Literature Review on Leadership Development

This literature review discusses different theories and frameworks of leadership development, including ethical leadership and total quality management practices. It also analyzes the development of leadership management over time and identifies areas for future research.

Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW ON LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Literature review on leadership development
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1LITERATURE REVIEW ON LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Discussion........................................................................................................................................3
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
References......................................................................................................................................10

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Introduction
Most of the business leaders nowadays focus on the quality of employees in order to
foster effective leadership qualities within the individual employees and create a strong
employee base for the future (Theisohn, 2013). Therefore, leadership development programs are
largely being adopted by the organization. In order to retain the market position and further
growth of a business, the business heads consider leadership qualities among business
individuals as essential. Leadership development strategies help in developing different
leadership styles from the very beginning among the employees so that they develop their
individual decision making power. It also helps to structure the framework for development
program of leadership keeping the business goal in mind.
The development programs not only help the individuals but on a large picture it helps
the entire organization (Theisohn, 2013). In order to identify different frameworks of leadership
management, a review of different articles has been conducted. The first article that was
reviewed consist different theories of leadership and the frameworks of competency. Along with
that it also sheds light on the evolution of the theories and frameworks over past seventy years.
Among the other three articles which were reviewed, one article highlights the practices of total
quality management and the operational performance along with the connection between them.
In contrast to them, another article was reviewed that focused on the concept of ethical
leadership (Marsh, 2013). It elaborates the perception of leaders towards ethics in terms of
leadership as well as the development of ethical leadership in business. The final article is a
literature review that analyzed several articles which have researched in the area of leadership
development over last 25 years.

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Discussion
The study by Bolden et al. (2013) explores and evaluates different theories of leadership
and frameworks of competency. The article starts by reviewing the theories of leadership as well
as it elaborates their evolution over the last seventy years. While elaborating the theories, the
study focuses on different notions ranging from heroic leaders, transformational leadership,
situational leadership, transactional leadership, trait theories, behaviorist theories and
contingency theories. All of these components are essential as they serve to the qualities of a
successful leader, but a shift has been observed to the individual’s quality of responding to the
different circumstances and their role in terms of the relation to the companions from the general
attitudes and characteristics of the leaders.
The conclusion of the review includes an overview of dispersed leadership. Along with
that, the study also sheds light on the difference between the traditional concept of leaders and
the procedure of leadership. In the next part, highlights on competency frameworks and the
different models of leadership (Theisohn, 2013). In order to discuss on the above mentioned
topic, a variety of frameworks were covered. These frameworks are in terms of management and
leadership that the organizations are presently using. Through discussing these, the essential
qualities of leadership have been defined. To be very specific, the study states the need of basic
qualities that people should possess or attain in order to become a leader. In order to support the
discussion, wide ranges of public, as well as private and generic frameworks, were mentioned in
the study along with different web links. The paper then talked about the selection of initiatives
regarding the procedure of leadership development. The development of leadership procedure
has also been discussed as the alternative of competency framework of leadership.

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The purpose of discussing this is to help to understand how an organization, as well as
individuals, can gain all the essential qualities of a successful leader by using different
techniques. Besides, it also helps in the understanding of the philosophy of the framework of
leadership development (Bolden et al., 2013). Meanwhile, the study also discussed the core
factors of duties of the directors in terms of law and ethics. While discussing the legal and ethical
core factors, different types of values, skills, and attitudes were highlighted as essential
requirements to achieve the qualities of leadership. Finally, the paper concludes by discussing
the approach of competency framework towards leadership and the development of leadership. a
suggestive measure containing substitute ways in order to address the challenges. In the later part
of the conclusion, the strength of the approach was included as it gives an individualistic concept
of development of leadership.
Another study Talib, Rahman & Qureshi (2013) explores the connection between the
operational performance and the practices of total quality management. It has been observed that
most organizations across the world have adopted total quality management approach in order to
upgrade the competitiveness in the workplace. A literature review shows the lack of research in
this area, especially in the area of effective implementation of total quality management. The
research mainly aims to evaluate the practices of total quality management and different
manufacturing companies’ operational performance so that the connection between the practices
of total quality management and the organizational performances. In order to carry the research,
a survey was conducted over 1200 manufacturing companies of Australia and New Zealand. The
validity and authenticity of the operations and those practices were examined during the
research. The result of the study revealed that connection among the practices and the company
performance has an influence and therefore the performance varies.

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Some of the total quality management practices can predict the individualistic
performance. The study points out that the customer management, leadership were the most
important predictors of organizational performance (Talib, Rahman & Qureshi, 2013). However,
the findings reveal that the factors related to behavior like empowerment of employees,
executive commitment, and the healthy office culture can increase the competitiveness more than
the practices of total quality management and other techniques like benchmarking, analysis and
improvement of procedures. In order to develop leadership management, different approaches
can be taken. One of the approaches is Total Quality Management.
To define Total quality Management, it can be said that it is a management system that
follows some principals. According to the principals, every member should be committed to their
work and should maintain the quality of their work in the entire operation of the company. A
framework of management is followed by all the members of the organization (Antonakis &
Day, 2017). The focus of this framework remains on the improvement of the company keeping
customer satisfaction in mind. By implementing Total Quality Management practices
organizations can achieve long-term successful outcome.
In the meantime, another research by Marsh (2013) highlighted on the concept of ethical
leadership. The research mainly discussed the perception of the business individuals towards
ethical leadership. Along with that it also explores the development of ethical leadership in
business. In order to carry out the research survey was conducted over 28 business individuals.
During the survey, the business executives shared their experiences. They recollected the critical
situations regarding ethical issues they faced in their work life and they discussed how their real-
life experiences had an impact on while taking the ethical decisions.

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The business individuals spoke about their personal stories, which helped them in solving
critical situations in term of ethics. All of these personal experiences of the business individuals
were analyzed and then compared. While comparing the data, two models have been developed.
Firstly, how a structure of ethical leadership throw light upon the aspect of values of ethical
leadership and how individual perspective of values works while taking ethical decisions.
Secondly, a model was mentioned explaining how the business individuals developed their
ethical frameworks in the workplace based on their life experiences (Antonakis & Day, 2017). In
the concluding part of the report, one of the three main approaches to normative ethics that is
virtue ethics has been discussed. A short overview of experiential learning was also given.
Meanwhile, the study briefly discussed the development of human resource.
To conduct the survey, the research adopted qualitative data collection as the
methodology. In addition to that, a qualitative procedure was undertaken towards the theoretical
formulation of the data. The participants of the survey included higher ranking senior level
executives who are at the position of directors or of the same level. The executives of 38-year-
old to 73-year-old were interviewed (Marsh, 2013). The business individuals were asked about
the situations in which they had to face an ethical dilemma, what was their take on from that
incident, what was their decision, what was the process they had to undergo in order to make a
decision and about the values that supported them in taking the decision. Finally, the individuals
shared what impacts most according to their ethical perception. However, the research is not free
from limitations. The business individuals who participated in the survey were selected based on
the nomination of business experts who themselves believe to be ethical leaders and no
additional evaluation was done before interviewing them about their actual success as the
leaders.

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Meanwhile, Day et al. (2014) analyzed several research works that have been published
over 25 years in order to analyze the development of leadership behaviors and effective
leadership programs to improve the leadership qualities in business. During the review, the
studies were analyzed from two different perspectives. Some of the studies were on the
leadership theories while other parts of the research papers were the study of leadership
development. The challenges and issues regarding internal as well as external were identified and
examined during the research. These are the internal and external issues in terms of the concept
of leadership development during the course of effective leadership.
The paper mainly discusses how the development of leadership management has changed
over time, what is the process that enhances the quality of the individuals to become a successful
leader (Simons, Palanski, & Trevino, 2013). The review includes different aspects of leadership
development such as personality and development of leadership qualities, self-development
frameworks, skill development, and learning from experience and authentic leadership qualities
and so on. The review mainly aims to figure out the future scope of research in the area of
leadership development. It identified contributions of different scholars who have conducted
research in the area and given suggestive measures towards the improvement of leadership
management.
The paper comes in the conclusion after analyzing a large number of research works that
the development process of leadership qualities in an individual generally starts at a very early
age and therefore, parental modeling tend to have a huge impact on it (Day et al., 2014). The
paper in the later section states that importance of leadership development in business and along
with that it identifies an area where research needs to be done. The area, therefore, will be how
the leadership development can be done in an effective manner so that the business individuals

8LITERATURE REVIEW ON LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
will be able to become successful leaders. However, the limitations while reviewing the articles
cannot be neglected. In order to review a large number of research papers, the review covered
many aspects of leadership development but it has failed to maintain the comprehensiveness. The
readers might feel difficult understand a wide range of aspects mentioned in the review. Despite
the limitations, the paper has successfully identified all the developments of leadership
management over the past 25 years and the areas where attention need to be given for further
research.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be said the literature review tried to discuss all the aspects of
leadership development frameworks and theories. It covered one of the major aspects of
leadership qualities that is ethical leadership. On the other hand, it also reviewed the article
which had shed light on the relationship between practices of total quality management and the
operational performances. The review includes the article that discusses the different frameworks
and theories of leadership development. Besides, how the concept of leadership and the
development of leadership have been changed was also elaborated in the article. The final part of
the review consists of the research that itself a literature review on theories and frameworks of
leadership management. The paper has covered a variety of aspects in terms of leadership
development. The study critically analyzed the four research papers on leadership development
program and it has added references to maintain the credibility of the paper.

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References
Antonakis, J. & Day, D.V. eds., (2017). The nature of leadership. Sage publications.
Antonakis, J. & House, R.J., (2013). The full-range leadership theory: The way forward.
In Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary
Edition (pp. 3-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Bolden, R., (2016). Leadership, management and organisational development. In Gower
handbook of leadership and management development (pp. 143-158). Routledge.
Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A. & Dennison, P., (2013). A review of leadership theory and
competency frameworks. Centre for Leadership Studies, University of Exeter.
Clinton, J.R., (2017). The making of a leader: Recognizing the lessons and stages of leadership
development. Two Words Publishing, LLC.
Clinton, J.R., (2017). The making of a leader: Recognizing the lessons and stages of leadership
development. Two Words Publishing, LLC.
Day, D.V., Fleenor, J.W., Atwater, L.E., Sturm, R.E. & McKee, R.A., (2014). Advances in
leader and leadership development: A review of 25 years of research and theory. The
Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), pp.63-82.
Giltinane, C.L., (2013). Leadership styles and theories. Nursing Standard (through
2013), 27(41), p.35.
Kark, R. & Shamir, B., (2013). The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational
and collective selves and further effects on followers. In Transformational and

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Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition (pp. 77-101).
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Mabey, C., (2013). Leadership development in organizations: Multiple discourses and diverse
practice. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(4), pp.359-380.
Marsh, C., (2013). Business executives’ perceptions of ethical leadership and its
development. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(3), pp.565-582.
McCleskey, J.A., (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and
leadership development. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), p.117.
Miner, J.B., (2015). Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership.
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Parris, D.L. & Peachey, J.W., (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory
in organizational contexts. Journal of business ethics, 113(3), pp.377-393.
Simons, T., Palanski, M., & Trevino, L. (2013). Toward a broader – but still rigorous – definition
of leader integrity: Commentary. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(3), 391–394.
Talib, F., Rahman, Z. & Qureshi, M.N., (2013). An empirical investigation of relationship
between total quality management practices and quality performance in Indian service
companies. International journal of quality & reliability management, 30(3), pp.280-318.
Theisohn, T., (2013). Ownership leadership and transformation: Can we do better for capacity
development. Routledge.