Literature Review on Capital Punishment and Gang Crime

This literature review explores the causes of gang crime and the laws associated with capital punishment, focusing on healthcare. It discusses the history of capital punishment in the UK, the impact of gang violence on individuals and communities, and the reasons behind criminal activities. The review also examines the role of healthcare professionals in addressing gang crime.

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Table of Contents
Topic: “To critically analyse the cause of the gang crime and laws associated with the capital
punishment. A study on healthcare.”...............................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

Topic: “To critically analyse the cause of the gang crime and laws associated with
the capital punishment. A study on healthcare.”
LITERATURE REVIEW
Kovarsky, (2016) stated that, capital punishment is referred to as a practice which has
been carried by the individual person for specific crime by carrying out proper legal time. It is
considered to be as a death penalty which the state of the country put the person to the death or
specific punishment for the specific crime. Capital punishment within the UK has been used
from the ancient period. The execution has been taken carried out in the year 1964 by hanging
the person convicted for murder. However, the death penalty in turn has been considered to be as
the legal defined punishment for carrying out certain offences which includes treason. Binder,
Fissell, and Weisberg, (2016) investigated that, the murder (abolition of the death penalty) act
1965 is referred to as an act of the parliament within the UK. It has led to the abolishment of the
death penalty for the murder within the great Britain. This act in turn has effectively replaced the
penalty of the death with the mandatory sentence linked with the life imprisonment of the
individual. This act has led to the four capital offences which mainly includes high treason,
espionage, arson in royal dockyards and piracy with the violence. The protocol associated with
the European Convention on Human rights and has become binding on the UK where they tends
to prohibit the restoration of the death penalty when the party is to convention. This is one of the
key significant measure which helps in protecting the human rights and also political freedom
within the Europe. It is one of the key significant treaty which in turn is useful in significantly
protecting the rule of law and is highly significant in promoting democracy within European
countries.
Sarat, (2018) sought to establish the fact that, gang violence is considered to be as the
non- political and illegal acts of violence which has been perpetrated by the gangs against
specific civilians. Gang violence is considered to be as the public health issue. The gang is
considered to be as the group of people or society who tends to significantly claim control over
the territory within the community and also engage themselves in illegal, violent and criminal
activities. The key prominent reason which in turn has resulted in the gang crime is to get
protected from the other gangs or communities because of the risk of losing life. Another cause
of the gang crime is because of the low rate of employment opportunities to the people. Gang
violence helps in raising money in an illegal manner which in turn could largely affect the life of

an individual person. Social disorganization and also the disintegration within the societal
institutions like school, public safety, family, peer group, etc. in order to form gangs.
Gang, (2016) examined the fact that, there are specific set of health care professionals
which plays key significant role in educating the adolescents, parents and social workers
associated with the gang crime within UK. The gang crime significantly influence the family
and a specific community. Prevention of the youth violence is considered to be a vital for the
well being of the individual person. The gang crime tends to significantly increase the risk
associated with the mental health and behavioural difficulties which eventually increases the risk
of victimization, use of substance abuse, high degree of sexual behaviour, depression, obesity,
future violence perpetration, suicidal activities, school dropout and various other set of academic
difficulties. The gang crime influence the entire communities. Pizarro, (2017) argued that, the
gang crime increases the high degree of risk associated with the mental health which eventually
leads to anxiety and depression among the gang who indulge in carrying out illegal activities.
The different types of violence within the community are indulge in carrying out various set of
violences which can negatively change the development of the brain among children and youth.
Gang crime tends to have severe lasting effect on the individual whether it is mental, social and
physical health of an individual person. The gang crime tends to significantly increase the risk
within the health and social care sector. It also results in decrease in the value of the property and
tends to disrupt the social services. Melde, (2016) examined the fact that, the youth violence
tends to negative influence the actual and perceived safety. It also significantly influence and
also has negative impact on the long term and short term consequences associated with the
violence. It is important to restrain the resources of the community and must also address the
needs which can largely influence the health of the person. The individual people who in turn has
been convicted of the crime and also who assist in range of criminal activities has been punished
by the additional term within the state prison or the country jail.
Gebo, (2018) sought to establish the fact that, the serious crime act, 2015 is one of the
key prominent law within the UK which helps in assisting criminal gangs and also regulating
drug cutting agents and people who has been dealing with the offences associated with the
female genital mutilation and paedophilia. The young people can join the gang who carry out
criminal activities by getting influenced by a friend, peer pressure, acceptance, a sense of
belonging, money linked with crime, power over the other individuals, acceptance within the

community, protection from other criminal gang, gain respect in community, etc. are considered
to be as one of the key integral part which largely influences the individual to carry out criminal
activities by being a part of such gang. Ridgeway and et.al., (2019) examined the fact that, the
key reason for carrying out criminal activities in turn mainly includes peer pressure, religion,
poverty, conditions of the family, unemployment, drugs misuse, political effects, etc. which
rends to largely cause high degree of criminal activities by the gang member. The person is
considered to be criminal who tends to break specific set of law. The individual who is a tax
cheat, thief, murderer, etc. are referred to as the criminals. The criminal activities leads to
carrying out of various specific set of criminal activities. Rubenson and et.al., (2020) argued
that, Peer pressure is another significant reason which results in carrying out of specific set of
criminal activities which leads to the non- compliance of the law by the individual person within
the United Kingdom. Parental neglect and low degree of self esteem within the individual is
referred to as one of the key legal cause which can significantly influence the individual to be a
part of the gang crime.
Tamatea, (2017) examined the fact that, in order to significantly prevent carrying out of
criminal activities within the UK. The individual must be given proper treatment within the
rehabilitation centre in order to provide proper training and therapies to the the gang members
who in turn are indulged in such criminal activities. Herrnstadt and et.al., (2016) argued that, the
prison should punish the gang member who has been indulged in carrying out certain set of
activities. The individual who has been convicted to carry out any set of criminal activities must
be prisoned for the specific set of time period who has carried out ant illegal activities.
Approximately, 1 of the 10 individuals who in turn has been convicted within the court in order
to carry out any criminal activities must receive a prison sentence. On the contrary, others who
has been indulged within the criminal activities mainly includes fines, other punishments and
community services. It all depends upon the severity of the criminal activities who are adversely
affected by the punishment and range of penalties in an offence of carrying criminal activities.
When the individual tends to commit crime it becomes mandatory for the individual to be
entitled for the punishment. In case no punishment is given to the individual then the person will
continuously carry out such criminal activities which is dangerous for the general public and
society. The magistrate court must effectively deal with the range of criminal cases within the
UK. The limited power associated with the magistrate court in turn leads the offender to the

crown court. The individual who has been convicted of a specific crime the court must charge
fine or penalty or long sentence of the imprisonment to the convicted party (Punishment &
Rehabilitation, 2020). The crimes such as assault, rape, murder, kidnapping, grand theft, robbery,
range of felonies, homicide and alcohol related offences results in imprisonment to the person
who has been convicted of such crime within the court. Custodial sentence has been given to the
person by the court. However, imprisonment to the person who has been a part of gang crime
results in retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence and incapacitation in order to reduce the crime
rates and act in legal and lawful manner.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Binder, G., Fissell, B. and Weisberg, R., 2016. Capital punishment of unintentional felony
murder. Notre Dame L. Rev., 92, p.1141.
Gang, W., 2016. On Payment of Unlawful Cause and Embezzlement. Peking University Law
Journal, (4), p.6.
Gebo, E., 2018. Gangs and Gang Violence. The Cambridge Handbook of Social Problems, 2,
p.363.
Herrnstadt, E and et.al., 2016. Air pollution as a cause of violent crime: Evidence from Los
Angeles and Chicago. Manuscript in preparation.
Kovarsky, L., 2016. Muscle memory and the local concentration of capital punishment. Duke
LJ, 66, p.259.
Melde, C., 2016. Gangs and gang crime. The handbook of measurement issues in criminology
and criminal justice, pp.159-180.
Pizarro, J.M., 2017. Gang Homicide in the United States. The handbook of homicide, p.73.
Ridgeway, G and et.al., 2019. Effect of gang injunctions on crime: A study of los angeles from
1988–2014. Journal of quantitative criminology, 35(3), pp.517-541.
Rubenson, M.P and et.al., 2020. When helping hurts? Toward a nuanced interpretation of
adverse effects in gang‐focused interventions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,
p.e12321.
Sarat, A., 2018. When the state kills: Capital punishment and the American condition. Princeton
University Press.
Tamatea, A., 2017. The last defence against gang crime: Exploring community approaches to
gang member reintegration-part I. Practice, 5(2).
Online
Punishment & Rehabilitation. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<http://www.courtroomadvice.co.uk/punishment-rehabilitation.html>