsibility when their team member fails in any task. Then
such team leader is not called as effective leader because a good leader is those who support their
team in every situation. When leader did not support their workforce then it can increase
employee turnover rate because no one would like to work in such company where the team
leader is not supportive.
Theme 19: suggestions regarding leadership and management.
Interpretation:
Leadership and management both are important concept for every organisation. Company should
provide training and development to their leaders so that they can learn new skills or learn
advance knowledge so that they can perform their duty effectively. Leadership is the most
important duty in the company as leaders lead the team in the company. So if they have old
knowledge then they will lead the team with old skills but building new skills will help them to

guide their team with advanced skills and knowledge. Leaders can also teach new skills to their
team leaders and that will help to achieve goals of the company more fast. When employees will
learn new skill and perform task by using new skill then their productivity will get increased.
Management of the company should be flexible, managers should welcome every views and
opinions of their employees. Whether employee is from junior level or from senior level but
everyone should be treated equally. Managers should have observed that there is no
discrimination in the organisation and everyone is getting equal treatment. Managers should also
invite their workforce in the decision-making process.
Theme 20: changes leaders should have bring in their personality.
Interpretation:
Leaders should have become more friendly. Although leaders of the company is good but
bringing friendly nature will connect them and will also build healthy relationship between team
members and team leader. Leaders with the activity must have earn support and trust. It is
important that leaders have to become strict sometimes but every time strictness will not help
leaders to motivate their team members. Leaders should help their team members and also help
them when they needed this will help them in getting trust from the workers. Leaders should
have such a positive personality that by seeing that employees should have feel that they want to
become just like their leader.
Changes should also bring in way they communicate. Always formal communication is not
necessary. Bringing informal communication will also create friendly environment in the
organisation. They should have listen to very team member issues and should not make decisions
by just listening to one person but should have listen to both the parties before making any final
decision. Leaders should have the ability so that they can inspire others. They should offer
support to their employees and encourage them to achieve goals.
Theme 21: leadership and management are important to any company.
Interpretation:
Yes, leadership and management are very important to the company because without leaders and
managers no company can survive. If company want to sustain for longer time then they have to
appoint leaders and managers. All successful companies need effective leaders and managers. As
effective managers will only help company to achieve objectives. Leaders and managers can
influence the employees and guide and motivate them to work. Leaders and managers are

responsible in shaping workforce so that they can become future leaders and managers of the
company. Managers help employees so that they can maximize their efficiency so the company’s
objectives can be achieved. Leaders also plays important role in managing organisational change.
When any changes takes place in the company then leaders and managers explain those changes
to the employees and also motivate them to adopt changes. If company want to survive in cut
throat competition then they have to timely bring changes in the company. Although getting
settle with changes are not so easy but slowly it can be done.
Conclusion
From the above report it can be concluded that leadership and management are the essential
to every company. No company can think for the survival of longer time without managers and
leaders. The role of leader is to lead the team and to monitor that team members are doing their
work correct or not. They are provide feedbacks to their team members so that they can improve
where there is area of improvement. Manager is the head of every department and he or she is
responsible if the department gets failed. Manager also motivate department so that aim of the
company can be achieved. Managers should possess managerial skills which are communication
skill, analytical skill, problem solving skill, decision making skill etc. by using these skills
managers and leaders can manage workforce of the organisation. This study will help other
companies who belong to the same industry. Along with that it will also help other scholar who
will research in the future on same subject.
The study has undertaken by taking in mind all the research guidelines. For conducting this
research deep study of leadership and management has done. There are many methods of
leadership like autocratic, democratic, laissez faire etc. company can use any of the leadership
style according to the nature of their company. In democratic style leaders involve their
employees in the decision-making process and in the autocratic style employee’s opinions and
views does not matter of the company. This style also demotivates workers because they will
think that company is not valuing them and even not taking suggestions when decisions are
making for them. Managers should also take training timely so that they can learn advanced
knowledge and also their skills can get brushed. This investigation is conducted through
qualitative research type. This research type is selected because theory topic can be easily
explained by using this technique. So that is the reason that quantitative research is not

considered and also quantitative research takes more time as compare to qualitative research and
there is shortage of time also. Through inductive research approach the research is conducted.
As research is qualitative so through this approach it can effectively conducted.
Interpretivism research philosophy is used as it also helps in conducting qualitative research
easily. Data collection is one of the vital thing in complete research. Here primary and secondary
both the research are used for collecting data. For primary research questionnaire method is used.
This method is used because it is the most easy method and also this method is helpful in
delivering effective outcomes. Primary research is the first hand research and it gives more
accurate results so that is the reason that it is selected for doing this research. For secondary
research data is taken from literature review. As secondary data is easy to collect so because of
lack of time this method is also considered. For the purpose of sampling random sampling
technique is used. The reason behind using this technique is this method will give equal chance
to every individual to get selected. This technique is not biased. So to increase the value of the
research this technique has been selected. 30 employees are randomly gets selected from the
organisation and will be given questionnaire to be filled so that the survey can be completed.
The reason behind not selecting non random technique is this technique is biased and does
not provide equal chance to every employee. Thematic perception test technique is used in this
current research because leadership and management are the theory topic and qualitative research
can be addressed through this test easily. By following all the ethical practice this research is
conducted. Ethics are must as research which is conducted using unethical means or practice
have no value and such research is considered as vague. So that is the reason that reference list is
attached at the end of the report so that it can prove that scholar information is considered in this
report. Copyright and patented sources are used so that it can show that research is valid and
anyone can relay on this research. As valid research will only get considered by other scholar in
the future. This research has also discussed data analysis in which questions are mentioned which
has asked with the employees regarding leadership and management.
Reflection
From the entire research I got deep knowledge about leadership and management earlier I was
not well versed with the terms in detail but when I was researching about this topic I got many
new and latest information and I have increased my knowledge by this research. When I was
researching about this topic I learnt various research methodology such as quantitative and

qualitative research which I was not well versed earlier. Apart from this to gather the
information about this topic I improve my communication skills as well especially my written
communication skill has been improved. Along with this I got many chances where I need to
interact with many people and all are from different culture and living having different opinion
so I I also learnt some convincing skills from them and how to communicate them with
significant manner also I learnt from this entire research. Apart from this earlier I was not good
in time management skill and I was not able to complete my given work on time because I
indulge so much in research and gathering information this makes me to delay the work but when
I was researching about this topic I try to minimise my weakness. I do not spent a lot of time on
researching about one thing only instead of wasting time I utilise my time and gather all the
necessary and specific details for this research so that this research will help other organisations
and also other Scholars and researchers who want to research on the same topic. Besides this
from this research I learnt various Research philosophies and apart from this the major thing
which I learnt is that the primary Research and secondary Research and how this research is
important for the perspective of a researcher is also being learnt by me. This research also helps
me how to face various and uncertain challenges because when I was researching about the topic
I was not getting proper suggestions and opinions of different people and I was not getting all the
information which I was looking for so to complete the entire research I faced a lot of issues but I
did not get worried and I take all the challenges as an opportunity. This was also a learning for
me throughout this research and how to complete the given task on a given deadline is also I
have learnt from this research. Along with this I worked hard on the quality part of the entire
research as I wanted to disclose all the quality information related to the management and
leadership so that it will be you beneficial for other people and for the reader as well. To get the
quality information I researched a lot I took help from secondary research as well so that mind it
search can become qualitative for the perspective of reader and other Scholars as well. Along
with this I learnt some researching skills as well to how to research the relevant topic and get
specific information so that I could only necessary details about the topic.

References
Books and journal
Anderson, C.A. and et.al., 2019. The MTurkification of social and personality
psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 45(6). pp.842-850.
Andreassen, B.A., Sano, H.O. and McInerney-Lankford, S. eds., 2017. Research methods in
human rights: A handbook. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Baltaci, A. and Balcı, A., 2017. Complexity leadership: A theorical perspective. International
Journal of Educational Leadership and Management. 5(1). pp.30-58.
Chukwusa, J., 2018. Autocratic leadership style: Obstacle to success in academic
libraries. Library Philosophy and Practice, p.1.
Dawson, C., 2019. Introduction to Research Methods 5th Edition: A Practical Guide for Anyone
Undertaking a Research Project. Robinson.
Edgar, T.W. and Manz, D.O., 2017. Research methods for cyber security. Syngress.
Freund, M., 2017. Shared leadership: Research and implications for nonprofit leadership,
capacity building, and education. The Journal of Nonprofit Education and
Leadership.7(1).
Golensky, M. and Hager, M., 2020. Strategic leadership and management in nonprofit
organizations: Theory and practice. Oxford University Press.
Golensky, M. and Hager, M., 2020. Strategic leadership and management in nonprofit
organizations: Theory and practice. Oxford University Press.
Gravetter, F.J. and Forzano, L.A.B., 2018. Research methods for the behavioral sciences.
Cengage Learning.
Hennink, M., Hutter, I. and Bailey, A., 2020. Qualitative research methods. Sage.
Hines, C.A.S., 2017. Impact of servant leadership principles on volunteer satisfaction in a
nonprofit organization (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University).
Lam, M., 2020. Public leadership under resource constraints: an examination of the US nonprofit
sector. Journal of Leadership Studies.14(1). pp.89-95.
Lazar, J., Feng, J.H. and Hochheiser, H., 2017. Research methods in human-computer
interaction. Morgan Kaufmann.
Lee, Y.J., 2019. Scarce as hen's teeth: Women CEOs in large nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit
Management and Leadership.29(4).pp.601-610.
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361.
Megheirkouni, M., 2017. Leadership styles and organizational learning in UK for-profit and non-
profit sports organizations. International Journal of Organizational Analysis.
Ndalamba, K.K., Caldwell, C. and Anderson, V., 2018. Leadership vision as a moral
duty. Journal of Management Development.
Pajo, B., 2017. Introduction to research methods: a hands-on approach. Sage publications.
Plonsky, L., 2017. Quantitative research methods. In The Routledge handbook of instructed
second language acquisition (pp. 505-521). Routledge.
Quinlan, C. and et.al., 2019. Business research methods. South Western Cengage.

Sassenberg, K. and Ditrich, L., 2019. Research in social psychology changed between 2011 and
2016: Larger sample sizes, more self-report measures, and more online
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Appendix
Do you think effective leadership is helpful in achieving goals of the organisation?
 Yes
 No
Out of 5 what rating you will give to your leader?
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
Does your leaders and managers involves you in the decision making process?
 Yes
 No
Do you think that your team leader is providing equal opportunities to all members?
 Yes
 No
Do you agree that leaders and managers should have provided feedbacks to the employees?
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 disagree
 strongly disagree
which leadership method is used by your leaders?
 Autocratic method
 Democratic method
 Affiliative method
 None
As per your opinion, do you think employees should take every order of their manager without
questioning?
 Yes
 No
What leadership skill is present in your leader?
 Communication skill
 Problem solving skill
 Analytical skill
 Decision making skill
 All
Did your manager explain you about the goals of the organisation?
 Yes
 No
Does your manager take your suggestions?
 Always

 sometimes
 None of the above
Does your organisation provide training and development to their employees?
 Yes
 No
Do you agree that your manager resolves conflicts easily?
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
Do you think that your company’s management gives extra benefit to the workforce?
 Yes
 No
Does the performance of the employees are reviewed by the manager?
 Regularly
 Sometimes
 None of the above
Does your manager conduct meeting with the employees?
 Yes
 No
Did your manager has build trusting and wealthy working environment?
 Yes
 No
Does your leader provide you targets which you have to achieve?
 Yes
 No
Does your team leader take responsibility if any team member fails to achieve expectations?
 Yes
 no
What suggestions you will give to your company regarding leadership and management?
According to you what changes leaders should have bring into their personality?
Do you think leadership and management is important to any company. If yes, why?