Literature Review And Essay - Management and leadership

Literature Review And Essay

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Overview of chosen company .....................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY ..................................................................................................................................1
1 Define and discuss the difference between the concept of leadership and management..........1
2 Analyses leadership theory.......................................................................................................5
3. Management development program of Tesco Company.........................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Management and leadership is an important part of organization. Without them, no
company can run its operations and activities properly. Management is done to manage the
employees' activities and efforts. Leadership is done to manage the employees in order to put out
their best. Management and leadership is separate yet interrelated to each other. Management
and leadership is an essential quality which should be in every managers of the organizations.
This report will highlight the concept of management and leadership with difference
between these two terms. It will also analysis the one leadership theory adopted by Tesco
Company. Moreover, this will also focus on the management development program (MDP) of
Tesco Company. MDP is a program conducted by the company for the improvement of
managers.
Overview of chosen company
Tesco is a multinational company which is leading in Retail Industry. It is a groceries and
general merchandise retail public limited company whose headquarters is in England, United
Kingdom (UK).
Background: It was founded by Jack Cohen in year 1919. Currently, Its key people are John
Allan who is the Non Executive Chairman and Dave Lewis is the Chief Executive Officer
(CEO). It is now serving its products and services to the UK, Ireland, India, Malaysia, Thailand,
Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. It is basically running its business across Asia and
Europe.
Operations: It has around 6500+ shops. Currently its market shares is 28.4% in year 2018 where
its revenue, operating income and net income was in year 2018 were £57,491 m, £1,644 m and
£1,208 m respectively. It has following subsidiaries such as Tesco Stores Ltd, Tesco Bank, Tesco
Mobile, Tesco Ireland, Tesco Family Dining Ltd, Dunnhumby, Spenhill, Booker Group and
Jack's. It provides its products through Supermarket, Hypermarket, Superstore and Convenience
shops (Iqbal and Keay, 2019).
MAIN BODY
1 Define and discuss the difference between the concept of leadership and management
Leadership

Leader is the person who control and dominate the people by their leadership style.
Leader is use their position to control and influence the other in an organization. Leader helps the
people by resolve conflicts, grievances, they understand their employees, So employees can trust
and build good relationship with their leaders. Leader support their team members and mange the
people according the abilities of employees, leader can provides the best opportunity to their
employees to enhance their growth and increase motivation towards the work (Larson and Gray,
2017). Leader also understand their people because they provide the best training facilities to
boost the personal growth of the employees. So basically leadership is the art of managing the
people by enhance the motivation among the group of people towards the achievements of goal.
Management
Management is the essential part of every organization, Because management is mange
all the operational and managerial activity of the organization in order to achieve objective of the
company. The basic task of the management that focus on marketing and innovation in the
product to succeeds the business (Hallinger and Wang, 2015). The Management is managing,
controlling, organizing, directing the overall function of organization. That means its contains
different factor of production such as machine, material, money etc, so manager of the Company
has mange all the responsibility they have power to make the decisions in order to achieve the
goal of the company. Manager has only concentrated on growth of the company they always
work on the company profitability by managing and controlling the employees and other
resources.
Difference between management and leadership
Basis Leadership Management
Decision making The leader of the Tesco use
their Leadership style to
making the best decision
according to the employees of
the Tesco. Leaders has
participated to make the best
decision they use their
leadership style to influence
the group of people. Also, they
Management is the art of
managing and controlling
overall managerial activity of
the Tesco. The manager of the
Tesco also direct and analyses
the decisions according to the
future growth of the Tesco.
Manager has use their
management style to make the

take initiative to makes the best
decision to achieve the task in
team members. Means
readership is only makes the
decision according to the
employee of Tesco.
best decision according to the
growth of Tesco. Basically
management of the Tesco has
only focused on growth of
Tesco, not only employees
(Larson and Gray, 2017).
Style, personality In the leadership style people
required a talent to mange all
the group of employee.
Leaders are comfortable to
taking the risk. Leaders use
different leadership style to
manage the people of Tesco.
Leadership style is simple as
compare to the management
style because leader is only
focus on group of people and
particular task of the group.
Management style is required
the lot of charisma and
rationality to mange all the
resources of the Tesco. In this
style manager focus only the
resources, process, structure,
goal, objectives of the Tesco.
So it's a difficult task as
compare to the leadership style
because managements style is
handling the overall resources
of the Tesco while leadership
style only handle the
employees of the Tesco.
Focus The focus is only leading
people. And only concentrate
on person and individual of the
Tesco (Hallinger and Wang,
2015). So leadership is helps to
people of the group to achieve
the significant task of the
group in order to achieve the
objective of the company.
In the management style.
Manager focus on the overall
operational activity of the
Tesco such as research and
development, training,
recruitment and selection, use
new technology, managing,
controlling, production process
etc. so manager has focus on
marketing, innovation all the

activities of the Tesco. So
manager use the management
style to organize and control
all the product process of the
Tesco (McCaffery, 2018).
Orientation style Leadership style is only focus
on personal growth of the
employee. It is the people
oriented style, there main aim
is involved the people to
decision making process to
improve the good relationship.
Total team work is very
important to achieve the goal
of the Tesco (McCaffery,
2018). Leadership style is
focus people that they are
participated all the activity of
Tesco
In management style is
concentrate on the Task
printed style. The
management function is
control, direct and manage all
the activity of Tesco. So
manager could be follow the
democratic, autocratic,
dictatorial, transnational style
to mange all the activity in the
Tesco (Hallinger and Wang,
2015).
Power In the leadership style its have
a quality or power to influence
the people also leader use their
position to inspired and
encouraged the people by using
their leadership style
(McCaffery, 2018).
In management manager have
power and authority to change
the policies and also use the
different policies within the
Tesco to improve the
production process, so
basically manager use their
position to increase the
profitability of the Tesco.
Risk tolerance Leader has quality to take the
risk. They create new things,
In the management style.
Generally managers are not

create innovation and take the
risk. Also, they share all the
things to their group members
to create new things and
provide the new idea to
increase the future growth of
the Tesco (Larson and Gray,
2017). So basically leadership
is taking the risk by create the
new and innovative product.
taking high risk, Because they
organize all the activity of the
company. So there is high
chance of loss that is the
reason managers are not taking
the high risk by innovation
(McCaffery,2018). So
manager are maintained their
stability they not taking high
risk as compare to the leader.
Also, they maintain the status
of the Tesco by organizing,
controlling and maintaining
all the activity of the Tesco.
Motivation The main aim of leadership is
the influence the employees by
motivating the people on the
work place. Leader has
encouraged the employee by
create good relationship and
good environment for the
people. They distribute the
work to the employee by check
the ability of the employees
(Eacott,2015).
In management style managers
are also encouraged and
motivate the employees by
providing the different benefits
such as insurance, bonus,
promotion, incentives, rewards
etc, so these all benefits are
encouraged the employees to
improve the quality of work.
Also, managers motivates the
employees which directly
impact on increasing the
production as well increasing
the future growth off the
Tesco.

2 Analyses leadership theory
Leadership theory
Leadership theory is described the different and specific behavior of the leader. This
theory is described characteristics and traits of the leader. So by use this theory Tesco will
identify that how and why the individual become leaders (Iqbal and Keay,2019).
Leadership theory
Trait theory
The trait theory of leadership is described the different characteristics of the leaders who
are success or not in their leadership style. So basically trait theory is giving the result which
describe the lists of different traits of Tesco leader. Also, trait theory is compared to those people
who fail and success in their leadership style (Hallinger, and Wang, 2015).
A successful leader is describes as those who have ability to influence the people, who have
experienced and have knowledge about the work. Also, have interests, personality traits that are
different from those who have less knowledge about the work and those who have less effective
leadership style.
Tesco use the leadership trait theory in their business to increase the ability of leaders.
Different traits which identify the leaders
 A leader has quality of motivate and influence the employees.
 A leader of the Tesco has quality to manage people by manage all the activity and
compete the task on timely
 Leader is trustworthy. That every member of the group trust to the leader because leader
of the Tesco maintain a good relationship with the employees.
 Leader of the Tesco have knowledge about the work. Also, they have knowledge about
other technical matters (Herman, 2016).
 Leader is capable to provide the good judgment and analyses all the activity to increase
the production of the Tesco.
 Leader has quality of time management they manage the work according to the ability of
employees.
 Leader has also provided training to the employees to enhance the ability of work.

 Leader is flexible and they always create new things provide innovative ideas to the
company by use their knowledge and skills.
 Leader have ability of taking the risk. So they take the risk by crate the innovative
product to the company also expand the future growth of the company
 The main aim of the leader is managed the people and complete the particular task of the
group.
 Leader is resolve the conflicts and grievances of the employees. The good leaders have
brave, confident and achieve the goals of the group. They take challenges also they do
not hide from challenges.
 A good leader are able to control their emotions and avoid controversy to keep work.
 A good leader is eligible of making a decision and is confident about the decisions or in
his or her decisions.
 A strong leader have need to compete the task and help the employee for achieving the
goal (Hallinger, and Wang, 2015). They are genuinely cared the employees' by helping
them. Also, increase the motivation among employees by providing benefit to the
employees.
 Leader has good interpersonal skills are important for leading the group of people. A
good leader have ability and they know how to communicate and interact with other
leaders and managers as well as with the group of members.
Hans Eysenck’s Three Dimensions of Personality ( Trait Theory)
Hans Eysenck’s theory is described the three dimension such as Introversion-
Extroversion and Neuroticism-Emotional Stability and Psychoticism.
Introversion-Extroversion
A leader who is introversion they might be quiet and silent personality they not much
interact with the people. So these is not good as leadership style for the Tesco. While a leader
who is extroversion they might be sociable and outgoing personality so this is good personality
as leader. So Tesco leader are generally extroversion personality (Rothaermel, 2015).
Neuroticism-Emotional Stability

Neuroticism is a tendency which describe the distressed or emotional attitude of the
leader, In other side emotional stability is the tendency which describe the constant emotions of
the leader.
Psychoticism
This trait is described that the leader are suffering from different mental illness, which
have difficulty in dealing with the work and leaders cannot control the organization by mental
illness. So this personality are not good for the Tesco for managing their business ( McCaffery,
2018).
Advantages of leadership trait theory
Traits theory is helps to measure the behaviour of the leaders. The strength of trait theory
is that they measure and categorized the behaviour of the leaders which help to Tesco for identify
the characteristics of the individual so they provide opportunity to individual as guiding to the
group of people. An expertise and researches of the Tesco are found the individual behaviour to
provide the position of leader to the individual (Larson, and Gray, 2017). So basically trait theory
is identified the individual behaviour in the work place and they provide the opportunity to the
individual for managing group of people and complete the task of the company.
Disadvantages of leadership trait theory
The disadvantages of trait theory is that the predictive power of expertise is not much
good, Some time the decision are not right by the researchers and expertise of the Tesco (Renz,
2016). Trait theory are not much good because this theory is suffers from many difficulties such
as selecting the wrong person for the opportunity of leadership positions. Also, many difficulties
is faced when analyses the individual by the trait theory and giving the opportunity to the
individual that crates the negative impact of future growth of the company.
3. Management development program of Tesco Company
MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (MDP)
Management development program (MDP) refers to the program conduct by various
companies in order to enhance and improve the management skills and capabilities and to
prepare for the future responsibilities when they will promote by the organization. It is becoming
important for the company to organize these kinds of programs to provide the best managers for

the company and development of the managers for the future for the betterment of the
organization (Gemünden, 2015).
This management development program has following features such as -
 It is a growth and future oriented program for the employees and managers.
 It is an educational process in which training are given to the employees in order to
develop the managerial skills and competencies.
 It is a behavioural change program through enhance the skills and knowledge of the
managers.
 It is a continuous and proactive process.
Major areas of MDP are as follows -
 Management and Leadership
 Logistics and Supply Chain Management
 Financial Management and Management Accounting
 Operations Management
 Strategic Marketing Management
 Strategic HR Management
 Management Strategy
 Technology and Business
ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (MDP) OF TESCO
COMPANY
Tesco Management Development Program
Tesco has its own management development program which is known as Tesco
Management Development Program (TMDP). It is a professional and personal development of
all the managers who are working in the Tesco company (Tesco Management Development
Programme targets Black and Asian Undergraduates, 2018).
Purpose
Purpose behind this development program of Tesco are as follows -
To develop and enhance the managerial skills and competencies of managers, so that they
can handle varieties of the managerial activities and able to achieve the objectives of the
organization on the time or before the time.

This program also focus on the improvement of managerial potential of the managers. So
that in the future, when manager will get promotion opportunities so he will be able to carry the
more responsibilities and able to do complete his tasks with confident and accurately.
To provide personal growth to the employees, Tesco conduct this program. Tesco
believes that for the organizational development, professional development is important. But,
without personal development, professional development is not possible. Thus, company also
focus on the personal development of managers.
To improve the decision making skill of managers, company provide training to then
through management development program. It is important skill for the managers because they
need to take decisions regarding organization's every aspects which determine the success and
failure of the organization (Gemünden, 2015).
To aim succession planning, company run this program. Because in the future, when high
managerial posts will empty, company need to fulfil them. For that, they need required skills and
capabilities in potential managers. Thus, for the development of that skills and capabilities, they
provide them training through this development program.
Conduction of Tesco Management Development Program (TMDP)
There are various approaches available for Tesco Management Development Program.
These approaches are as follows -
Mentoring
It is an approach through which Tesco hire more experienced and knowledgable manager
as a mentor and provide him team of managers (Gerasimov and Gerasimov, 2015). The team and
hired manager shares relationship which is known as Mentorship. It encourages the successful
succession plan of the organization. In this approach, employees are dependent on their mentor
for the advice or decision which is not possible for always.
Coaching
It is an approach in which Tesco analysis the strengths and weaknesses of potential
managerial employees and accordingly provide them coach to overcome with the weaknesses. It
is the best approach for the development of employees at personally level. But it is costly for the
Tesco company.
Job Rotation

In this approach, company rotate the managerial employees at different positions in
different departments during their management development program. It is used by the company
to promote the flexibilities of managerial employees. It helps manager to explore the hidden
talent in him during rotating and experiencing various roles. It can increase the work pressure on
the employees.
Supervisory Training
Supervisory training is a teaching approach, in which supervisor (who are mainly high
positioned manager) guides and supervises the employees about the skills and knowledge which
is related to the particular field. It ensures about the operational efficiency. Once training is over,
employees are fully trained, they can leave the organization for the better career opportunities.
Case Study Method
In this approach, company assigns various kind of cases to the employees and asks them
to solve the case problems as a decision maker. It improves the decision making and analytical
skills of the managers. Due to lack of experience and knowledge, employees don't be able to
solve the case study and if they do this, there are higher chances for the errors of judgement and
analysis (Gerasimov and Gerasimov, 2015).
Benefits
There are various benefits from Tesco Management Development program. These
benefits are divided into two parts -
A. BENEFITS TO THE EMPLOYEES
There are various benefits to the employees from Tesco Management Development
program. These benefits are as follows -
High Career Opportunities
Due to this management development program, Tesco's employees are able to understand
the roles, responsibilities and conduction of work / tasks. This lead employees to gain knowledge
about the related field. Thus, employees after attending program have great career opportunities
in near future.
Improved Skills and Capabilities
In this program, employees are given training upon various aspects of the tasks which
improve his knowledge, skills and capabilities, which not only improve his professional
behavioral but also provide personal and professional development opportunities.

Confidence
When employees has improved skills and knowledge, this lead to enhance its confidence
and this lead employees to become tension free and able to complete the difficult tasks on time.
B. BENEFITS TO THE TESCO COMPANY
There are various benefits to the organization from Tesco Management Development
program. These benefits are as follows -
Productivity
Company provide training to the employees and managers, they are able to their work
effectively which increase the productivity of the company. Increase in productivity reduce the
costs and increase the profitability (Johnson, 2018).
Workplace Conflicts
Managers and employees both know about their tasks, their roles, responsibilities and
capabilities which make them expert in their tasks. This lead to improve the efficiency of the
employees. Efficient employees are satisfied employees. This cause to reduction in workplace
conflicts and increase in friendly working environment.
Staff Turnover
Managers and employees are more confident and have high moral as compared to the
previous one before attending management development program. This lead employees and
managers both to feel secure at work place which reduce the staff turnover.
ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT ASPECT
Leadership development refers to the program in which the focus is on the expansion of
the capabilities of employees to perform the roles as leaders in the organization. Tesco
management development program has various areas. Out of these areas, leadership development
is one of the important area in Tesco management development program. For the development of
potential leaders in the future, company conduct leadership development program (Sosik and
Jung, 2018). To run the successful leadership development within the organization, Tesco focus
on the 5 aspects which are as follows -
Clear Goals
At the beginning of the leadership program, employees of Tesco sits with the leaders who
analysis their performance and skills. Accordingly, leaders than establish a short and long term

goals and make employees understand about the goals and how to measure the success and
achievement of goals.
Small Groups
After deciding the goals, leaders divide the employees into small group. So that they can
get the enough time and attention from their mentors. Small groups are easy to handle and the
members are easily able to befriend with another members of the group.
Experienced Leadership
Those leaders who are running Tesco leadership development program, must be strong,
experienced. Also, they must be clear understanding emotional intelligence, reciprocal and
instructional skills (Seidle, Fernandez and Perry, 2016).
Multiple Learning Methods
In Tesco leadership development program, employees will learn leadership skills and
knowledge through various learning methods. These learning methods / styles are as follows -
Visual – Verbal Learning Style
In this type of learning style, Tesco leaders provide pictures along with discussions. They
use various kinds of videos in which leaders are using various skills to solve problems and
discuss the theory aspects with the employees. Visual – Verbal learners are experts in making
and implementing the strategies to solve the problems.
Auditory – Verbal Learning Style
In this type of learning method, Leaders provide information to the employees about the
related topic and discuss with them. In this method, leaders have to make sure that they are
clearly making understand of every aspects of the related topics to the employees (Kirschner,
2017).
Visual – Nonverbal Learning Style
In this type of learning style, employees are provided videos, charts and pictures etc. to
understand the whole scenario or topics. This type of learner generally love to work
independently and they use all the information sources to understand the things. This make their
analytical skills improved and strong.
Kinaesthetic Learning Style

In this type of learning method, employees of Tesco learns by doing things. In this style,
leader provide them situations and they solve the situations by act as a leader and mentor leaders
supervise and guide them (Pritchard, 2017).
Ongoing Support and Education
Once employees complete the program, it will serve the organization for constant support
and sustainable development as leaders (Brue and Brue, 2018).
CONCLUSION
From the above study, it has been summarized that management and leadership is an
integral part of the organization. Their perceptions towards organization make them different
from each other which creates conflict between them. But, due to both end goals are same, they
should work together so that organization can easily achieve their targets and earn profits. There
are various leadership theories which is adopted by companies according to their objectives and
nature. No particular theory is best or better than compared to the another theories. These
theories have their own advantages and disadvantages which is influenced by various
organizational factors. For the betterment of organization and succession planning, companies
are conducting various management and leadership development programs in which future and
potential managers and leaders are created for the future of the organization. These programs are
becoming popular day by day due to so many benefits to the organization.

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Online
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[ONLINE]. Available through: <http://www.urbansynergy.com/2009/05/tesco-
management-development-programme-targets-black-and-asian-undergraduates/>