Leadership vs Management: A Comparative Study

The assignment delves into the distinction between leadership and management, examining their unique responsibilities within an organization. It emphasizes the significance of leadership in providing direction, motivation, and inspiration to team members, while also highlighting the importance of management in ensuring control and coordination. The study utilizes various references from books and journals to support its arguments, including 'The Jossey-Bass Handbook of Non-Profit Leadership and Management' and 'Gower Handbook of Leadership and Management Development'.

LEADERSHIP
AND
MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents
(a): Effective theories involved in being a successful leader......................................................3
(b): Development of leadership and suitable measures to develop the leadership......................5
(c): Differentiation between leadership and management...........................................................7
(d):Personal opinions about the context of leadership on the basis of own experiences...........10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

(a): Effective theories involved in being a successful leader
According to the Maxwell, the leadership begins with the actions of a leader, “leader is
the individual who knows the way, goes the way and shows the way”. An effective leadership
only comes in existence when the leader has the futuristic vision and knows how to converts the
ideas into real world and achieve the success. Leadership comprises with the art of motivating
the actions of others. It pertains the activity of setting clear direction in the face of uncertainty.
Leaders are the professional individuals who shares wisdom with individuals and groups (Renz,
2016).
The professional individual or the leader has the ability to exude confidence and attracts
followers. Besides this, the management refers to the managing administrative body that
manages the workings of the team as well as formulate the effective strategies, coordinating the
efforts team members for the accomplishment of administrative targets or goals. In order to
manage the forecasting, to planning, to organising, to commanding, to coordinating and to
controlling the effective management is essential. The effective theories classified in three kinds
of categorise namely, individual, contextual, Relational theories with the only aim of proper
guiding the leader in order to make effective leadership actions.
Individual
Great man Theory (1840's), The Great Man theory was propounded by Thomas Carlyle,
this theory presume that the traits of leadership are inherent in nature. This theory ensures great
efforts to leaders who are oriented by birth to become a successful leader. moreover, this theory
depicts that the successful leaders rises when they encountered with the befitting critical
condition (Bolden, 2016). the Great Man theory was inspired by the study of authoritative
individuals who had the great leadership abilities to face the ordeals of every critical situation.
Under this theory, the author states that the leaders are familiarized by their birth and aspects like
up-bringing, education, experiences are only sculptural leadership qualities that can be learn
from one or more person and this all things makes an individual a perfectly responsive leader.
Lewin's Leadership Style theory, propounded in 1939. Which pertain three styles of
leadership that are mentioned below.
Authoritarian leadership(Autocratic), this theory is mainly applicable for the situations
where there is insufficient time for the group discussion or decisioning and where the leader is
the most knowledgeable member of the group. This theory is generally better for the rapid

decision and decisive actions. Moreover, sometimes it tends to creation of problem of
dysfunctional and also create the hostile environment. It pits the followers against the
domineering leader.
Participative Leadership (Democratic), it is also known as the democratic leadership
style. It is considered as the most effective category of leadership style. Democratic leaders
present a guidance for the group members, but they also participate in the group and allow input
from other group members. It encourages group members to participate but retain the final say in
the decision-making process.
Delegation Leadership(Lassize-faire), This kind of leadership style also known as the
Lassize-faire leadership concept. It is mainly applied in case, where the group members made
more demands to leader, shows less cooperation and are not able to perform the work
independently. This leadership concept or style mainly concerned with the delegation of work
and the authority among the group members according to the capability of the group members in
order to accomplish the targets as well as completing the job in cost and time effective manner.
Contextual
Situational Theory is also known as the Contingency Theory, developed by Hersey and
Blanchard (1969) formally depends on Reddin's (1967) 3-D management style theory. This
theory pertains the combination of the values as well as attitudes which is helpful for the an
individual or group of individual while performing the critical activity or a process and with
regard to which the activity is planned and its results appreciated. Each and every critical process
generally termed as solution of the situation. Furthermore, here the situation refers to the arduous
or perplexing processes, that basically consists the following elements. Physical constraints on
group's environment from within the group. Perceptual representation, within the group and
among its members, of these 'attitudes and values engendered by them'. Structure of
interpersonal relationships within the group.
Relational
Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LXM): LMX theory examines that in group of
persons or organisations, there are members involved who belongs to inside of of the entity are
known as in-group members and also consists the members who belongs to belongs outside of
the entity or the group are known as out-group members. In-group members engages with the
professional leader, have a personality that cop-ups along-with the leaders, and are also

consenting to perform additional tasks or roles (Thorpe, 2016). Out-group members are relatively
incompatible with the professional leader, they present their favourable opinions, enjoys
compatible personalities, or relatively less consenting to perform extra tasks or operations. In-
group members are relatively more interested in attaining the promotions as well as rewards, out-
group members are more likely to leave.
(b): Development of leadership and suitable measures to develop the leadership
Leadership is the effective tools for each business as well as for the whole country and its
economy. It is also essential for the leader to develop the skills of the leadership to face the
ordeals arises in dynamic nature or the unstable environment. It is important to develop the
leadership as recognition in business is more crucial along the financial benefits. This context
depicts the process of leaders when they foster a positive culture that renders the great long term
effects on the organisation and increase the importance of the development of leadership
characteristics. Not only this, the successful leadership also inevitable from the employees point
of view, mainly for their satisfaction from their workings. In order to create the healthy working
environment and to maintain the favourable decorum in organisation it is crucial to provide the
employees an effective leader (Turner, 2014). Not only this, several other reason or issues
develops the needs of development of leadership skills and programme. There are some
measures that are beneficial in context of development of leadership characteristics.
Developing situational awareness is one of the good quality of leader may be when the
individual sees big picture and estimates the issues or conflicts before they occur, this quality is
beneficial while engaging with the important project with tight deadlines. The ability of
foreseeing the conflicts or issues helpful in rendering the solutions for the problems or issues
before their occurrences also helps in recognizing the opportunities.
Situational Theory support this, as it concerns with the combination of the values as
well as attitudes which is helpful for the an individual or group of individual while performing
the critical activity or a process and with regard to which the activity is planned and its results
appreciated. Each and every critical process generally termed as solution of the situation.
Furthermore, here the situation refers to the arduous or perplexing processes, that basically
consists the following elements (Rubenfeld and Scheffer, 2014). Physical constraints on group's
environment from within the group. Perceptual representation, within the group and among its
members, of these 'attitudes and values engendered by them'. Structure of interpersonal

relationships within the group. This theory is beneficial for overall development of the situational
awareness, as it refers to the quality of the leaders for predicting the future ordeals or conflicts
and enable the leaders to get prepared for facing them in advance. This theory of leadership
mainly comprises with the qualities of effective or smart leadership and also gives important to
gain more ascertainment or betterment in these impressive qualities of successful leaders as
crucial because of development of influencing factors and increment in context of change.
Inspiring others, as the leaders are also the part of team and it is beneficial for them to
motivate and inspire those who are working with them. As when in critical situation the team
member needs support, encouragement or guidance then offer it (Champy, 2018). It is essential
to ascertain the team work in order to become a successful teamwork.
LMX theory supports the above statement that group of persons known as the team,
there are team members engages together in order to accomplish the same targets and belongs to
inside of the entity are known as in-group members and works according to the directions given
by their leader. In some situation like conflicts and handling of important projects the less
experienced member needs support and guidance which is to be provided by the leader as it
develops or ascertain the leadership. The team members involve the less experienced persons
along with professionals and leaders, have a personality that cop-ups along-with the leaders, and
are also consenting to perform additional tasks or roles.
Keep Learning refers to the best measures to develop the leadership is to always keep
learning of facts arises in critical conditions, as learn from the experience of own and from the
experiences of other seniors. It helps in keeping the mind sharp and fresh the skills. It is
beneficial in facing new challenges and handling of critical projects.
Transformational theory of leadership supports the above statement that keep learning
ascertain progress of leadership. the leader engages with the followers with the only motive
create healthy working environment and to boosts the level of leadership, team work and
motivation (Yoder-Wise, 2014). For this motive, there are several activities which are performed
under the transformational leadership such as Idealised causing, Inspiring motivation, follow-up
of intellectual motivating methods and individualised concerning.
Empowerment of teammates is totally correct that “No one is the best at everything”
and delegation tasks to other teammates not only promote the workings but also ascertain the
perfection in leadership as well as the workings of team, it also empowers other people on your

team. Empowerment can only possible along with the proper motivation among team members.
Motivation and inspiration both promotes the team work as well as enables the empowerment
among team.
This statement also supported by the LMX theory of leadership that group of persons
working together termed as the team, the team members works together for the accomplishment
of the common goals and termed as the inside party of the entity are commonly known as in-
group members and they work accordance with the framework of directions allotted by their
team leader. In certain cases, the conflicts and completion of urgent assignments, the less
experienced member needs support, motivation and proper guidance which must be rendered by
their leader in order to ascertain the leadership. Besides this, the transformational theory also
reinforce this statement as inspirational motivation also renders under the follow-up of
transformational theory of leadership.
Therefore, the above theories or the measures are helpful for the individual in context of
developing the effective qualities and skills for the effective leadership which is most important
of the systematic functioning of the organisation.
(c): Differentiation between leadership and management
Management refers to the managing administrative body of the organization, the
management engages with the activities of like formulating strategies, planning, controlling and
coordinating within the organisation for the betterment in workings of different departments of
the organisation as well as improvement in workings of organisation also (Bargau, 2015). These
all activities are performed with the motive of accomplishment of all targets of the organisation
and for the growth also. Besides this, the management is crucial for organized business life and
necessary to perform all the kinds of management. Effective management is the backbone of the
successful business entity. Managing the business life-cycle means attaining the objectives as
well as the goals of the business entity.
According to F.W Taylor, “the management is an art of knowing what to do, when to do
and see that it is done in the best and cheapest way. This means that the management is body
which on the process of producing it (h helps the organisation in order to accomplish the targets
as well as in managing the operational and non-operational activities of the organisation”.
According to Chester Bernard, “the leadership is the ability of a superior to influence the
behaviour of a subordinate or group and persuade them to follow a particular course of”.

Moreover, according to U.S Air force, “the leadership is the art of influencing and directing
people in such a way that will win their obedience, confidence, respect and loyal cooperation in
achieving the common objectives”.
According to Marilyn Loden, “the feminine leadership style emphasizes cooperation over
competition, intuition as well as rational thinking in problem solving, team structures where
power and influence are shared within the group, interpersonal competence and participative
decision making”.
Differentiation between the Leadership and Management
Particular Leadership Management
Meaning It means leading the other people and
supporting them and providing them
a direction for working. For
example, production manager, lead
the production team and renders them
the production targets as well as the
standards for quality maintenance.
Managing the operational and non-
operational activities in a systematic
manner also ensures control and
coordination among organisation.
For example, the General manager
of the organisation, manages several
of departments either production or
non-production department and
evaluate the performances of all
department in order to ensure
effective controlling and coordinating
among all departments.
Basis Trust is the base of leadership Management based upon the Control
Importance on Leadership emphasizes on inspiring
the people of the organisation.
Management emphasizes mainly on
the managing activities
Focus on Leadership focuses on
encouragement of people
Management focuses mainly on
ensuring the stability.
Power The main power of leadership is
influencing
Its main power is ruling.
Strategic nature It's strategic nature is proactive Its strategic nature is reactive

Formulation Principles and guidelines regulates
the context of leadership
Policies and procedure regulates the
roles of management.
Perspective It requires the excellent foresight
skills.
Management requires not so
specialized skills (Bush and Glover,
2014).
Risk Risk involves in innovation,
flexibility and embraces change.
Risk averse in standardization,
stability, maintaining the standard.
Motivation Achievement of vision heart or
passion. For example, the promotion
of the finance manager, to chief
finance officer on the basis of his/her
excellent performance.
Compensation and monetary rewards.
For example, on the basis of the
excellent performance of the manager
the administration rewarded him/her
extra bonuses and also increase
his/her annual salary package.
Personality style It requires the excellent imaginary to
lead the people and leaders are
compatible with their risks.
It requires the quality of rationality
and their focus on resources and
betterment of structures.
Orientation people oriented process as
participative, consultative and
transformational.
Task oriented process as dictatorial,
authoritative, transactional,
autocratic, consultative or
democratic.
Driven by Passion, creativity and imagination.
For example, the team leader leads
the team effectively in condition of
shortage of time and quick
decisioning the leader makes the
decision on the basis of the future
imagination and passionate skills.
Formal authority and management
position. For example, the manager
with the help of official authority and
senior position takes decisions
regarding the marketing, financing
etc. in critical or dynamic market
situations.
Concept The leadership is the narrow concept
as each leader may not be the
Management is broad concept as
each manager have to play the role of

manager leader.
(d):Personal opinions about the context of leadership on the basis of own experiences
Leadership is the narrow concept as, I learn from the supportive theories and experiences
which are shared by them. Some theories of leadership defines that there are several activities
which are performed under the while following the leadership theories, the activities like
Idealised causing, Inspiring motivation, follow-up of intellectual motivating methods and
individualised concerning are performed by the individual in order to follow the effective
leadership and I think it is not so wider concept in comparison of the management as each leader
may not be the manager, but each manager have to play the role of leader.
The concept of management pertains the role of leadership, as the management is the
responsible for managing the activities of like strategies, planning, controlling and coordinating
within the organisation for the betterment in workings of different departments of the
organisation as well as improvement in workings of organisation also. These all activities are
performed with the motive of accomplishment of all targets of the organisation and for the
growth also. Besides this, the management is crucial for organized business life and necessary to
perform all the kinds of management.
For example, as I'm the manager of Apple Ltd. with the motive of performing effective
leadership I follows the theories of leadership such as with aim to develop the situational
awareness, means estimating the future conflicts before launching the new projects or business
plan, with the help of situational theory it acts as the guideline for estimating the future ordeals
or conflicts. This helps in ensuring more effectiveness in launching the business plan or projects
by foreseeing the ordeals which could occurs in future. I prepared the effective planning for the
removing the ordeals or conflicts and attained the best outcomes.
At last, it has been concluded that the leadership is essential to provide the direction to
the team as the leadership helps in ensuring the control as well as the coordination. It helps in
directing the workings of the team and also renders the guidance, motivation as well as the
inspiration to the it also empowers other people on your team. Empowerment can only possible
along with the proper motivation among team members. Motivation and inspiration both
promotes the team work as well as enables the empowerment among team. Not only this, there
are some points of differentiation between the management and leadership, as the management is

the broader concept then the leadership. But both the characters are essential for the better
coordination of the among the departments of the organisation.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Renz, D.O., 2016. The Jossey-Bass handbook of non-profit leadership and management. John
Wiley & Sons.
Bolden, R., 2016. Leadership, management and organisational development. In Gower handbook
of leadership and management development (pp. 143-158). Routledge.
Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: pearson.
McCaffery, P., 2018. The higher education manager's handbook: effective leadership and
management in universities and colleges. Routledge.
Cherry, B. and Jacob, S.R., 2016. Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, & management. Elsevier
Health Sciences.
Thorpe, R., 2016. Gower handbook of leadership and management development. CRC Press.
Turner, J.R., 2014. Handbook of project-based management (Vol. 92). New York, NY: McGraw-
hill.
Boyatzis, R.E., 2014. Possible contributions to leadership and management development from
neuroscience.
Yoder-Wise, P.S., 2014. Leading and managing in nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Champy, J., 2018. Reengineering Management The
Mhttps://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/leadershipandate for new Leadership.
Harper Collins.
Rubenfeld, M.G. and Scheffer, B., 2014. Critical thinking tactics for nurses. Jones & Bartlett
Learning, LLC.
Bargau, M.A., 2015. Leadership versus management. Romanian Economic and Business
Review, 10(2), pp.181-189.
Bush, T. and Glover, D., 2014. School leadership models: What do we know?. School
Leadership & Management, 34(5), pp.553-571.
Online
Leadership, 2018. [online]. Available through
:<https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/leadership>