LOCAL AREA NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES: A Comprehensive Guide for FootFall Field Marketing Ltd.

This report delves into the intricacies of Local Area Networking (LAN) technologies, providing a comprehensive guide for FootFall Field Marketing Ltd. It critically evaluates various LAN technologies, analyzes traffic-intensive services and their performance, and discusses security concerns and recommendations. The report further outlines the design, implementation, and management of a LAN infrastructure tailored to meet the company's specific requirements, including detailed test cases and performance evaluation. This document serves as a valuable resource for understanding and implementing effective LAN solutions for businesses like FootFall Field Marketing Ltd.

LOCAL AREA NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
LO1. Understand the impact of LAN technologies.........................................................................4
A.C 1.1 critically evaluate different LAN technologies..............................................................4
A.C 1.2 critically analyse traffic intensive services and their performance................................8
A.C 1.3 Discuss LAN concerns and make recommendations to sustain network security,
reliability and performance........................................................................................................10
LO2.Be able to design LAN infrastructures..................................................................................12
A.C 2.1 design a LAN infrastructure for the company which will facilitate all of their
requirements..............................................................................................................................12
A.C 2.2 critically evaluate the suitability of LAN components.................................................14
LO3. Be able to implement LAN infrastructures...........................................................................17
A.C 3.1 Build and configure a LAN (including services) to meet a given requirement...........17
A.C 3.2 Implement network security on a LAN........................................................................18
A.C 3.3 critically review and test a LAN...................................................................................19
LO4. Be able to manage LAN infrastructures...............................................................................24
A.C 4.1 Critically discuss how this LAN infrastructure will be monitored and managed (via
troubleshooting) if there is an issue during post-implementation period..................................24
A.C 4.2 Resolve LAN issues to improve security, reliability and performance........................25
A.C 4.3 Critically evaluate the performance of a LAN.............................................................25
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................26
References......................................................................................................................................27
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List of Figures
Figure 1: STP...................................................................................................................................4
Figure 2: VTP..................................................................................................................................5
Figure 3: Active packet in case of a failed router............................................................................5
Figure 4: Layer 2 switch..................................................................................................................6
Figure 5: Layer 3 switch router........................................................................................................6
Figure 6: NIC...................................................................................................................................8
Figure 7: Example of the Precedence of access...............................................................................9
Figure 8: Example of services available..........................................................................................9
Figure 9: Example of VLAN Tagged Ethernet frame...................................................................10
Figure 10: Use of filter to prevent traffic.......................................................................................11
Figure 11: Network design.............................................................................................................17
Figure 12: LAN network................................................................................................................18
Figure 13: FTP working.................................................................................................................20
Figure 14: Ping functionality between IT staff and Finance Staff.................................................21
Figure 15: SSH login on router 1...................................................................................................22
Figure 16: SSH login on router 2...................................................................................................23
Figure 17: Monitoring report.........................................................................................................24
2

Introduction
FootFall Field Marketing Ltd. is the sales and marketing company and does a medium-sized
business. Under the lucrative contract, the company wants to extend the existing network that
it has and also want to manage it effectively by the increased staff. The designed LAN network
is divided into three different floors of the building and the computer systems are also placed in
such a way so that there will be proper access of the network connectivity. This report contains
the details regarding the impact of the LAN technologies and design of the LAN infrastructure
such as physical and logical components. The analysis of the different sections will also be
carried out. This report also includes the information regarding the implementation of the LAN
infrastructure and techniques. Some of the techniques will be stated in this report regarding
the management and monitoring of the network in addition to the recommendation of the
improvement.
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LO1. Understand the impact of LAN technologies
A.C 1.1 critically evaluate different LAN technologies
LAN technologies:
IEEE 802 LAN standards
It is the networking standard that has been developed for maintaining the local area networks
and it is used on the basis of the global needs. It is basically used for the Ethernet and the
wireless local area networks. The protocol demonstrated in this standard maps the data link
layer and physical layer described in the reference model of OSI (D'Ambrosia, 2017).
IEEE 802.11 wireless standards
LAN technologies are cost-effective and are most important technologies which are driven by
IEEE802.11. This standard can be used in two different modes of network topology. This
standard is responsible for introducing the WEP protocol and security issues can be analysed
easily. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is responsible for the protection of the wireless
communication so that eavesdropping will not take place (Dhanalakshmi and Sathiya, 2015).
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol):
It is used for identifying the links so that possible loops can be reduced in the network. There is
Root Bridge from where all the ports are able to communicate and manage their functionality.
The switch at the root bridge manages the connection between the root bridge and the ports
(Antoniou, 2007).
Figure 1: STP
Source: (Antoniou, 2007)
VLANs (Virtual LAN): It is groupings of a computer connected to the network in different
fragments and have different locations in the network. They are fragmentized in the name of
departments and each segment should be the different IP address so that any issue can be
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detected in the LAN connection. It reduces the administration budget and increases the
flexibility in the network infrastructure (Peters, 2016).
VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol)
This server acts as a switch which is created to modify the VLANs and the clients. The
configuration has been made from the revision number so that it can be increased when
required so as to synchronize the clients. The changes can be done on the multiple switches to
set up the VTP domain name (Molenaar, 2013).
Figure 2: VTP
Source: (Molenaar, 2013)
Standby routing
It makes the virtual router to operate with the help of virtual IP address in the current
networking system. It also makes the routers to forward the packets to that virtual IP address in
case of the failure of the active routers. These virtual routers act as standby routers as they
have an unused bandwidth which can be configured for the different default gateways. It also
helps in load balancing when the existing routers do not able handle that burden. One host
work for a single IP address and this address will be same for the participating routers.
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Figure 3: Active packet in case of a failed router
Source: (Certificationkits, 2017)
LAN hardware: There are different LAN hardware that is used for the development of the
network infrastructure and some of them is explained below.
Layer 2 switches: This switch is used as IP nodes for the networking system so that web-based
management can be done easily. The functionality that is used in the management at the stack
for the router includes the user datagram protocol, telnet, transmission control protocol and
other functions. Layer 2 switches also provide transparency to the networking system (Chen,
2017).
Figure 4: Layer 2 switch
Source: (Chen, 2017)
Layer 3 switches
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This switch is also known as multilayer type switch can forward frame based on layer 2 address.
It also performs the function of the routers by using the mechanism of Cisco express
forwarding. It performs the function of inter-VLAN routing that was once performed by the
router. The same function is performed by the Ethernet port in the router (Certificationkits,
2018).
Figure 5: Layer 3 switch router
Source: (Certificationkits, 2018)
Layer 4 switches
This helps in examining the port fields by developing the transparent proxy. For this, a specific
rule set is generated so that proxy ‘s Media Access Control (MAC) address. Ths address is used
as the end address in IP packets. This address will provide forward traffic for the same proxy.
The virtual proxy uses the virtual IP address which enhances the availability of virtual routers in
case of failure (Walsh, 2016).
Wireless devices
Wireless devices are the advanced technology added to the LAN network for the company.
These devices use the radio frequency signals for the communications. Some of them are
described below:
1. Wireless routers: This device is responsible for receiving the internet connection from the
wireless devices that are nearer to it. It also sends the data in the form of radio frequency
signals. The network set for the purpose of the wireless communication is termed as the
Wireless Local Area Network.
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2. Wireless adaptors: This is the device that is installed in the hardware of the computer system
so that the computer will enable the wireless connectivity to the internet. They are developed
on the associated motherboard and it can be built-in or can be installed from outside.
3. Wireless repeater: It is responsible for the increase in the range of the routers so that extension
can be given to a network. It increases the strength of the received signal and then re-emits it
to the next router (Hamel, 2015).
Network interfaces: It is responsible for providing the interconnection between the computer
system and the network connectivity. This is done with the help of a device which named as the
network interface card and it can also implement in the form of the software. Data is
transferred with the help of this card (Evans, 2017).
Figure 6: NIC
Client devices
They are actually the personal computers having networking software so that they can send
and receive information with the help of the developed network. They also situated in the
different departments of the networking system and helps in faster operations (Mitchell, 2017).
A.C 1.2 critically analyse traffic intensive services and their performance
Traffic intensive services:
Intensive traffic is the situation when there is flash crowd situation for that time when there is a
lot of users for short duration of time. So server hosting and protecting the business operation,
there is need of handling the overwhelming request from the users.
Quality of service management: For the IP networks, this becomes important in managing the
increasing demand of the networking and high speed of the internet. This is vital for video and
voice streaming at the networking infrastructure. Some of the applications exist in the network
that will cause a delay in sending the request. It is also helpful in retransmission of the packets
in case of failure of sending the request (Froehlich, 2016).
DSCP (Differentiated Service Code Point): There are several bits that are used in the field
architecture and are also known as explicit congestion notification bits. The IP precedence is
used for marking the priority in the classification of the network packets. It is used in three
types named as a classifier, marker and the metering (Cisco, 2008).
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IP precedence: This is the precedence methodology used for the classifying the IP packets. This
precedence helps in dropping the packet that has lower precedence. This also helps in
determination of the delay, throughput and reliability needed by the networking users
(Molenaar, 2016).
Figure 7: Example of the Precedence of access
Source: (Molenaar, 2016)
Figure 8: Example of services available
Source: (Molenaar, 2016)
Virtual Local Area Networks uses the best topology for segregating the network traffic for a
network. Here the shared links are traversed between different separated networks and also
between the devices used in the networking system. The process of traversing this is termed as
the VLAN tagging based on the 802.1q(Juniper, 2013).
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Figure 9: Example of VLAN Tagged Ethernet frame
Source: (Juniper, 2013)
Based on the IP precedence and the queues are created and some basic rules are created for the
better quality of service.
Quality of service need
Voice over IP: Some of the packets having high priority marking on the network. For best-suited
marking voice-only traffic and the quality can be improved.
Video Streaming and audio streaming: For this type of traffic, the classification should be done
for appropriate QoS values and the device should identify it. It can be done using video traffic
using the DSCP and they are:
1. Expedited forwarding (EF): They are high given priority packets on the network. This helps in
making the high priority queue and decreasing the delay so that starvation of lower priority
traffic can be eliminated.
2. Assured forwarding: This forwarding is for the priority given to the video and audio packets and
treating the audio portion of video-conference better than actual video packets (Kumar, 2013).
A.C 1.3 Discuss LAN concerns and make recommendations to sustain network
security, reliability and performance
LAN security needs: The technology is so much advanced such that it must be secured so that
the data and network both can be kept safe from the breaches and threats. There are several
techniques that concerns about the foremost points and they are:
- Providing the authentication to every access in the networking infrastructure and even to the
basic PCs.
- Using a secured backup plan for the data of the associated organisation
- Establishing a third party protection so that they can critically focus on the security
- Internal security is also important and security culture is important to establish
- Computers should be managed as they are in large numbers
- Separate funding for the security of the networking system (Berkeley, 2018).
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Techniques that can be used for the security are:
Switch Port Control: This feature is disabled in the default setting of the switch ports and it is
necessary that it should be enabled on the interface. Firstly the privileged mode should be
enabled and then configure it. After this, the interface configuration modes is inserted and then
enable the switch port security (Wilkins, 2012).
Access Control Lists: This is the creation of list that filters the network traffic and controls it at
the interface of the router. The condition for filtering can be during the forward or block routed
packets. This will help in determining the forward and drop of packet on the basis of the criteria
specified in the access lists (Cisco, 2014).
Figure 10: Use of filter to prevent traffic
Source: (Cisco, 2014)
MACACL’s, MAC (Media Access Control) address filtering: This technique is for providing the
unique identification to the system in addition to their access control. This is done on the
internet protocol network and MAC provides the radio control protocol at the adapter. It works
in the OSI model at the data link layer having lower sublayer (Mitchell, 2016)
Wireless security: Wireless security also important in the local area network. This can be
accomplished with the help of using the firewalls at the internet connection. For the system, an
organisation can use the antivirus for the protection from malicious software.
Port scanning: It can be accomplished with the user of the software that can scan all the ports
of the system. There are two protocols available for the port scanning and they are
Transmission control protocol and user datagram protocol (Bradley, 2018).
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LO2.Be able to design LAN infrastructures
A.C 2.1 design a LAN infrastructure for the company which will facilitate all of
their requirements
Physical topologies
There are different physical topologies that have been invented for developing the
infrastructure of the networking system. This system is Local Area Network for the FootFall
Field Marketing Ltd. and some of the topologies that can be used here are explained below:
Star Topology: In this topology, there are several nodes that are not connected to each other
but connected through a port of the switch. This switch provides a communication path
between the different nodes. Failure of any node does not affect the whole system.
Ring Topology: In this topology, the nodes are connected in the form of ring shape and the
information flow from one node to another passes to every node. Failure of any node affects
the operation of every node.
Bus Topology: This topology have a cable just like bus which controls the flow of information
between different nodes connected to the cable. Failure of a node affects the nodes associated
to that node, not the whole system.
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Mesh Topology: All the nodes are connected to each and every node in the network system
and this topology becomes like a mesh-in- structure. In this topology, information flow from
one to another node directly and failure also doesn’t affect the system.
Tree Topology: The structure of this type of topology is similar to tree where there is a major
cable which connects minor cable having nodes. Each minor cable acts like branches of the tree
and the information flow from these branches from one node to another. Any failure of a node
affects the particular branch, not the whole branch (Mitchell, 2017).
Hybrid Topology: This topology is developed by using features of two or more topologies so
that there could be a better topology. So that it can be implemented for developing better
networking infrastructure and the features are inherited in the new topology.
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Logical topologies
Token ring: This topology is used for the local area networks in which the computers are
connected in star or ring structure. The tokens are transferred from one host to another host.
During the confirmation of the data, there is the release of tokens for the associated host. In
this topology, there is less possibility of collision between different hosts.
CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access or collision detection is used in carrier transmission
access as a protocol in Ethernet LAN network. The information is shared in the form of a frame
and other devices should be able to detect it and so that is can be used. There is high possibility
of collision of frames as compared to the token ring. For transferring the frames, the random
time duration is set up (Taqi, 2011).
IP addressing and Sub-netting:
IP address is the address which specifies the distinct identification to detect the device on
associated network. Generally, the address contains the 32 binary bits which are easily divided
by subnet mask into the network and host portion. The separation is done with the help of dots
in between the digits and it is done according to the type of network used by the company.
Sub-netting is the technique that makes the creation of logical networks from the individual
class. If the subnet is not available then there is only one option of choosing a network from a
set of networks. Each network and their sub-network should have their own ID so that they can
be detected easily in terms of the natural mask. Sub-netting a network means an extension of
the natural mask by increasing with some bits so that sub-network ID can be created. The best
suitable thing of the sub-netting is that the number of bits added to the host ID, the more
availability is there for the additional subnets (Microsoft, 2017).
The LAN network that has been developed for the FootFall Field Marketing Ltd. which will help
in better functioning of the operations. The company becomes to manage all the marketing
activities efficiently and with this networking system, the reliability of the company also
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increases. This network system also improves the success factors of the FootFall Field
Marketing Ltd. and the developed network is shown below.
A.C 2.2 critically evaluate the suitability of LAN components
Networking hardware and software components
Servers: It is the type of computer program which is responsible for
accepting and responding the user requests generated from the other
program. This program is known as the client. The device that operates this
application is also called as a server. The servers available are a file,
database, email, file transfer protocol and so on.
Routers: These devices are used for forwarding the data packets and
operate the activities of traffic directing so that information reaches on the
destination within time.
Switches: These devices are the smart devices having the functionality of
detecting the destination address. They control the flow of information and
send or receive them.
Hubs: It is a device or point in the networking system where all the
connection of different devices connects. There are many ports available so
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that data arrives at a port can be copied to other ports for operation (Cahill,
2010).
Repeaters: These devices are responsible for sending the information to a
longer range. This device receives data and then amplifies to make strong
signals so that the information cannot be lost.
Bridges: It is responsible for developing interconnection between devices
having same protocol. The working of this device is accomplished at the
data link layer of the Open System Interconnect (OSI) model. It provides a
communication channel between different devices (Cope, 2017).
Client software: This software is responsible for operating the services
provided by the server and also has basic importance for the user. With this,
user is able to log in the account and then send and receive the request as
per need.
Server software: This software performs the functionality of server and is
installed on the server. It operates and manages the server and also helps in
regular back-up of the data.
Client operating system: This OS works on different systems such as
personal computers and other portable devices. It is supported by individual
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user and cannot be operated by multiple users at the same time (Mritunjay,
2015).
Server Operating system: This OS is specially designed for the operation
of the server and they are on the specialized computer in the architecture of
the network. This system serves the request of client on the network.
Transmission media
There are two types of the transmission medium and they are wired and
wireless. The basic difference between them is that wired required a
physical cable with which data can be transmitted while the wireless
operates on electromagnetic signals which do not require any medium to
propagate. Wired medium has high cost of maintenance while wireless
medium has high cost of installation (Arun, 2010).
LO3. Be able to implement LAN infrastructures
A.C 3.1 Build and configure a LAN (including services) to meet a given
requirement
The LAN networking system is developed in such a way that it connects all the system situated
on each floor including all the departments of the FootFall Field Marketing Ltd. The system can
be implemented easily as all the required essentials are also mentioned and it has the ability to
accommodate the increasing number of staff. They have different IP address so that it can be
detected distinctly and the operation at the company can be done significantly.
The implementation of several components should be proper as they play a major role in
working of the networking system. Firstly comes the configuration of the router which includes
the proper transferring and receiving the data in various department of the company. It also
provides better communication channel between different devices of all the departments. This
requires the IP address to transfer the data and if any inappropriate data enter in the path, it
helps in detecting the irrelevant data (Inetdaemon, 2018). Similarly, the other associated
protocol is the DHCP or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol helps in automatic and central
management so that the IP address can be distributed easily and carefully in the networking
system. It has the responsibility to configure the subnet mask, default gateway and DNS server
(Fisher, 2018).
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Figure 11: Network design
A.C 3.2 Implement network security on a LAN
The critical step in designing the network is deciding the type of topology that is going to
implement. The layout should be developed including the physical and logical components of
the network. It also required that there should be proper distribution of the section within the
company so that the connectivity can be equal in sections. The remote locations are considered
while implementing the system for the FootFall Field Marketing Ltd.
The topology used is hybrid and it will improve the flexibility in the operations of the company.
This will help in providing the connectivity to the servers comprises of the internet connectivity
with the help of different devices such as telephones and computer systems. The designed
network system consists of 5 switches and 2 routers in addition to one server. This system has
inherited the features of the hybrid topologies and they are start and bus topology. The
advantage of these topologies is that the nodes are isolated in a good manner and any issue will
not affect the whole system. It also helped in designing the security procedures at each node.
The goal of the design is to manage the traffic efficiently so that the probability of the
interception can be eliminated.
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Figure 12: LAN network
Security with the help of Spanning Tree Protocol or STP
This protocol helps in securing the switches and the routers from different attacks such as
denial of service. This includes disabling of the insecure default configurations, creating more
secured channel of management and improvising strong authentication in the different devices
at the computer system. The STP technique is used by switches and bridges in establishing the
MAC address in order to develop the fastest path which eliminates the loop of misguidance.
Units such as BDPUs or bridge port data units used for sharing information for the used
topology (Kumar, 2011).
Access control list for the LAN provides the security enhancement to the high-end switches. It
does so by restricting the undesired traffic sourced from LAN in addition to restriction to
misconfigured host. As the processing of ACLs takes place in switches and traffic is denied at
layer 2 even after passing through the router (Lister, 2015).
A.C 3.3 critically review and test a LAN
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Testing the networking has to be done very carefully as this has the only method to find any
issue or any improvement area. It helps in testing the existing vulnerabilities or weakness in the
system. The breaches and the breaches infiltration can be the cause of internal fault did by the
humans. It helps in detecting the issues related to the system installed at FootFall Field
Marketing Ltd. It also tests the capability of the system to defend against the existing
vulnerabilities which ensure the business continuity. Regulation and certifications must be
followed with the implementation of the system (Deleersnyder, 2017).
Here are some test cases that have been implemented on the developed LAN design.
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Figure 13: FTP working
21

Figure 14: Ping functionality between IT staff and Finance Staff
22

Figure 15: SSH login on router 1
23

Figure 16: SSH login on router 2
Review: The test case on the ftp is successful and it working properly as expected. The testing of
ping functionality between two system of two departments has been operated successfully. The
departments were IT staff and Finance staff. The SSH login of router 1 and router 2 are tested,
they are found in proper working condition.
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LO4. Be able to manage LAN infrastructures
A.C 4.1 Critically discuss how this LAN infrastructure will be monitored and
managed (via troubleshooting) if there is an issue during post-
implementation period.
Monitoring the LAN is important in proper working of the LAN as it helps in determining the
issues and then they can troubleshoot effectively. It has several advantages for the developed
system. Many of the outages can be prevented such as human error, configuration issues and
other factors. It also helps in fixing the issues more easily during the downtime problems of the
networking system. It helps in improving the company performance by maintaining the
network at the time of workloads and reduces the troubleshooting time. Proper and regular
monitoring helps in managing the changes that are associated with the network implemented
here. It also tells about the possibility of threats that can affect the whole system and it also
gets to know the justified upgrades of the equipment needed in the system (Helpsystems,
2017).
The tool that can be used for the monitoring is Capsa Free which is a monitor tool and monitors
the network traffic. This tool troubleshoots the network issues and analyses the packets
(Tabona, 2015). The report has been presented below.
Figure 17: Monitoring report
25

A.C 4.2 Resolve LAN issues to improve security, reliability and performance
For better security, reliability and performance of the networking system, there is a
requirement for the identification of a technique that will enhance all these factors. Different
types of vulnerabilities and threats are associated with the networking system which can affect
the information stored or shared with the help of this LAN system. The threat agents target
those vulnerabilities to become successful and steal the information which they want for some
motive or ransom. Some of the vulnerabilities are internal issues, lack of awareness of the
employees, weak authentication, weak firewall protection, weak login credentials and so on.
These issues can be resolved with the development of better security management which
includes regular monitoring of the network. The testing is done on the network which tells
about the proper functioning of the designed LAN system. Network traffic monitor is the
analytical tool that can help in accounting and monitoring of the network in a better way. It
analyses the hardware and the software equipment at the networking system. For the analysis,
it tracks the IP address of the different sections and then performs the checks on the specific
issues. It produces the results in form of the statistics. The best part of this tool is that it avoids
the bottlenecks of the bandwidth and server performance and reduces the cost by determining
the bandwidth according to the load on the network (Network Traffic Monitor, 2018).
A.C 4.3 Critically evaluate the performance of a LAN
The main motive of the designed LAN system for the FootFall Field Marketing Ltd. is that to
provide a managing platform for the increasing staff of the company and to add new security
measures to the different section of the company. The testing is done on the designed LAN,
there found all the functionality working in proper condition. There several more addition that
can be added to improve the performance and the security of the designed LAN system. For
this, authentication can be done in a more advanced way such as biometrics or eye detection to
provide more secure way. There should be a generation of the report on the regular basis so
that solution can be generated easily from the previous one.
There are several recommendations for the company which need to be focused on better
performance and better security of the LAN:
 Regular auditing and mapping of components such as access points, firewalls, routers and so
on.
 Regulate updating the network
 Secure physically the network
 Provide MAC address filtering
 Segregate traffic with the help of VLAN
 Use of encryption for PCs and servers (Geier, 2014).
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Conclusion
LAN has been designed for the FootFall Field Marketing Ltd. has three floors of the building.
This will improve the flexibility, reliability and the performance of the company in the sales and
marketing sector and also help the employees to manage the whole operation of the company.
This report contains the information regarding the different LAN technologies which includes
the analysis of the traffic intensive services in addition to security concerns and the
recommendations. The different associated components are also explained in this report. Later
the implementation section contains the details of the components and test plan. The details of
the management and monitoring of the network in terms of security, reliability and
performance are also explained.
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