Corporate Social Responsibility Practices

The provided assignment is about corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its significance in achieving a balance between economic, environmental, and social imperatives. The main objective of CSR is to promote a positive impact through various activities that benefit stakeholders such as investors, customers, employees, and local communities. This document provides a narrative review of literature on Islamic CSR and explores the types of CSR practices across industries in Pakistan. It also discusses the relationship between CSR and internationalization strategies, as well as the effects of CSR perception on consumer satisfaction with a brand. The document covers various sources, including books, journals, and research articles, to provide a comprehensive understanding of CSR practices.

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Table of Contents
ASSESSMENT 2.............................................................................................................................1
1 Literature review in detail........................................................................................................1
2 Literature review on Corporate Social Responsibility.............................................................2
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

ASSESSMENT 2
1 Literature review in detail
A literature review also known as narrative review is a comprehensive summary of a
research on the topic. Under literature review the person surveys the scholarly articles, journals,
books and other relevant and authentic sources to do a research in a particular field. The
literature review is a tool which enumerates, depicts, summarises, evaluates, analyse and clarify
the research topic (Okoli, 2015). The literature review provides for a theoretical base for the for
doing the research and to help the author to determine the nature of the research. It acknowledges
the work of the previous authors and researchers and it assures the reader that the work is well
conceptualized.
A literature review or the narrative review creates a scenario or a landscape for the reader
which has full and clear understanding of the developments of the research topic. This scenario
brings into the knowledge of the reader that the author before doing the literature review has
thoroughly read, analysed, evaluated and gathered the facts and the information about the topic
from the earlier studies.
A literature review is a type of the review article which includes the current knowledge of
the research topic along with some meaningful findings including the methodological and
theoretical effort of different authors to a particular topic. These are secondary sources of the
information which does not involves any of the new or original experimental work. It provides a
handy guideline for a particular topic. Literature review is helpful when a person has limited time
to conduct the research because it gives an overview of the topic in detail.
The purpose of the literature review is to gain an understanding and insight about the
existing discussions and the researches relevant for a particular area of study or the topic and
after going through the literature review presenting the knowledge in the form of a written report.
Conducting a literature review helps the author and the readers in building their knowledge in
that particular field for which the literature review is done (Ramdhani and Ramdhani, 2014). In
the literature review all the important concepts and thoughts used, the research techniques and
the methods and experimental techniques used in conducting the literature review are mentioned
and described.
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The literature review performs the basic function of conveying to the reader the ideas and
the knowledge about the research topic and the concepts so that the readers can understand it in
the same manner as intended by the author. Literature review is different from an academic
research paper (Hart, 2018). The main focus of the academic research paper is to develop a new
argument whereas the literature review does not contribute anything new rather it summarizes,
synthesizes and and interprets existing ideas and the arguments of the previous authors.
The components of the literature review are as follows-
 Objective of the literature review
 Overview of the concept for which literature review is done
 Clear categorisation and distribution of the sources selected for support of the argument
 Particular position, those opposed and offerings in against the arguments
 Discussion of both the distinctiveness of each source and its similarities with others
The functions of the literature review is to provide the matter and concept of the research.
Also to acknowledge and appraise the works of others by adding it in our literature review. It
also aims at establishing the need for which the proposed research is done. Another main
function of the literature review is to familiarise the audience and the reader with the methods,
tools and techniques used in the literature review.
2 Literature review on Corporate Social Responsibility
According to the Asif and Batool, (2017) corporate social responsibility where in the
business organisation is concerned for a two way interaction and involvement with the political,
social and the economical forces which influences the business environment. It refers to the way
how companies manages their business and its working to produce an overall positive impact on
the society. It is a formal business approach which aims at contributing to the sustainable
development by delivering the social, environmental and the economic benefits for all the
stakeholders.
In the words of Schrempf-Stirling, Palazzo and Phillips (2016) corporate social
responsibility is a very broad concept which not only deals with the upliftment of the society.
Rather it also addresses many topics and concepts like corporate governance, health and safety of
the employees and the society, environmental effects, human rights, working conditions and the
contribution to the economic development. It is a process through which it is ensured that
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whether the companies and the organisations are doing the business in an ethical way or not.
This includes taking into account all the factors impacting the organisational working culture like
economic, environmental, social, technological factors etc.
But in the views of the Hopkins (2016) corporate social responsibility is the capacity of
the business for building the sustainable livelihood of all the people involved of related to the
businesses. It involves respecting the cultural differences and finding the business opportunities
for building and enhancing the skills of the employees, government and the community. It may
also be referred to as continuing commitment by the business to behave ethically, morally and to
contribute to the economic development of the society as well as the business along with
improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as also including the
local community and the society at a larger level.
But according to the Crowther and Seifi (2018) corporate social responsibility is a
concept wherein the companies and the organisations voluntarily or on their own decide to
contribute to development of the better society and a more cleaner society and the environment.
According to him corporate social responsibility is a concept wherein the companies integrates
the environmental and social issues and concerns affecting the society into their day to day
business operations. Corporate social responsibility is a newer management strategy through
which the company tries to create a positive impact on the society while doing the business as
usual.
According to Carroll, corporate social responsibility is defined as the multi-dimensional
construct which includes mainly four type of responsibilities such as economical, legal, ethical
and discretionary. The economical responsibilities involve the commitments for organisation to
maintains the economic growth of the and to meet up with the consumption need. The second
corporate social responsibility is the legal responsibility which includes the economic mission
with the framework of the legal requirements. The ethical responsibility define the moral rules of
the company which explain the appropriate behaviour towards the society. Discretionary
responsibility are related to philanthropic activities that reflect the societies desire to see a
company contribute to its development(Godos-Dízel and et.al., 2018).
According to Douglas, The changes in the business environment take place regularly and to
survive in this changing environment, organisation have to adopt various strategies which
includes the Corporate social responsibility unto their business model. Each and every company
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follow the corporate social responsibilities for creating a positive impact on the society.
Corporate social responsibility defines as the ongoing dedication by organisation to act in the
ethical manner and contribute in the development of economic growth. Company also follow the
CSR in terms of enhancing the quality of life of its employees, local communities as well as the
societies(Deigh, Palazzo and Siano, 2016).
According to the Bendell, corporate social responsibilities is a crucial element in
enhancing the profitability of the firm in the current dynamic business environment. Corporate
social responsibility contributes to increasing the profitability of the firm through different ways
such by embracing CSR an organisation can gain the better brand image from the market place
which increase the productivity of the firm and attract the customers towards the organisation.
Through corporate social responsibility company can easily gain the higher customer loyalty
from the market place and consumers tends to believe that company is concerned with their
requirements which helps in increasing the profitability of the firm(Batool, Butt and Niazi,
2016).
According to Blow field, corporate social responsibility is linked with better corporate financial
performance and it defines that profit of the firm can also enhance by its CSR activities through
attracting qualified personnel in the company but Robbins argues that corporate social
responsibility also increase profitability through its linkage with the sustainability by reducing
costs in addition to enhancing efficiency.
According to Berkhout, corporate social plays an important role in promoting the
sustainability of the business. With the help of the principles of the CSR, organisation can
effectively utilise the resources and also reduce the negative impact not only environment but
also the economy and society as well. Each and every company use the different approaches for
sustainability in its CSR models but the most common approach is incorporating the principles of
corporate social responsibility and environmental sustainability in their organisational structure.
The important part in the social responsibility is ability of communities to influence those
decision which are directly and indirectly influence them.
According to the Maignan, corporate social responsibilities is includes corporate social
responsiveness, corporate citizenship and stakeholders management. Socially responsible
company means going beyond the agreement and give more focus on the wealth of human due to
environmental problem. It involves the human rights, safety of workers customer protection and
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sustainable management of natural resources which are needed for better external environment of
the firm. It is very difficult for the companies to attract the customers, employees and
stakeholders which has bad image in the society(Asif and Batool, 2017). It is important to satisfy
the need of the customer, shareholder, stakeholder for maintaining the better brand image in the
company. It is also significant for the company to deal in the fair manner with shareholder,
supplier, customer and specially employees because they are important part as an internal
stakeholder and help the company to grow in a potential market. The satisfaction and motivation
of the employees reflect the productivity as well as profitability of the firm.
According to the Bhattacharya, corporate social responsibility is one of the significant
activities of the business which bridge gap between companies operations and reputation in the
eye of stakeholder such as customer and employers. But valentine, observed that corporate social
responsibility activities increase the job satisfaction of the employees and also suggest that
strategies of the company should be merge with the CSR to improve the companies profile. The
sustainable success of the company is largely depends on the employees' satisfaction rate and
their engagement in the business operation of the firm which can be possible only through
providing good working condition to employees so that they can feel better about their
companies work which increase the strong commitment of employees towards the work and
results in improving job satisfaction and morale(Rivera, Bhattacharya and Curras-Perez, 2016).
Employees are not able to provides the information to customers if they are not aware about the
effort which are made by the company and employees are the first who execute the corporate
social responsibilities and directly linked to the CSR practices. Organisation also designs the
various corporate philanthropic plan in a way which improve the employees' morale and
motivation and also get the opportunities to strengthen their professional and interpersonal skill
through volunteer program which improves the job satisfaction and ultimately results in the less
employee turnover and leads to high company's commitment of the employees.
Corporate social responsibility is defines as the management concept, in which
organisation integrate social and environmental concerns in their business activities and better
interaction with their stakeholders. CSR understood by the company as being the way by which
it can achieve the balance of economical, environmental and social imperatives. The main
objective of the corporate responsibility in the company to take the responsibility for the
company in terms of promoting a positive impact through various activities which provides the
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benefits to the companies stakeholders such as investors, shareholder, customers, employee's and
the local communities(Crane, Matten and Spence, 2019). Corporate social responsibilities also
helps the enterprise to attract and retain not only the consumers but it also motivated the
employees which results in terms of ensuring long term survival of the firm.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Asif, M. and Batool, S., 2017. Corporate Social Responsibility Measurement Approaches:
Narrative Review of Literature on Islamic CSR.
Batool, S., Butt, A. and Niazi, B., 2016. Types of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices
across the Industry in Pakistan and Their Effectiveness. In Corporate Responsibility
and Stakeholding (pp. 225-246). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Carroll, A.B., 2015. Corporate social responsibility. Organizational dynamics. 44(2). pp.87-96.
Crane, A., Matten, D. and Spence, L. eds., 2019. Corporate social responsibility: Readings and
cases in a global context. Routledge.
Crowther, D. and Seifi, S. eds., 2018. Redefining Corporate Social Responsibility. Emerald
Group Publishing.
Deigh, L., Farquhar, J., Palazzo, M. and Siano, A., 2016. Corporate social responsibility:
Engaging the community. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal.
19(2). pp.225-240.
Godos-Díez and et.al., 2018. Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and
Internationalisation Strategies: A Descriptive Study in the Spanish Context.
Administrative Sciences. 8(4). p.57.
Hart, C., 2018. Doing a literature review: Releasing the research imagination. Sage.
Hopkins, M., 2016. The planetary bargain: corporate social responsibility comes of age.
Springer.
Okoli, C., 2015. A guide to conducting a standalone systematic literature
review. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 37.
Ramdhani, M.A. and Ramdhani, A., 2014. Verification of research logical framework based on
literature review. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science. 3(2). pp.1-9.
Rivera, J.J., Bhattacharya, E. and Curras-Perez, R., 2016. Effects of corporate social
responsibility perception on consumer satisfaction with the brand. Spanish Journal of
Marketing-ESIC. 20(2). pp.104-114.
Schrempf-Stirling, J., Palazzo, G. and Phillips, R.A., 2016. Historic corporate social
responsibility. Academy of Management Review. 41(4). pp.700-719.
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