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Literature Review of Propagation of Hepatitis C

   

Added on  2020-03-28

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Literature review of the propagation of Hepatitis C virus genetic constitutionAbstractHepatitis C is identified as the main cause of diseases related to Liver. It is associated with theissue of global health problem as there is enormous growth towards cirrhosis and hepato cellularcancer. If hepatitis C is chronic then it is known as asymptomatic and it has damaged the liverupto large extent before it is diagnosed. Instead of reaching the chronic state of liver disease, it isnecessary to have early treatment of acute Hepatitis C infection (Cristina & Costa-Mattioli,2007).However, it is one of the prominent reasons for getting liver transplant these days. Thisvirus is escalated due to contact with the contaminated blood, for example, from sharing needlesor from unsterilized tattoo marking equipment (Cristina & Costa-Mattioli, 2007). This documentdiscusses the literature review of Hepatitis C virus, its symptoms, study of the control of disease,clinical practice attribute, techniques for the treatment and its responses with respect to any kindside effects.

IntroductionAt an early stage of Hepatitis C disease, infected people often have mild or no symptoms.Usually, symptoms like fever, dark urine, pain in abdominal andpale skin are developed in thebody. This virus prevails in the liver of the patient ranges between 75% to 85% of those infectedat an early stage (Okamoto, 2007). Chronic infection with hepatitis C has no symptoms.However, it often leads todamaged liver up to some extent and causes cirrhosis which is achronic disease intrupting with the normal functioning of the liver; the reason behind it is excessintake of alchohol and cirrhosis grows with the complications such as cancer in liver or liverfailure. This virus deploys mostly by blood to blood interaction cerebrate with the usage ofmedicine, non sterilized or not properly sterilized medical equipment (Okamoto, 2007). Usingblood screening, the risk by introducing blood or blood plasma via veinis less. It might bespread from a mother suffering from Hepatitis to her baby during the birth time.It is not causedby facile contact at all. With the advancement in medicine treatment for Hepatitis C virus, thewhole platform for its cure changed to a different level (Okamoto, 2007). However, the power tocontrol this disease using current treatments depends on Hepatitis C virus genotype andparticular characteristics of the patients. At start symptoms of hepatitis C are most commonlyincludes the joint pain, stretched muscles, and allergic skin. Diseases caused due to HCV areArthralgias, Sensory neuropathy, Pruritus, Paresthesias, and Sicca syndrome.As a different view, one can have the disease but not able to recognize the symptoms for years.So the person inflamated with HCV are not aware of this disease until a doctor prescribes theblood test for one or another reason. In case, the patient is suffering from chronic HCV then onecan have symptoms of fatigue, stomach upset, reduction in daily appetite, muscle stretch, jointpain (Okamoto, 2007). On the other, it may lead to symptoms of cirrhosis which affects thepatient who is suffering from hepatitis C for a long time. It causes jaundice, urine turn to darkyellow (Okamoto, 2007). So, one can have blood test whenever this kind of symptoms lasts inthe patient’s body.Treatment for Hepatitis C As per recent advances in medicine, treatments for HCV are having different folds. The mostrecent as well as the most common method was taking drugs in the form of tablets. The treatmentof HCV depends on various factors such as what kind ofhepatitis C virus is the cause hepatitis.Among various HCV , the common type is genotype 1, followed by genotypes 2 and 3.Genotypes 4, 5 and 6 are very rare (Cristina & Costa-Mattioli, 2007).As per epidemiology, Hepatitis C is root cause for the chronic hepatitis C virus in the UnitedStates. These infections stands out for 20% of all cases of acute hepatitis and for more than 40%of all referrals to active liver clinics (Kay & Zoulim, 2007). HCV infections account forapproximately 30,000 new infections and 8000-10,000 deaths each year in the United States(Kay & Zoulim, 2007).Among new infections, 60% occur in intravenous drug users; less than

20% of new cases are acquired through sexual exposure; and 10% are due to other causes,including occupational or peri natal exposure and haemodialysis (Kay & Zoulim, 2007). The overall percentage of anti-HCV antibodies in the US is 1.8% of its total population. Nearly74% of these patients are having positive HCV RNA, meaning that the active virus continues togrow. Therefore, approximated 3.9 million individuals are suffering from HCV and 2.7 millionindividuals in the US have chronic HCV.Genotype 1a occurs in 57% of patients; genotype 1boccurs in 17%.From 1989-1993, the occurrence of HCV to approximately 28,000 new cases peryear, reflecting an 80% decrease (Bhamidimarri, Park & Dieterich, 2011). Decreasedtransfusion-associated disease and a dramatic decrease in intravenous drug use accounted for thischange. Around the globe, more than 170 million individuals have hepatitis C virus(Bhamidimarri, Park & Dieterich, 2011).The prevalence rates in healthy blood donors are 0.01-0.02% in the United Kingdom and northern Europe, 1-1.5% in southern Europe, and 6.5% inparts of equatorial Africa. Prevalence rates as high as 22% are reported in Egypt and areattributed to the use of parenteral antischistosomal therapy (Bhamidimarri, Park & Dieterich,2011).Hepatitis is more alarming among minority populations than other populations, whichfurther associated with lower status at economy level and educational levels. Patho physiologyThe root cause of hepatitis C i.e. HCV is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to theFlaviviridae family andFlavivirusgenus.The natural targets of hepatitis C are hepatocytes and,possibly, B lymphocytes (Bhamidimarri, Park & Dieterich, 2011).RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, an enzyme critical in HCV replication, lacks proofreadingcapabilities and generates a large number of mutant viruses known as quasispecies. Theserepresent minor molecular variations with only 1-2% nucleotide heterogeneity (Bhamidimarri,Park & Dieterich, 2011). HCV quasispecies poses a major challenge to immune-mediated controlof HCV and may explain the variable clinical course and the difficulties in vaccine development.PrognosisInfection with HCV is self-limited in only a small minority of infected persons. Chronicinfection develops in 70-80% of patients infected with HCV Cirrhosis develops within 20 yearsof disease onset in 20% of persons with chronic infection. The onset of chronic hepatitis Cinfection early in life often leads to less serious consequences. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)confection, iron overload, and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency may promote the progression ofchronic HCV infection to HCV-related cirrhosis (Bhamidimarri, Park & Dieterich, 2011). Twostudies of compensating cirrhosis in the United States and Europe showed that decompositionoccurred in 20% of patients and that HCC occurred in approximately 10% of patients.Thesurvival rate at 5 and 10 years was 89% and 79%, respectively (Pease, 2013). HCC develops in1-4% of patients with cirrhosis each year after an average of 30 years. The risk of cirrhosis andHCC doubles in patients who acquired HCV infection via transfusion.Progression to HCC is

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