Leadership and Management

This report explores the concepts of leadership and management, their similarities and differences, and evaluates a leadership development program in the NHS. It discusses the importance of effective leadership and management in achieving organizational goals and provides insights into different leadership styles and theories. The report also examines the behavioral and trait theories of leadership and their implications. Overall, it highlights the significance of leadership development programs in enhancing employee performance and organizational success.

Leadership and Management
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TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
Concept of leadership and management......................................................................................3
Similarities and difference between leadership and management...............................................4
Differences between leadership and management.......................................................................5
Behavioural theory.......................................................................................................................7
Trait theories................................................................................................................................8
Evaluation of leadership development program..........................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15
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INTRODUCTION
Management is systematic processes that are used by manager to effectively utilise
resources by minimising cost and wastage of products and services. Manager of firm plans
various ways and method that it can use to manage various resources such as physical and human
so that organisational goal can be achieved. Management of firm formulate policies and
procedure that need to be followed by every individual for smooth operation of business. It helps
in maintaining discipline and arrangements of all resource that can be used by individual to
perform different function within organisation. Therefore manager has an art that helps it to get
thing done through other by continuous supervision and monitoring performance and
productivity of each employee. Management of company are also responsible for taking
corrective action and step in case of deviation in order to protect company from various threats
and uncertainty that exist in external environment. On the other hand leadership is refers to
capacity or ability of individual to influence and motivate other people by providing appropriate
guideline and procedure to complete a particular task. Leaders are also essential in organisational
growth and success as they by building strong relationship with employees are able to formulate
effective strategies that can be used to manage people and resources. There are various styles that
can be used by leaders of company to enhance motivation and morale level of employees.
Therefore leader and managers plays different roles within firm so that company can grow and
expands it business continuously. This report is about leadership and management that are two
main crucial function of any organisation that need to be performed in order to satisfy needs of
customers and achieve its objectives. It also analysis leadership program that is used by NHS to
manage various function within firm.
MAIN BODY
Concept of leadership and management
As stated by Smith, Tayeb and Peterson, (2018) leadership is innovative and creative
method to influence other people to perform function in definite manner so that company can
achieve its future vision. Leaders have capabilities to binds different employees to work together
as team with common vision for long term growth and sustainability of organisation. Leaders use
various leadership styles to motivate employee to work harder and maximum utilise their
capabilities in order to provide better services to customers.
Management
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According to Cheong and et.al., (2016) management helps in effectively utilise of
resource by maximising investment made by firm through effective planning, organising and
controlling activities of different individual that are working within organisation. Manager plans
various activities that need to perform, set target and objective that need to be achieved by
company within limited time and cost to satisfy requirement of customers. It is universal process
that is used by each organisation to effectively coordinate work of different individual towards
common goals.
Similarities and difference between leadership and management
There are various similarities and difference between two terms- management and
leadership as both are responsible for higher or maximum utilisation of efforts so that company
can grow and expands its business in the industry. Therefore as per view of Cheong and et.al.,
(2016) similarities between leadership and management is that both provide appropriate
technology and working environment so that employees can put their best toward
accomplishment of particular task and responsibilities. Leader and manager both plan ways and
method that can be used to motivate employees to improve their performance and productivity.
Both leaders and manager encourage views, opinion of employees to generate new and
innovative ideas and feeling of belongingness among employees. Thus helps in raising
employee’s motivation and morale to improve their performance and ability to work as team
toward common goals.’
Despite of similarities between leadership and management there are various difference
that exist in management and leadership as noted by Schedlitzki and Edwards, (2017)
managers create dedicated employees whereas leaders create fan that follow activities of leaders.
It is responsibilities of leader to manage and build strong relationship among employees while
manager formulate plans to develop effective system and process that need to be used by
individual while performing various function within organisation. As per Schedlitzki and
Edwards manager plans training and development program and leader motivate employees to
join such program to increase their skill and knowledge for growth in future career. Manager
take responsibilities to minimise risk through taking various steps where as leader use innovative
skill and leadership style to motivate employees. The author also illustrated that manager are top
authority that decided goal of company that need to be achieved in particular year while leader
plan vision and direction that need to be followed by employees for achievement of goals set by
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manager. Leader of company inform employees about rules, policies and interrelationship of
individual whereas manger decide rules and regulation that need to be implemented for effective
operation of business. Thus, there are various differences between leadership and management of
firm that by working together help in growth of organisation.
Differences between leadership and management
ATTRIBUTES LEADERSHIP MANAGEMENT
Definition
Leadership is the ability of
person to give command
subordinates and inspires
them to achieve common
goal. In other wo0rd, leader
leads individual or group of
people to meet objectives.
While management encompasses
directing, controlling group of
people and coordinate them to
achieve pre-described goal. In
other word, manager has directs
group of people to follow their
direction so easy to accomplish
goal over the time.
Vision
Leader has vision to make
group of people or team
highly skilled, competent and
self-motivated which helps
them to deal with future crisis
and leads beneficial
advantage within business.
As compared management has
vision to improve brand image of
organization within global market
and generates high revenue in
business which helps to expand
it’s business activity overall the
world. it can be understood in
simple line to make business
highly competent and leads
sustainability in business
operations.
Communication Leader keep two-way
communication which helps
to update about external and
internal environment of
company and they inform
their team about situation
Manager keeps open
communication but individual
can’t communicate with manager
directly because they have to
follow legal process system i.e.
initially have to send mail when
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both present and future. it is
crucial to keep update about
obstacles because it helps
employee to give different
type of response as per the
situation instead of become
panic while dealing with
situation (Cope and Murray,
2017). Thus, leader enhance
confidence in individuals and
make them competent to deal
with numerous situations
either it is favourable or
unfavourable.
they give response then can
communicate with manager. They
keep update their employee about
current obstacles or situation in
which employee mentally prepare
themselves to deal with situation.
Thus, manager communicate with
employee and updates them about
current obstacles.
Focus on
Leadership focuses on
encouraging of change and
inspires group of people to
accept change in their
working process and make
them dynamic for change. to
inspire them organizes
training session by leader for
their subordinates so they
learn how to perform each
task effectively and makes
them dynamic for leading
change as per the situation.
Management focuses on bringing
stability for the change. so they
introduce different strategies
which supports employee to
perform their action accordance
strategies instead of resisting
change. To implement strategies
involves leader by manager so
they work together in strategies
making process and lead success
in change.
Formulation of While leader formulates
principles and guidelines
which helps group of people
to give their response on the
Management formulates policies
and procedure for the employee
on the basis of government laws
which updates in certain time.
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basis of principles and crisis
doesn’t take place between
management and employees
for the policies. Principles
and guideline ties a trust bond
between management and
employee for the policies or
rules so they can take legal
action against of each other
when they don’t follow
prescribed rules or policies
either it is management or
employees.
thus, manager helps company to
comply with governmental norms
and policies and gains trust of
employee and customer on the
brand.
Behavioural theory
As per the view of Matthews, (2018), there is numerous confusions regarding leader that
they are born or made based on the situation which happen in both life personal and professional
life. But behavioural theory states that leader are not born, in reality they are are made through
learning of macro environments which encompasses experience, observation, competency and
lots of teaching methods that supports individual to become great leader. That’s why this theory
is accessed on specific behaviour and different action of leader instead of their traits. The theory
states that leader is made by effective learning ability. There are three crucial skills which
requires to inspire employee to give high performance at working place within business.
Technical skill is highly essential for the leader because they can teach and direct other effective
use on innovation technology which helps organization to achieve competitive advantage. The
skills support company as well to move forward in the business market and raises goodwill of
company. Communication and interpersonal skills are required in the leader because it helps to
manage people effectively. Leader promotes two communication which facilitates for employee
to direct communicate with their leader regarding their issues. Leader encourages teamwork by
communicating effectively and allows them to share their feeling and point of view which leads
effectiveness in teamworking. Another skill is conceptual skills are crucial for the leader because
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it supports to bring constantly new ideas and invention to plan new strategies or tactics which
motivates staff and individuals to work hard. These overall skills i.e. communication skill,
interpersonal skill, conceptual and technical skills are acquired by leader while practicing
numerous functions in life. It can be evaluated that technical skill are learned by leader which
practically acting by using of new and innovative tools or technologies. While communication
skills and interpersonal skills can be learned easily by individual while working in team to
coordinate effectively and shares their views to each other which helps to get success in common
task and it’s goal Leader constantly improves its performance and develops knowledge by
learning various skills which supports to create new idea, creative and develops innovative
methods to encourage team to work in pre-described direction so that business can expand it’s
operation in different countries successfully. So, writers want to interpret that leadership style
can best learn based on the past experience and observation for accomplishing goal effectively.
However, some authors McPhee, (2019) have criticized about behavioural theory in their
published article is that it avoids mental process and access on behaviour and nature of leader or
individual. The behavioural theory states that people learns based on the past experience and
knowledge which gained through by performing various functions in the firm. So, it can be said
it take lots of time to develop new leader who gain experience while working in the past at job.
In simple owrd, it leads wastage of time and efforts of people. According to some authors past
experience can’t make person great leader because their behaviour can’t work in specific
situation or circumstance. Therefore, learns has ability to choose that leadership style as per the
situation, demand and needs so employee can work better and give effective performance of
employee.
Trait theories
As illustrated by Holland, (2016) trait theory is opposite to behavioural theory which
states that leadership qualities are born which are not built through experience. In other word,
trait theory explains that trait and characteristic of leader differentiate them from others and
makes them competent, eligible and great leader. There are lots of people who keeps different
characteristic and traits of leader but there is common trait is effective communication with other
people which keeps by numerous people. Most of the people have high confidence and
commitment to take various responsibility to perform various function effectively in the firm. On
the other hand, some authors has highlighted physical attributes which must have in individual
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such as eligibility ot develop plan, creates and keeps effective control on various step that
supports to achieve predefined goals. Physical attributes contain family background, multitasker
and ability to take validate and right decision within time deadline. There are various people who
has ability to analysis and evaluate performance of other people and effective communication
supports to exchange information to wide number of people within given time. They have such
kind personality and power which influences others to work in given direction so that can lead
expected outcomes within organization. There are several people who have leadership qualities
but they unable to manage people effectively while other people who have these qualities and
they capable to arrange resources positively and maximize their utilization effectively. Leader
must have achievement drive such as high energy, motivation and capability to take numerous
decision quickly without keeping any type of confusion so that business gains various
opportunities in the business market.
As per the view of Hogan and Foster, (2017), there are various advantage of trait theory
which is stated through lots of principles and research that theory is needed to use for effective
performance of employees. This theory supports HR manager to appoint effective leaders who
can drive achievement in term of employee motivation, numerous task achievement in limited
time and enables to take effective decisions without any confusion as result gets positive impact
on performance, operations and productivity within organization.
However, some Perry and Mason, (2016) have criticised about trait theory in their
published articles is that it is dependent on subjective argument which interpret that individual
person can become successful leader or not. To practice trait theory is quite difficult and
complex for leader because it is based on various characteristic and traits which are not possible
to be presented in each and every leader. It is based on the physical trait i.e. communication skill,
interpersonal skill but some factors are corelated to situation and circumstances.
Evaluation of leadership development program
NHS has launched the Mary Seacole Programme to improve the behaviour of the
leadership and its employees at the work place. This program is a six month long program based
on 100 hours of online learning related to behavioural study. This is an effective learning
programs develops the effective professional behaviour in leaders and employees of
organisation.
Importance for organisation
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Mary Seachole Programme played the following important role in the organisation that
can be summarises in the following manner.
Improves behaviour: The objective of the programs is to develop the behaviour of the
employees and leaders to achieve the objective sof the organisation. This programs works on
improving the behaviour so that more effective outcomes can be entertained from the operational
practices (Bolman and Deal, 2018). Leadership is all about the right mindset and this program
guides leaders to develop such mind set in order to meet the professional duties and
responsibilities. As the leadership approaches create impact on every aspects of the organisation.
This programs emphasis over applying effective practices and approaches that can support
leaders to grow in the organisation.
Encourage evaluation: The objectives of the Marry Seachole Program are to work on the
behaviour of leaders in order to drive them in achieving the best outcomes out of the professional
services of leadership. As per the literature review discussed over on behavioural approach of
leadership. Behavioural approach give huge emphasis on analysing the practices apply for
meeting up the responsibilities associated with the leadership role in organisation. In order to
evaluate the practices leaders need to critically analysis the practices. This programs guides
leaders to develop the practices of critical analysis of own leadership practices. Critical analysis
provide scope to make necessary changes in practices so that more positive outcomes can be
achieved by removing negative aspects of the working practices of leaders.
Program drive to implement change: Behavioural theory of leadership drives leaders to
introduce change in organisation based on the need of the organisation. Changes are a part of all
organisation as it drives organisation to improve the outcomes of the operations and also provide
growth opportunities to the organisation (Boyd and et.al., 2017). This program guides leaders
about all such factors that enables leaders to introduce change in organisation and also to
implement such change in the organisation. As change play huge role in improving the
professional outcomes out of the services. This programs guides leaders about all aspects and
factors involve in change management process of the organisation.
Improve planning: Operational planning is also among the key role leaders needs to play in the
organisation. Leaders plan all operational functions in such a way that utmost amount of
outcomes can be generated out of the operational functions. This programs guides leaders to
analysis all crucial elements involve in operational functions and to plan all such functions
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apparently. Planning play huge role in improving the outcomes of the operations as it enables
organisation to implement functional activates in such as way that operations take less time to
complete (Clinton, 2018). Planning also guides in dealing with the obstacles involve in
operational functions. Under this training programs leaders guide to make proper planning of
operations and also about all such elements that needs to involve in order to plan operations.
Strategy formation: This program also guides leaders to frame proper strategies in order to
complete operations. Strategy formation is also among the key role leaders need to play in an
organisation. This program leaders’ leaders about all such elements that play huge role in
framing proper strategies for conducting operational functions.
All the above points indicate about the importance of the training program in respect to
the organisation.
NHS Leadership development program
Marry Seacole Program run by NHS to improve the behaviour of leaders. This is a 100
hours programs operate for 6 months longer period. This program involves all such major
personality traits of leaders that improve the leadership behaviour in leaders. This program work
over different factors that is needed to improve leadership in an individual. Different aspects like
decision making, situation analysis, communication and other elements involves in the
behavioural approach of leadership (Uhl-Bien and Arena, 2018). This program give precise
analysis on all elements involve in building effective leadership behaviour in leaders. Behaviour
play huge role in improving leadership skills and outcomes as it guides leaders in every aspect of
decision making, operational planning, and strategy formation and in all other aspects. This
programs effective work on the behaviour of an individual in such a way that individual can
effective deal with all challenges associated with leaders in an organisation.
Analysis of the program
Marry Seacole Programme operates by NHS to develop the effective leadership
characteristics in an individual. This programs works on three footprints areas that involves
building effective characteristics require to lead, behaviour of leadership and also the practical
approaches leaders must follow to meet all responsibilities. This is a 100 hours video learning
programs which guides about all personality trait requires to be a leader. Behaviour is a huge
element of leaders all it involves in all decision making approaches of leaders. This program
work on developing an effective behaviour to meet all responsibilities leaders need to play in an
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organisation.
Included in program
This program involves 100 hours of online video study about different aspects of
leadership behaviour. All aspects of leadership is guided with the support of video learning
mode. This program also involves three face to face workshops (Bedi, Alpaslan and Green,
2016). Workshops will be taken by expert’s facilitators. 12 modules will be provided and guided
which will involve fundamentals of leadership, finance, recruitment and selection, fundamental
of HR, appraisal and annual reviews. At the end of the program an assignment will be ask in this
program from all participants.
Eligibility: All such leaders involved in the healthcare sector are eligible for the Marry
Seacole Program. This program is eligible for all such people’s who are in a formal
position of leadership role and also to lead the workforce in an organisation. In order to take part
in the program participant needs to meet the criteria.
Training methods
National Health Service organisation has use on the job training to enhance knowledge
and skill of existing employees. Staff member of NHS are trained while they perform various
function within firm thus it helps in improving existing skill and knowledge of employees. By
training employees on the job it helps in reducing cost and enhances its learning skill of
employees to provide better and qualitative treatment (Punt and et.al., 2016). Individual learn
through past experience that it gathered while performing activities within organisation.
Therefore on the job training is most suitable that helps in enhancing skill and knowledge of new
as well as existing employees.
Intended outcomes
NHS has organised training and development program with an intention to get maximum
output with minimum cost. NHS has also planned to enhance knowledge and skill of employees
so that organisation can have high skilled and qualified, talented employee to perform function.
To maximise employee performance and productivity is another intention outcome that NHS
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want from training and development program organised by company (Bloom, Sadun and Van
Reenen, 2016). To increase morale and motivation of individual so that they can work as team to
faced different challenges of company. Increase in sales volume and brand image of firm is also
indented outcome of NHS so that it can become leading company to provide health care services
in UK.
Identify and evaluation of various benefits of leadership program organised by NHS
On the basis of above analysis and evaluation various benefits of leadership program to
individual and organisation are as follows (Huber, 2017):
Benefits to NHS:
Increase in efficiency of employees: Continuous training and development programs helps in
increase efficiency of employees as they get confidence to perform function by seeing output and
result.
Reduction in wastage: Training program organised by HHS helps in reducing wastage of time
and effort of different individual as they are aware of procedure that need to be followed to attain
desired goals.
Reduce turnover: It helps in reducing employee’s turnover, chance of absentees as training
helps in development of new knowledge and skill that are useful in growth and promotion of
individual within organisation (Gibson, 2017).
Support to New employee: Training program of NHS provide support to new employees to
effectively and comfortably perform its roles and responsibilities.
Benefits to Individual:
Helps in overall growth and Development: NHS organised highly valued training in order to
have talent and specialised individual in organisation thus it helps in effective growth and
development of knowledge of individual.
High rewards: Gained knowledge and skill helps individual to get rewards and recognition in
future career as it has developed high capabilities (Berson, 2016). Rewards and recognition helps
in fulfilling needs and requirement of various individual.
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Increase motivation level and self-confidence: NHS training program helps in raising morale
and confidence level of individual thus its ability to perform desired function and helps in
gaining various opportunities in future.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from above analysis that leaders have special quality to influence other
people such as attractive attribute, strong personality and high knowledge and skill related to
performance of different function. Management of firm is responsible for arranging sufficient
resource and technology that can be used by employee to perform unction easily and effective
within limited time and cost. Therefore it can be stated that effort of both manger and leader are
necessary in organisation to manage different individual that are working within firm. As per
trait theory it can also be concluded that leader are born not made as most of the people have
special characteristic that helps them to become successful leaders. While as per behaviour
theory leaders are made not born it is also correct as some of the people learn leadership style
while performing different function or through past experience. NHS is a large organisation with
number of employees so that they need to be managed effective for achievement of objectives.
Company has launched various leadership programs in order to motivate employees and enhance
their performance for growth and success. Therefore it can be concluded that effective leadership
style used by manager and leaders of NHS helps company in gaining various opportunities and
advantages in the industry.
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