Lifecycle Development

This report discusses the different stages of the lifecycle, analyzes the different needs at different points, and applies theories of lifecycle development. It focuses on a case study of Jake, who has learning disabilities and special educational needs. Recommendations are provided for his care and support.

Lifecycle Development
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Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Discuss the different stages of the lifecycle...........................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
Analyse different needs at different points of the lifecycle....................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
Apply theories of lifecycle development................................................................................7
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................8
References......................................................................................................................................10
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INTRODUCTION
Over the time, human body change significantly and the food is serve as a fuel for those
changes. Throughout the life cycle of a human, changes take place in the body constantly and
goes through distinct periods called as stages. These stages include early childhood, middle
childhood, adolescence, late adolescence, middle age and old age. During each stage, various
changes takes place in terms of physical, cognitive, social and emotional development. This
report is based on a case study of Harry and Jake Morgan who was suffering from learning
disabilities as well as have special educational needs for behavioural and emotional difficulties.
The children are at the risk of harm and requires appropriate care and support. This report intent
to develop a strategy requires to understand the needs of Jake and his family as well as assist
them to move forward. This report covers different stages of life cycle in context Jake along with
analysing the different needs at different points of life cycle. Apart from this, the theories of life
cycle development are included and applied to the life cycle of Jake. At last, appropriate
recommendations are provided along with the brief conclusion in this report.
TASK 1
Discuss the different stages of the lifecycle
There are three broad development stages including early childhood, middle childhood as
well as adolescence. Each of the stage, a child develops socially, physically, emotionally and
cognitively along with environmental and social cultural influences experiences. Each stage of
life cycle development in context of Jake are discussed below:
Early childhood (from birth to eight years of age): it is a tremendous growth time across
all the development areas. In this stage, a dependent infant grows into young individual who can
be able to take care of own self as well as able to interact with others. Due to this reason, the
prime developmental activity in this stage of development of skills. Physically, from the birth to
three years of age, a child quadruples in weight and doubles in height. The bodily proportions are
also shift as the head of an infant which account for almost one fourth of total length of the body,
becomes a toddler, an adult like appearance with more balanced. Apart from this physical
changes, 3-year-old child has mastered in skills like walking, scribbling, sitting, toilet training,
sufficient hand-eye coordination to throw and catch a ball and using a spoon. Between 3 years to
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5 years of age, a child constantly to grow speedily and starts to develop motor skills. Most of the
children by the age of 5 years, fairly good control of crayons, pencils and scissors. The ability to
balance and skip on one foot may involve in gross motor accomplishment. Between the age of 5
years to 8 years, the physical growth slows down, while the motor skills as well as body
proportions become more refined. In early childhood, the physical changes are accompanied
through rapid changes in cognitive and language development of child.
Children utilizes all their senses from the moment they born in order to attend their
environment and they initiate to develop a cause and sense effect from responses of caregivers
and their actions. By the age of 8 years, child is able to depict basic understanding of the
concepts which are less concrete like money and time. However, the child still reasons in
concrete manner and face difficulties in understanding abstract ideas. From the age of 3 to 5
years, socio emotional skills starts to grow including gender identification, formation of peer
relationship as well as development of wrong and right senses. In context of Jake, he is 6 years
old have suffering from learning disabilities and required special educational needs for
behavioural and emotional difficulties. He also has asthma and requires complex care. In his
childhood, he often witnesses his father physically abusing his mother and her mother experience
bouts of anxiety and depression. Apart from this, his father also drinking alcohol and addicted to
class A drugs. They are not taking proper care of their children and resulted to this, their children
are not developed properly and suffering from behavioural and emotional difficulties. In the
early childhood age, Jake not developed properly, physically emotionally and cognitively which
resulted into behavioural and emotional difficulties.
Middle childhood (from 8 to 12 years of age): historically, in human development, middle
childhood stage has not been considered crucial. In psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, this
period of life is labelled as latency stage which is a time when aggressive and sexual urges are
repressed. It is suggested by the developer of theory that during this period, no significant
contribution to the development of personality were made. However, the recent theorists
recognise significance of middle childhood for personality, motivation, cognitive skills and
interpersonal relationships development. During the age, children learn society's values,
therefore, the prime developmental task of this stage can be called integration, both in
developmental terms within the individual as well as of individual in societal context. In middle
childhood stage, physical development is less dramatic in comparison to early childhood or
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adolescence. Until the onset of puberty, the growth is slow and steady, when people initiates to
develop at quicker pace. Apart from this, the cognitive development in this stage is slow and
steady and child in this stage is developing upon skills acquired in early childhood and prepare
for next stage of cognitive development. The reasoning of children is rule based and there
learning skills life forming hypothesis and classification. In context of Jake, he is not developed
properly and his cognitive skills also weak. He is suffering from learning disabilities and requires
proper care for that. He is cognitively not mature and request hand on learning activities. In this
stage, children gain enthusiasm for working and learning. But in case of Jake, he is not
enthusiasm towards learning as he is not getting the proper environment which a child request to
develop and grow and learn. This is also a stage when the children develop competence in social
and interpersonal relationships. But, Jake lack in all these areas due to worse environment in his
family. This has negative implications in in-school learning.
Adolescence stage (from 12 to 18 years of age): this stage can be defined in many ways:
cognitively, culturally and physiologically each way suggests different definition. Adolescence is
referred as culturally constructed period which generally initiates as people reach sexual maturity
as well as and when people has established and identity in their social context. It is a period of
accelerated growth people can grow up to around 4 inches and gain 8 to 10 pounds per year. By
the end of adolescence, people grow 40 or 50 pounds in weight and 7 to 9 inches in height.
During this time, sexual maturation is significant development like physical development.
During this period, development of governed through pituitary gland by release of estrogen
hormone in context of Jake. For him, adolescence is a crucial period for cognitive development
as it marks transition in the manner he thinks and reason regarding ideas and problems. In the
period of early adolescence, child can classify as well as order objects, think logically regarding
concrete objects and consider one or more perspectives at a time. On the other hand, at
adolescence level of development, individuals benefit through direct experiences then through
abstract principles and ideas. As they develop complex cognitive skills, the individuals are able
to solve more hypothetical and abstract issues. But, in case of Jake, he will not develop in such a
manner in the its period of 12 to 18 years and not able to solve hypothetical and abstract issues in
the similar way as other child do. In this stage, people confronted by different changes, they
encounter new situations and responsibilities. It is also an important time of emotional
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development and in this stage individual feel mood swings, which can be understood as logical
reaction to cognitive, physical and social changes facing adolescents.
TASK 2
Analyse different needs at different points of the lifecycle
Need is defined as something which is necessary for a person to live healthy life. It is very
much necessary to live a stable and safe life. Jake is in his early childhood life cycle stage and
there are various needs which are very much necessary for his proper growth and development.
There are some most basic needs which are required by every individual in his or her life. These
needs include physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs and
self-actualization needs. These needs can be properly understanding through using Maslow's
hierarchy of needs theory which is the five tier model, demonstrated as hierarchy levels in
pyramid. It is very much necessary that the needs lower down in the hierarchy should be satisfied
before a person can attend to higher needs. The very first need is physiological needs which is
the lowest level in the pyramid of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It includes the very basic needs
including food, water, shelter, warmth, rest and health which are necessary to ensure survival of
a person. The motivation level of an individual in this level derives through instinct to survive. In
case of Jake in his early childhood stage, he was not getting proper care by his parents as they
both drunk alcohol and her mother suffered from anxiety and depression. Due to not getting
proper basic needs and nutrition which is very much essential for proper growth and
development, he was suffering from learning disability and have behavioural and emotional
difficulties. Because of not satisfying physiological needs properly, Jake was not able to function
optimally. In addition to this, Jake has Asthma and he did not have access to inhalers when
needed due to lack of money.
According to the Maslow, physiological needs are considered as most significant then other
needs. The second need is safety need which comes after the physiological needs of an individual
is satisfied. These needs are fulfilled by the society and family and includes financial security,
emotional security, health and wellbeing, social stability, freedom for fear and law and order. As
Jake is in his early childhood stage, it is very much necessary for him to feel secure and safe in
his life and surroundings. Jake is in the risk of significant harm as the environment in which he
lives is not protected. He often witnesses his father physically abusing his mother and his
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physical care become worse. He often left at home alone in night which creates a risk of
significant harm for him. According to Maslow, it is very much necessary for Jake to have
proper secured and safe environment so that the risk of harm can be reduced and he can grow,
develop and survive properly.
The third type of need is Love and belongingness need where need of emotional relationship
arises. This need is satisfied by friendships, family, social groups and community groups. When
people deprived from love and belongingness needs, they may more likely to feel loneliness and
depression. In case of Jake, he was not getting love and feeling of belongingness from his parents
which is very much needed for him in the age of six for his proper emotional and behavioural
development. The parents of Jake enjoy drinking alcohol, his father was addicted to class A
drugs and mother experience bouts of anxiety and depression. This means that Jake often witness
his father physically abusing his mother which creates a very negative impact on mind and
thinking ability of Jake. Apart from this, he was not getting proper support and love from his
parents which impacts on his behaviour. The fourth need is esteem need in which people need
respect and appreciation. As Jake was a child who is only six years old, this need is on applicable
on him currently but in future, this need is interrelated with his future development. The fifth
need is self-actualization needs which is also not required for him currently as he is only 6 years
old. The social economic status of the family of Jake was not good and resulted to this family is
not able to fulfil the need required by Jake which resulted into behavioural and emotional
difficulties.
TASK 3
Apply theories of lifecycle development
In relation to the development of Jake and discussing the dynamics of Morgan family,
Maslow's lifecycle development theory is the most appropriate one. This theory frames personal
needs as hierarchy. Two types of needs are distinguished by Maslow including deficit needs and
being needs. Deficit needs are primary needs and is necessary to be satisfied before being needs.
This theory consists of five basic needs which are very necessary to be fulfilled in order to
ensure survival. It includes physiological needs which is the very basic need require for survival.
It includes food, water, shelter which is needed to grow and survive. The second need is safety
and security needs in which people need to have proper safety so that they can survive freely and
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independently without any fear. The third need is about love and belongingness need in which
people want to be loved by others. The fourth need is self-esteem needs in which people want
respect, recognition and achievement. The last need is self-actualization need where people
wants to develop to their fullest potential. In relation to the family of Morgan, this theory helps
professionals in analysing the different types of needs which are required for the proper
development of Jake and his family. With the help of this theory, professionals identified that
Jake request proper food, nutrition, good environment to grow and develop in proper way which
he did not get in his childhood. Apart from this, Jake requires safety and security from his family
at the age of 6 which he did not get as both his parents, Jane and Mark enjoy drinking alcohol
and did not take care of the children. The children are at high risk of significant harm as the
witness their father physically abusing their mother which depicts that there us high probability
that the father of Jake abuse him and his siblings. Apart from this, he also not gets love from his
parent which impact on the mental health of child.
The main drawbacks of Maslow's theory are that this theory cannot be tested empirically,
which means that there is no way to measure appropriately how satisfied one need level should
be before the next need becomes operative. Apart from this, Maslow's model is too simplistic
and is too cultural bond. In addition to this, there are some limitations of the model includes that
this framework fails to consider individual differences probability, but assume that similar needs
in similar order execute equally from one individual to other irrespective of nature. However,
this theory considers all the aspects of development of Jack and may help professionals at
strategic meeting in coming to decision on future of Morgan children and Jake. Maslow's theory
highly contributes professionals in understanding the needs of Jake and his family and providing
them with appropriate care and support which in turn help in their proper growth and
development.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
As per the above mentioned report, it has been concluded that Life cycle development of a
human being consists of some stages including early childhood, middle childhood, adolescent
etc. It is very necessary for an individual to get proper care and support for their growth and
development. Maslow's need hierarchy theory helps in understanding the different types of basic
needs which are very much essential for an individual to grow and develop properly. Apart from
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this, it is also necessary that a child develop emotionally, physically, socially and cognitively so
that they can be able to learn and grow. It is recommended to the that the healthcare
professionals need to ensure that they should provide Jake with appropriate support so that he
can develop properly. In addition to this, Jake is suffering from learning disabilities and he
requires adequate care to overcome the issue. The professionals required to take help of
counsellor and Medical Health professionals for providing appropriate treatment to Jake so that
he is able to overcome behavioural and emotional disabilities. Apart from this, Jake is also
suffering from asthma so, the professionals need to provide him with appropriate treatment and
ensure that he have the proper access of inhaler in order to ensure his wellbeing.
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