Review of Tourism and Sustainability Studies

The provided assignment appears to be a compilation of research papers and studies related to tourism and sustainability. The collection includes topics such as responsible tourist behavior, medical tourism, and sustainable tourism practices. It also covers issues like environmental impact, human rights, and social responsibility in the tourism industry. The papers are sourced from reputable publications and include contributions from experts in the field.

Legislation & Ethics in the Travel
& Tourism Sector

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Legal and regulatory framework of the travel and tourism sector........................................1
1.2 Surface, sea and air transport law in relation to the carriage of
passengers..................................................................................................................................2
M.1 Strategies to solve problem..................................................................................................3
D.1 Justification..........................................................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Impacts of the principles of health, safety and security
legislation...................................................................................................................................3
2.2 Legislation that relates to equality........................................................................................4
M.2 Appropriate method.............................................................................................................6
D.2 How to manage and organizational activity.........................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Contract legislation in relation to travel and tourism customers...........................................6
3.2 Explain consumer protection legislation in relation to travel and tourism customers..........8
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
4.1 Analyses ethical dilemmas faced by the travel and tourism sector. ...................................10
4.2 Corporate Social Responsibility..........................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Tour and travelling sector are one of the largest growing sectors in the world. In this
report is focused on ethical and moral issues, which is used in travelling sector. The resource of
the tourism industry is United Kingdom and have a lot of choice where travelling inside it. The
report is based on the TUI GROUP organisation (Schwarcz, 2013). The company basically
located in the United Kingdom and provided different kind of services in travelling and the
tourist sector. Further, it covered legal and regulatory framework of travels and tourism sector. In
addition, principal of health, safety and securities legalisation of travelling industry. The main
aim of this study is consumer protection legislation in relation to change of location and tourism
customers.
TASK 1
1.1 Legal and regulatory framework of the travel and tourism sector
Tour and travelling sector is
one of the most important
sector nowadays. This is to be
focus on improve development
of our nation, with the help of
government and some legal
factor. There some law and
regulation framework is to be
used in travelling sector
(Ramsay, 2012). It is help to
increase number of customer
in market share. In regulatory
framework is inculcated many
factors are as follows:-
 Health and Safety
Commission :- In TUI
GROUP tour and
travelling sector Health
and Safety
Commission is located
in United Kingdom is a
non departmental
public body is help and
provide safety facility
to each and every
customer and increase
market development
rate (Ramsay, 2012). It
has been indispensable
to green goods
regulations and
schemes which purpose
to protect consumers if
 Air Travel Operators’
Licensing :- It is help to
protract every customer form
losing there money and being
stranded abroad. In this way,
to be check every thing carry
by tout operator in tour and
travelling sector and require
them take a part of financial
guarantee schemes is to be
manage by air traveller trust.
This TUI GROUP is help and
tour operator goes out of
business concern, the CAA
will ensure custom-made do
not lose the medium of
exchange they cashed, or if
they're foreign, will set up for
them to finishing their holiday
1

the arrangement
providing their
travailing goes out of
business organization,
or if something else
goes incorrect.
 Health and
Safety Executive :- In health
and safety executive is help to
maintained the growth rate in
market. This is help to
provided complete information
about any issue related to
health of each client in market
place. TUI GROUP be
protracted customer related to
internal on the job
surroundings (Lovelock,
2013). This is help to protected
the money of each and every
customer in market share.

and fly away. This is to be
manage work and improve
productivity and price will be
change as per need of market
value.
In the legal sector there is
complete process and some
new is to be rule and complete
structure is to be followed and
increase level of travelling
sector in United Kingdom. In
legal sector case of
transportation from one
Associate State to a third
country and vice versa, the
standard applies to the
department within the district
of the Member Government
from which the route passes.
There are lot many factors is to
be involved in tour and
travelling sector is booking
information, payment
information, departure time,
arrival time and provided them
in appropriate manner for each
customer in market place
(Weeden, 2013). The TUI
GROUP department of
government is help for such
kind of issue and provide fully
2


trained staff to the attention of
grouping with inability, and
requires defence mechanism
for loss of or modification to
motor outfit. This is all such
kind of factor is help and
increase number of customer
or improve the profit margin of
TUI GROUP organisation. On
the other hand, some changes
is made with the help of
government is also incudes in
legal factor.
1.2 Surface, sea and air transport law in relation to the carriage of
passengers
In TUI GROUP tour and
travelling sector is managed
internal work or improve
market share. This is to be
change or focus on surface and
sea transportation facility will
be improve all such kind of
transportation facility is help
to increase the level of tour
and travelling sector. Some act
must be flow in sea and
surface and air transportation
(Guttentag, 2015). All such
kind of issue is most crucial
In TUI GROUP tour and
travelling sector is managed
internal work or improve
market share. This is to be
change or focus on surface and
sea transportation facility will
be improve all such kind of
transportation facility is help
to increase the level of tour
and travelling sector. Some act
must be flow in sea and
surface and air transportation
(Guttentag, 2015). All such
kind of issue is most crucial
 The air and rode act
1979 :- In this context,
require ensuring to
improve the level of
tourist and journey is
safe and secure form
the damage. The main
aim in tour and
travelling sector liable
for the proviso of the
required measures
participating in hold
over the safety
regulations. The safety
3

and useful for overall future
time period is change. This is
law is relation with carriage of
passenger and better
marketplace share and
indefinite quantity general
physical process of tourism
sector. There are something
called conman law. On the
other side, some law are as
follows :-
and useful for overall future
time period is change. This is
law is relation with carriage of
passenger and better
marketplace share and
indefinite quantity general
physical process of tourism
sector. There are something
called conman law. On the
other side, some law are as
follows :-
measures shall assure
that every traveller is
treated equally and
avoid any state of
affairs of injury or
death or loss of
baggage. It is found
that the passenger will
be safe and secure at
the time of travelling.
On the other hand,
protract from mental
and physical harm
causing them loading
and unloading or
responsible for the
same (Holden, 2016).
To be right claim for
the passenger and
render the same to
avoid any sensual,
mental upset that might
be origination from
loading or handling of
the baggage or
embarkation or
boarding.

 It is one of the most
essential part for future
condition of tour and
4

travelling sector is to
be better in
marketplace carrying
into action (Hall,
2015). The TUI
GROUP losing and
indemnity so covered
low the regulations are
obligation of the carrier
project the traveller at
the time. In this
context, safety and
security is one of the
fewest essential part
the present guidance as
per need of local
government or need of
customer in market.
The TUI GROUP
mode of transportation
may be change or use
air and rode
transportation is use
more time. It is easy
and convenient for
customer and reduce
the level of damages to
use such kind of
facilities in
transportation. In this
way, passenger by rode
5

act 1974 is regulated
the safety of passenger
as well as the luggages.
M.1 Strategies to solve problem
In health and safety executive is help to maintained the growth rate in market. In TUI
GROUP tour and travelling sector Health and Safety Commission is located in United Kingdom
is a non departmental public body is help and provide safety facility to each and every customer
and increase market development rate.
D.1 Justification
I have learned that tour and travelling sector is managed internal work or improve market
share. This is to be change or focus on surface and sea transportation facility will be improve all
such kind of transportation facility is help to increase the level of tour and travelling sector.
TASK 2
2.1 Impacts of the principles of health, safety and security
legislation
There are some most important factors is give direct impact on health, safety and
securities or protect to its employees in working geographic area (Paraskou, 2017). It would be
focus on employees visitors and services provider are implementing the tourist process are check
by employees is work place. In addition, it is the responsibility of the leader to make certain that
the on the job state of affairs and safety commissariat are maintained on the site within the safety
modulate. It is a hard situation for the air power industry whereby the air power worker and the
customized face with a difficult state of affairs if the safety modulate are non complied with. To
be satisfy the people in travelling or understood for need and wants of people in market place.
There TUI GROUP are certain issue will be cover in internal management accounting.
In tour and travelling sector employees are required to manage work safety statute law
Scribe that the rights and duty of the direction to handle the exigency are expressed. To be define
responsibility and relationship regarding the safety provision is most important part for tour and
travelling sector. This TUI GROUP is help to manage work or improve responsibilities related to
safety and other factor (Mutalib, 2016). On the other hand, some law must be used in overall
transformation in travelling sector and changes the condition of carrying into action level in
6

market. It is to be follow of safety precondition and the maintenance of the premises to be ensure
the safety of visitors and other factor is used in overall condition of market. There TUI GROUP
are some legal factors is help to make some possible changes inside work place.
Therefore, it must be inculcated safety regulation in the terms of healthy and safety
regulations as well as the liability toward the employees' customer and other such party is to be
present on the premise. There are some changes in tour and travelling sector or improve market
structure. Health and safety legalisation is to be focus on rights and responsibility regarding the
safety provision. It is basic rights of each and every employees in internal on the job state of
affairs.
2.2 Legislation that relates to equality
In UK tour and travelling sector organisation is to be focus on each and every employees
is equal as per the law. In this context, main aim to provided the equal opportunities to each and
every worker in organisation. TUI GROUP is to be focus on some law related to employees and
manage work or improve productivity and industrial relationship with co- worker in organisation
(Tolkach, 2018). The leader should prohibit from discriminative between worker and customized
on the basis of the inability, likes, unlike, contest, religious belief and such other basis. It is link
between customer and employees in market. In additions, customer will be attract number of
customer and increase the growth rate in market share.
As per the sex discrimination act, 1975 employees are not discriminating as per gender
and improve the level of goods or indefinite quantity the level of carrying into action in industry
share. The man and woman are treated as a same in on the job geographical area of tour and
travelling sector. All the customer and employees are equal and provide the TUI GROUP
complete opportunities of maximum the profit. There are some acts is to be used in tour and
travelling sector inside the organisation.
 Employment protection act, 1978 :- In the employment protection act is to be focus on
protected employees in work place. The employment in presented in written format and
give complete information regarding job like date of joining, pay scale, terms of
employment and dismal. This is to be give completed information about the job or pay
attention to related to work (Font, 2017). The duties and responsibility shall be incudes in
employment letter. There should be bring off work or improve the level of customer in
securities TUI GROUP industry share. If the company is to be provided the holiday
7

allowances, that is shall be inculcated with notify to modification and indefinite quantity
work carrying into action. It is help to completed work on time and right people art the
right place is to be allotted in internal work place. To be protected each and every
customer about the work.
 Disabilities discrimination act, 1955 :- In this context, person with disabilities is treated
as part of TUI GROUP organisation. This is give a chance to do something new and
handicapped person should be supply with a accidental as much as an able individual for
the public presentation of a standardized task. It is prohibited to use the disability against
the occupation of the worker that is disabled. It is part for organisation and manage work
or improve productivity and follow some instruction in disabilities or improve
productivity and rate in on the job state of affairs (Ram, 2018). The cause impressed by
the racial prejudice are criminal in quality and actions may refer to the same nether the
law. This is to be handle by human resource management is improved internal as well as
overall carrying into action of employees inside structure.
 Sex discrimination act, 1975 :- This is one of the most of import part to manage people
and sex discrimination act is define the role of male and female facility. Therefore, men
and women are to be activated equally when applying to a state of affairs. A particular
job show shall not be compared based on the grammatical gender as well.
All such kind of act is to be used and improve overall development inside organisation. There
should be bring off work or improve the level of client in securities industry share. Some new
and different act is help to better the flat of employer. On the other hand, To be protected each
and every customer and provide new services must be added in travelling sector.
M.2 Appropriate method
There are some method is to be used to improve the level of tour and travelling sector and
increase the level of carrying into action in market. Employment protection act is to be focus on
protected employees in work place (Moghavvemi, 2017). The employment in presented in
written format and give complete information regarding job like date of joining, pay scale, terms
of employment and dismal.
D.2 How to manage and organisational activity
There are some legal factors must be used in tour and travelling sector. Some law related
to employees and manage work or improve productivity and industrial relationship with co-
8

worker in organisation. A particular job show shall not be compared based on the grammatical
gender as well. In this way, organisational activity is help follow some instruction in disabilities
or improve productivity and rate in on the job state of affairs.
TASK 3
3.1 Contract legislation in relation to travel and tourism customers
In tour and travelling sector is
to be focus on some law in
relation to increase the number
of customer in TUI GROUP
market place (Coccossis,
2017). There is valid contract
is to be form between both the
parties and common intention
to enter into the contract for
the same purpose. On the other
hand, tour and travelling sector
is to be focus on some changes
or damages to cover the cost
form party, not for fourth
party.
At the time of deal or
fix the packages with
organisation, that time deal is
also fixed, or can say contract
will be made with each and
every customer. In relation to
any damage or loss. The
accurate and duties of the
occasion to the contract is
already characterized under the
contract. The TUI GROUP
If the written agreement is for
social design then it might not
be unenforceable unless the
same is mentioned. However,
under commercialised
geographical region, the same
is enforceable as is assumed
under the law. In this way,
TUI GROUP contract is to be
made by enforceable by law
and both the partier is to be
agree and improve level of
contract is to be made. The
price of the every product or
packages is same, not
modification as per need of
customer (Koburtay, 2017). At
the time of contract price is
fix, then at last price will be
not natural event in whole
period. In tour and travelling
sector the complete package is
to be provided and two
hospitality services is to be
inculcate in TUI GROUP
contract. The out of pouch
At the tie of given the contract
is to be made and increase
price and other is most useful
in work place.
 Two person is
necessary
 Price is to be fixed
 No changes, if once
contract is to be made
 Enforceable by law
All such kind of factor is to be
help and improve the market
carrying into action and
contracts incorporate the
package holiday are governed
by the statute law of Bundle
Holidays and Package Tours
Prescript of 1992. In this
context, government is to be
help all such kind of factor or
improve or manage work in
impermanent geographic TUI
GROUP area. In addition,
local government is also
handled any such kind of
changes in tour and travelling
9

weather required to enter into a
written agreement is that of a
thinking. In each and every
contract is to be techniques
and improve overall carrying
into action of organisation. In
this context, enforceable by
law is most essential part of
contract and determine the
intention of any contract is to
be made. In TUI GROUP tour
and travelling sector is a
contract is to made offerer to
an offerer. This is to be called
as completed contract and
manage work or improve the
level of productivity in market
share.
experiences that were
confident on the meeting and
the loss of numerical quantity
of pleasure from the negative
experiences so brush on the
trip. The indemnity covers
personal injuries and safety of
the baggage in case of failure
to set about the required
predicational steps to defend
the made-to-order. There TUI
GROUP are some service
contract in hospitality industry
is most useful for improve the
level of overall carrying into
action.
sector and improve economic
condition of our country
(Adams, 2015). These
mightinesses cover the
protection for the food,
alcohol, lodging, entertainment
and baggage. If the
holidaymaker suffer from any
loss or damage so reason under
the piece of ground then the
same may be cured through
loss of value as secure by the
tour operators at the clip of
merchandising the package.
All such factor many facilities
to be provider by each and
every customer.
This is assist to
indefinite quantity the number
of customer or improve the
growing rate in market. TUI
GROUP Organisation is to be
focus on packages details in
travelling sector, they need
two to four package facility as
per the need and income group
of customer in market share.
Some customer is not afforded
big price packages (Higgins-
Desbiolles, 2015). In this
condition, marketing
10

segmentation is to be used and
set a price as per need of client
in market price. In the same
way, price will increase,
reduce the level of demand in
market and price will decrease,
increase the level of demand in
TUI GROUP market share.
This is to be focus on improve
market organic process rate of
organisation. So, price is to be
decide as per need and wants
of consumer in securities
industry place. It is one of the
most important part
3.2 Explain consumer protection legislation in relation to travel and tourism customers
Consumer protection
act is an act of the house of the
parliament of the UK that
follow important changes to
the consumer law of the united
kingdom. Consumer protection
act related to the consumer
protection because consumer is
the king of the market. So it
important for all consumer this
consumer protection is made
important changes like
consumer safety, misleading
price indications , product
Consumer protection
legislation in relations to travel
and tourism are very important
because if any of the
legislation are break it will
show to penalties and which
could be fine and prison as
well. Travel and tourism
company will need to sure that
the information or statements
that they are provided to the
consumer are right. All TUI
GROUP the information are
relevant manner or statements
The consumer has to full right
to claim compensation if a
wrong information related to
the prices, holidays package.
The offered then presents an
acceptance for the formation
of the TUI GROUP contract.
The enforceability of a
contract nevertheless is
resolute based on the intent of
entrance into a contract bridge
(Paraskou, 2017). If the
contract is for social design
then it might not be
11

liability. This act was
recognized it was the first
succession that the UK
government followed all the
law related to the consumer
protection. It is TUI GROUP
created government power to
regulate the safety of the
consumer and their product as
well. Consumer act regulations
act help the consumer giving
the right and protection when
consumer buying any product
and on line services
(Schwarcz, 2013). Consumer
has full right to take actions
against the sellers. The
consumer protection act is a
prescription that deals with
deceptive or false statement.
The false statement may a
made in holidays, travel agents
and prices.
they provide to their customer
are not false and misleading. If
some information and
statements are wrong to the
customer so customer has full
right to take actions against the
organization and organization
will punish for the breaching
the legislation (Ramsay, 2012).
It is most important
that all the information correct
and reliable it is necessary for
all travel and tourism company
because if they are not
followed rules and regulation
UK government take
immediately actions. For
example, if travel agent giving
a misleading or false
statements regarding to the
prices for the holidays, the
consumer has full right to
complain consumer court and
that the tour operator will
punish it would mean that they
breaching to the legislation.
Consumer protection
act 1968 it is the trade
descriptions act is an important
for consumer and people who
have faced from deceptive
unenforceable unless the same
is mentioned. However, under
commercialized contracts, the
same is unenforceable as is
assuming under the law.
The OFT
concentration on regulation of
the group action in the
securities' industry and to
apply the code and practices of
the regulation of the concern
enterprise industry. The Air
Travel Organizer License
render the assurance to devour
and tourists that the function is
certifiable under the statute
law of the country (Dwyer,
2016). A TUI GROUP
financial protection is also
provided under the scheme to
the travellers. If at any step the
consumers or tourists are
disgruntled with the work or
the product the same be
claimed for under the
concerning statute law and the
contract so come in into by the
political party for the intention.
12

descriptions. The trade
descriptions act refer to the
imposes punishment for giving
a wrong information to the
consumer. Some time travel
tourism agent giving a
misleading information related
to prices, wrong places so
under this act consumer has
full right to take actions
against the TUI GROUP tour
operator (Adinolfi, 2015).
Penalties are given to the tour
operator or any other tour
company. The consumer must
be aware mechanism while
what he is buying and which
price. If some operator giving
a false information related to
the prices so that consumer
has take actions against the
operator. According to
consumer contract act
regulation consumer has right
their protection when dealing
with the tour operator or
buying product.
13

TASK 4
4.1 Analyse ethical dilemmas faced by the travel and tourism sector.
The travel and tourism sector and legislation are attached in more ways and tourism law
in general order the framework that regulates the travel agencies, travel organization, airport.
Tourism industry relate sellers, suppliers, business organisation, consumer, contracts. Travel and
tourism sector developed to guarantee and facilitates a smooth working of the holidaymaker
activities in the country. It betters the choice of the people working for the industry by promotive
corporate social responsibility. The ethical issue faced by the travel and tourism are fair trade
means travellers facing the problems related to the fair some time travel agencies giving offer to
the customer high prices (Lovelock and et.al, 2013). It not a ethical information so consumer
increasing their awareness and travel agencies working with the fair trade change to influences
the international trade policy. Ethical tourism has acquired as a term when one consider
travelling to, processing tourism in specify where ethical issue face these problems like iniquity
to the prices, consumer protection, misleading information.
The travel and tourism industry carry a lot of ethical issue including discharge of income,
green issues ethics, false advertisement, unethical consumer behaviour issue and unfair trade
practices. Exclusive holiday are the most trendy type of holidays travel. So tour operator always
should tries giving the ethical price to the customers are more attract and easily willing to ready
at fixed budget to spent their holiday. Leakage is the almost one issue with all-inclusive
packaged holiday, which means that the money improve the quality of life and tourists pay
everything in advance and tour operator take reward of it. Many problems face by the tourism b
industry are ethical in nature, consider ending of surroundings, pollutions, down of natural
resources, economic foreign policy and intimate exploitation. Tourism industry contributes the
productivity by minimizing the cost of business. It is establishing the customer faithfulness and
main ting the relationships.
Tourism industry creating the trust with suppliers, customer as well. Tourism industry are
related to the honesty, fairness respect of others, morale and responsibility. Travellers operator
always giving an ethical information. They do not create condition for escaping their promises
and commitments. The tourism is the biggest industry and the unethical impact of tourism
development , the society and the culture as well as the development form of tourism of
uncertain quality. Tourism improvement can effort great force on natural resources and
14

ecosystem and threaten the natural balances of the major planet. Specially natural water is the
one of the most critical natural resources. Tourism increasing the demand of the water and other
facilities (Weeden, 2013). Tourisms has becomes full rights it impact on the culture, environment
also living indigenous peoples, the well being different culture it means that the dollars rarely
never reach host country. These situations face a equalities and exploitation of the poor people
and rich people built-in to the lowest form of tourism places. Tourism is the best business to get
the right of safety the need of guest and Tourism ethics follows all the guide line under the UK
parliament act. The commercial enterprise business enterprise should include the World Tourism
Administration standards so set for the protective covering of the tourists and non-industrial the
industry in a just and fair manner . The tour function should ensure that the tourer are satisfied by
the education so supply. There are some ethical issue is to be handle and manage work or
improve level of customer will be increase and reduce any loss form tour and travelling sector.
4.2 Corporate Social Responsibility
In tour and travelling sector is to be focus on corporate social responsibly is one of the
most important part to handle any facts about customer. This is help to government practices that
is assistance to social ware of to activity (Dwyer, 2016). This is help to improve the tour required
to place the several cause conducive to the ethical attack into daily practices for the well-being of
the social group. For the aforesaid intent it is required for the firm to adopt a social welfare
theoretical account to ensure a constant part towards such human action (Dwyer, 2016). There is
corporate social responsibility is to be help to improve market carrying out action.
It is to be focussing on reduce the level pollution in environment. It is most essential for
customer and government department is help to solve such kind of issue. It is beneficial for
society as well as the tourist sector. This is help to improve internal as well as external working
state of affairs and manage growth rate in market share. This is help to manage work and
government department is handle all such kind of problem in marketplace carrying into action.
The aim is to be 0 % wastage is to be made by tour and travelling sector and manage work or
improve productivity. The level of wastage is main aim of each and every organisation and
improve or productive safety biological science factor.
It aims at hiring the worker that identify with the origin and realize the value of the
regulation of the commercial enterprise modular(). It also promotes instruction initiatives. There
15

is complete training is to be provide by each and every employees in organisation. This method
is to be used to provided the complete training is to be made by governing body.
CONCLUSION
Form the above report is based on the TUI GROUP organisation. The company basically
located in the United Kingdom and provided different kind of services in travelling and the
tourist sector. Further, it covered legal and regulatory framework of travels and tourism sector. In
this report is focus on health and safety executive is help to maintained the growth rate in market.
This is help to provided complete information about any issue related to health of each client in
market place. As per the above report is based on corporate social responsibly is one of the most
important part to handle any facts about customer. This is help to government practices that is
assistance to social ware of to activity. Form the above written report is travel agencies, travel
organization, airport. Tourism industry relate sellers, suppliers, business organisation, consumer,
contracts. In this report is based on Consumer protection legislation in relations to travel and
tourism are very important because if any of the legislation are break it will show to penalties
and which could be fine and prison as well.
16

REFERENCES
Books and journals
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consumer protection. UCLA L. Rev.. 61. p.394.
Ramsay. I., 2012. Consumer law and policy: Text and materials on regulating consumer markets.
Bloomsbury Publishing.
Lovelock. B 2013. The ethics of tourism: Critical and applied perspectives. Routledge.
Weeden. C., 2013. Responsible and ethical tourist behaviour (Vol. 30). Routledge.
Guttentag, D 2015. Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism
accommodation sector. Current issues in Tourism, 18(12), pp.1192-1217.
Becker, E., 2016. Overbooked: The exploding business of travel and tourism. Simon and
Schuster.
Holden, A., 2016. Environment and tourism. Routledge.
Hall, C.M., Gossling, S. and Scott, D. eds., 2015. The Routledge handbook of tourism and
sustainability. Routledge.
Paraskou, A 2017. Legal and Economic Considerations Surrounding Reproductive Tourism:
Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI
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