Advantages and Challenges of Self-Driving Cars

This assignment discusses the advantages and challenges of self-driving cars, also known as autonomous vehicles. The benefits include reduced traffic congestion, improved safety, and increased mobility for the elderly and disabled. However, concerns exist about the high cost of these vehicles, job losses for cab drivers, potential malfunctions, and cybersecurity risks. The assignment references various studies and articles to provide a comprehensive understanding of this emerging technology.

Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1LITERATURE REVIEW
Table of Contents
Literature Review............................................................................................................................2
Traditional auto manufacturers........................................................................................................2
Roadmap for self-driving cars.........................................................................................................3
Technologies used by automakers...................................................................................................4
Impact on the adjacent markets.......................................................................................................5
Pros and cons of self-driving cars....................................................................................................6
Pros..............................................................................................................................................6
Cons.............................................................................................................................................7
Reference List..................................................................................................................................9

2LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
There are mainly two landscapes on which the autonomous vehicles are based that are as
follows:
 Traditional players- These are the industries and companies that are present in the
business of automotive, which works on introducing the features that are autonomous in
nature and mainly keep their focus on innovation in an incremental manner. The view of
these carmakers is to have technologies that are not based on drivers and enhance the
paradigm of driving at the same time so that the business model that is present can be
preserved in a proper manner. The start of the driverless technologies helps in providing
the organizations a long list of safety features that are priced at a premium so that it can
be consistent with the new designs1.
 Disruptive players- These are the industries and the companies that are not based on any
present model of business that are present in the automotive industry. These players help
in the process of innovation that will move to the autonomous vehicles directly2.
Traditional auto manufacturers
The biggest players within the automobile industry such as Ford Motors, Mercedes Benz,
BMW, Volkswagen and Audi have also introduced the models of self-driven cars according to
the safety features such as the advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) so that the car can be
capable of driving in its own3. These car manufacturers have already announced that they would
1 Bojarski, Mariusz, et al. "End to end learning for self-driving cars." arXiv preprint arXiv:1604.07316 (2016).
2 Daily, Mike, et al. "Self-Driving Cars." Computer 50.12 (2017): 18-23.
3 Lee, Gim Hee, Friedrich Faundorfer, and Marc Pollefeys. "Motion estimation for self-driving cars with a
generalized camera." Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2013 IEEE Conference on. IEEE, 2013.

3LITERATURE REVIEW
be launching their vehicles within the next two years and the vehicles can operate under various
situations.
Roadmap for self-driving cars
The automakers are adding features that are autonomous to the cars so that it can help
them in increasing their monetary benefits. The features that are being added in the cars are as
follows:
Automatic parking assistance- The parking assistance was first developed by Toyota,
which has helped them in gaining a competitive advantage in the market. It allows the cars to be
steered automatically to the parking areas that are tight so that the vehicle does not get damaged
in the hands of the drivers. The parking assistance that has been developed by Ford can also be
operated from the outside where the individual can operate it with the help of a remote that is
attached with the key4.
Adaptive cruise control technology- The use of lasers and radars in the vehicles have
been done in the past seven years, which has helped the cars in maintaining a safe distance from
the vehicles that are in front of them. Carmakers like BMW, Toyota, Volkswagen and Audi have
been using this technology with the help of the technology known as Global Positioning System
(GPS) technology, which allows the vehicles to access the exits and entries in the freeway. It also
helps the vehicle in taking intelligent decisions with the help of additional censors that has been
installed within the cars5.
4 Howard, Daniel, and Danielle Dai. "Public perceptions of self-driving cars: The case of Berkeley,
California." Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. Vol. 14. No. 4502. 2014.
5 Narla, Siva RK. "The evolution of connected vehicle technology: From smart drivers to smart cars to... self-driving
cars." Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE Journal 83.7 (2013): 22.

4LITERATURE REVIEW
Automatic highway driving assistant- This technology is divided in to two parts, which
consists of acceleration, deceleration and change of lanes in the highways. This technology is
being upgraded in the system so that it can be more sustainable in the cars that will be
manufactured in the future. This technology helps the vehicles in sensing the conditions so that it
can take up better control and provide enough time for transition to the driver6.
Technologies used by automakers
The use of lane changing assistance is done in the vehicle by mounting the system on the
corner side of the rear bumpers. The first sensor helps in operating the system while the second
sensor is operated by the driver. The combination of these two sensors will help in mapping the
algorithm based on which the vehicle would be changing the lanes in the highways7.
The mechanism of adaptive cruise control helps the vehicle in slowing down its
operations and speeding up when the situation arises so that the vehicle can be in pace with the
one that is before it. One of the radars are fixed in the front side or below of the bumper of the
car so that it can help in measuring the distance of the car that is in front of it8.
The communication between the vehicles will help in pushing the technology in self-
driving cars to a further level. The cars are being able to talk between themselves so that it can
help in alerting the drivers regarding the collisions that may take place with other cars. This kind
6 Yang, J., and J. F. Coughlin. "In-vehicle technology for self-driving cars: Advantages and challenges for aging
drivers." International Journal of Automotive Technology 15.2 (2014): 333-340.
7 Boeglin, Jack. "The costs of self-driving cars: reconciling freedom and privacy with tort liability in autonomous
vehicle regulation." Yale JL & Tech. 17 (2015): 171.
8 Lutin, Jerome M., Alain L. Kornhauser, and Eva Lerner-Lam MASCE. "The revolutionary development of self-
driving vehicles and implications for the transportation engineering profession." Institute of Transportation
Engineers. ITE Journal83.7 (2013): 28.

5LITERATURE REVIEW
of communication will happen with the help of a network that will be wireless so that the
vehicles can be able to send messages to each other and pass along the important informations
regarding the movement of the cars. This technology will be based on dedicated short-range
communications (DSRC), which will help in communicating between the vehicles within a range
of 300 meters9.
New technology in the self-driving cars
One of the unique technologies that self-driving cars can include is incorporating the
ultrasonic sensor in one of rear wheels. This will help in keeping track of the movements of the
car as well as will alert the car about the obstacles in the rear. This is an added advantage for the
self-driving car, as this will improve the efficiency of automatic reverse park assist. The
ultrasonic sensor will be activated when the car is engaged in the reverse gear. The company
manufacturing the self-driving car can include this unique and innovative technology as one of
its features due to its distinctive advantages.
One of the major advantages of incorporating the ultrasonic sensor on the rear wheels is
prevention of accidents. It has been seen that self-driving cars has resulted in accidents due to
lack of appropriately working sensors. Due to lack of appropriate information to the technologies
driving the car, the accidents occurred. Thus, installing ultrasonic sensors will help in informing
the software running the car about the obstacles at the back thereby, preventing accidents. In
addition to, while self-parking the car, the ultrasonic sensor will help in informing the car
9 Häne, Christian, Torsten Sattler, and Marc Pollefeys. "Obstacle detection for self-driving cars using only
monocular cameras and wheel odometry." Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2015 IEEE/RSJ International
Conference on. IEEE, 2015.

6LITERATURE REVIEW
technology regarding the obstacles at the back thereby, preventing car damage and parking
property damage.
Impact on the adjacent markets
The insurance industry that is almost based on $200 billion will fall due to the decrease in
the rate of premiums, as there will be less number of accidents on the roads. The decrease in the
road accidents by almost 90 percent will help in popularizing these cars and the liability claims
will decline as a result of this. There will be a decline in cars that would be requiring drivers, as
most of the customers will prefer in using the cars that will be driving on its own. The cost of
these technologies is high in the current market but with the rise of competition it will lead to a
fall in the prices of the vehicles as well. This will help the customers of different income
backgrounds to purchase these cars as well10.
Pros and cons of self-driving cars
Pros
Since these cars will not be requiring any drivers, it will help the cars to become leisure
rooms for the customers. The cars would provide more space to the customers and they do not
have to look in the front always. The customers would be able to entertain themselves with the
help of video screens in the long journeys, as they can catch a movie without even distracting the
driver.
Most of the car accidents take place can be seen is due to the error that has been caused
by the drivers. With the use of self-driving cars, there would be no dependence on the drivers,
10 Schoettle, Brandon, and Michael Sivak. "A survey of public opinion about autonomous and self-driving vehicles
in the US, the UK, and Australia." (2014).

7LITERATURE REVIEW
which will eventually lead to lessening of mistakes on the roads. The risk of drunk driving can
also be eliminated, as it would not cause any harm in the society.
Most of the travelers will be able to enjoy the journey at night and can sleep in the nights
as well. It will also help in the coordination of traffic in the urban areas, which will help in
preventing the use of tail lamps during the busy hours that will also result in reducing the time of
commuting in a drastic manner11.
The arguments on the roads with respect to directions and navigations can be reduced, as
most of the cars will be automatically adjusting according to the situation that is being demanded
on the road, which will help in reducing the accidents on the roads as well. It will also help the
commuters in travelling within the speed limits so that safer journey can be encouraged within
the area.
The reduction of insurance premiums will also take place for the owners of the vehicle, as
these vehicles will not cause any accidents on the roads. Travelling in an efficient manner will
also help in reducing the consumption of fuel, which will help in reducing the costs as well. the
commuters will also have a better experience with respect to travelling in these vehicles and the
awareness of these cars will help in reducing the theft of cars as well12.
11 Surden, Harry, and Mary-Anne Williams. "Technological opacity, predictability, and self-driving cars." Cardozo
L. Rev.38 (2016): 121.
12 Richtel, Matt, and Conor Dougherty. "Google’s driverless cars run into problem: Cars with drivers." New York
Times 1 (2015).

8LITERATURE REVIEW
Cons
The cost of these cars cannot be afforded by people of all sections in the society, as the
cost will be more than $100,000. There will be a loss of jobs for the cab drivers, as the automatic
vehicles will be able to navigate on its own.
The malfunction of the computer or any other glitches that may take place within the car
can lead to crashing of the car, as the vehicle is totally dependent on the use of the modern
technology. These vehicles have to rely solely on the information that is collected through the
internet, which may create a concern for the private vehicles13.
The hackers can get inside the software of the vehicle and control the operation of the
cars, which may affect the security of the commuters and the vehicle as well. The cars have not
been tested in severe weather conditions and there is a high possibility of the vehicles
malfunctioning, as it may distort the cameras as well.
The road signs that are readable by the humans will pose a challenge for the robots, as
they may not be able to read it. The skills and proficiency level of the drivers may get
diminished, as they may not be able to drive the cars, which may hamper them in the later
period14.
13 Diels, Cyriel, and Jelte E. Bos. "Self-driving carsickness." Applied ergonomics 53 (2016): 374-382.
14 Häne, Christian, Torsten Sattler, and Marc Pollefeys. "Obstacle detection for self-driving cars using only
monocular cameras and wheel odometry." Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2015 IEEE/RSJ International
Conference on. IEEE, 2015.

9LITERATURE REVIEW
Reference List
Boeglin, Jack. "The costs of self-driving cars: reconciling freedom and privacy with tort liability
in autonomous vehicle regulation." Yale JL & Tech. 17 (2015): 171.
Bojarski, Mariusz, et al. "End to end learning for self-driving cars." arXiv preprint
arXiv:1604.07316 (2016).
Daily, Mike, et al. "Self-Driving Cars." Computer 50.12 (2017): 18-23.
Häne, Christian, Torsten Sattler, and Marc Pollefeys. "Obstacle detection for self-driving cars
using only monocular cameras and wheel odometry." Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),
2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on. IEEE, 2015.
Howard, Daniel, and Danielle Dai. "Public perceptions of self-driving cars: The case of
Berkeley, California." Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. Vol. 14. No. 4502.
2014.
Lee, Gim Hee, Friedrich Faundorfer, and Marc Pollefeys. "Motion estimation for self-driving
cars with a generalized camera." Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2013 IEEE
Conference on. IEEE, 2013.
Lutin, Jerome M., Alain L. Kornhauser, and Eva Lerner-Lam MASCE. "The revolutionary
development of self-driving vehicles and implications for the transportation engineering
profession." Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE Journal83.7 (2013): 28.
Narla, Siva RK. "The evolution of connected vehicle technology: From smart drivers to smart
cars to... self-driving cars." Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE Journal 83.7 (2013): 22.

10LITERATURE REVIEW
Richtel, Matt, and Conor Dougherty. "Google’s driverless cars run into problem: Cars with
drivers." New York Times 1 (2015).
Schoettle, Brandon, and Michael Sivak. "A survey of public opinion about autonomous and self-
driving vehicles in the US, the UK, and Australia." (2014).
Surden, Harry, and Mary-Anne Williams. "Technological opacity, predictability, and self-driving
cars." Cardozo L. Rev.38 (2016): 121.
Yang, J., and J. F. Coughlin. "In-vehicle technology for self-driving cars: Advantages and
challenges for aging drivers." International Journal of Automotive Technology 15.2 (2014): 333-
340.