Road Traffic Accidents and Global and UK: A Brief Overview

Running head: LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Logistics and Supply chain management
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Table of Contents
1. Literature review:................................................................................................................3
1.1. A discussion of road traffic conditions and challenges:..............................................3
1.2. Road traffic Accidents and its brief overview global and UK:...................................3
1.3. Brief impacts of Road Traffic Accidents on society and economy global and UK:...5
1.4. Strategy overview of managing road accidents from global and UK perspective:.....6
1.5. ITS and its brief introduction..........................................................................................8
2. Guided Main body:.............................................................................................................8
2.1. Road traffic conditions and policies adopted:.............................................................8
2.2. Road Traffic Accidents and impacts on society and economy:................................10
2.3. Strategies and policies adopted in managing road traffic accidents:.........................11
2.4. Technological advancements in managing road traffic accidents:............................12
2.5. Road traffic accident prevention mechanisms adopted in the UK:...........................14
2.6. ITS tools and applications:........................................................................................15
2.7. ITS benefits in detail:................................................................................................16
2.8. Conclusion:................................................................................................................18
3. Research methodology:....................................................................................................18
3.1. Research Design:.......................................................................................................18
3.2. Research Type:..........................................................................................................20
3.3. Research approaches:................................................................................................21
3.4. Research Techniques and Ethics:..............................................................................22

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3.5. Study Population:......................................................................................................23
3.6. Sample population:....................................................................................................24
3.7. Sample techniques:....................................................................................................24
3.8. Data Collection instrument and method of administration:......................................25
3.9. Primary data:.............................................................................................................26
3.9.1. Design of questionnaire:........................................................................................26
3.9.2. Interviews:.............................................................................................................26
3.10. Secondary data:......................................................................................................26
3.11. Method of data analysis:........................................................................................27
3.12. Limitations of Research:........................................................................................29
3.13. Conclusion:............................................................................................................30
Reference:................................................................................................................................31
Appendix:.................................................................................................................................40

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1. Literature review:
1.1. A discussion of road traffic conditions and challenges:
Vehicular traffic and road traffic is one of the key elements of day to day mode of
transportation for all the population around the world. 21st century is the era of human
mobility, where people travel from one place to another place due to various reasons like
jobs, education and others (Beck, 2018). According to statistics, road transportation is such a
mode of transport, which is being used by most of the population (Litman, 2017). Due to ever
rising demand of vehicular transportation, roads are becoming highly congested around the
world, which are causing higher level of road accidents and injuries. Rising traffic has made
it harder for most of the governmental organisations to cope with the present situation of road
accidents (Hilhorst et al. 2016). Though there has been various steps taken by the respective
governments to control the deteriorating condition of road traffic, however, they have failed
to gauge the situation due to ever rising burden of vehicular transportation. When it comes to
the comparative analysis of various economic by Stewart et al., (2016), it has been seen that
lack of funds for addressing the road traffic condition in developing nations, there has been
higher number of road accidents. To the contrary, China has improved to a great extent in the
case of road traffic compared to other developing nation (World Health Organization, 2015).
On the flip side of the story, developing nations has well established road security law that
has somehow managed to gauge the road traffic condition in their nation compared to the
developing nations.
1.2. Road traffic Accidents and its brief overview global and UK:
Road traffic accident is one of the key social issues that have been under rigorous
researches since decades. Various governmental organisations like World Health
Organisation (WHO), Department of Transport of UK, US road transportation authority
perform road accident survey (Van, Smith & Grilo, 2015). Survey of WHO showcases that

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road accidents cause a loss of more than 50 million USD according to monetary terms;
however, loss due to road accidents in qualitative terms is beyond the scope estimation
(Mends et al. 2018). In addition to this another ambitious project by WHO found that more
than 1.2 million people lost their lives due to road accidents yearly (Mujalli et al. 2016).
Figure 1: Comparison of international fatality rate
Source: (Singh, 2017)
From figure 1, an international comparison of fatality rate due to road accidents has been
highlighted, which showcase the scenario of traffic across major countries. From the above
figure it can be seen that fatality rate is highest in case of India with a fatality score of 8.6 per
10,000 vehicles (Singh, 2017). On the other hand US stands second in case of fatality rate
with fatality score of 1.26 per 10,000 vehicles. On other hand fatality risk is 11.2 per million
people in India and second is US with fatality score of 10.7 per million of population (Kumar
& Toshniwal, 2016).
Figure 2: Comparison of road casualties in UK
Source: (Lloyd, 2016)

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When it comes to road traffic accidents of UK, then it can be seen that the country has
evolved as one of the safest place in terms of vehicular transportation. During 2015, there has
been 1,732 deaths caused by the road accidents and 22,137 people have been injured severely
due to road accidents (Cartwright & Roach, 2016). Number of people got slightly injured due
to road accidents during 2015 in UK is 162,340 and KSI value is as high as 23,869 (Eze et al.
2016). Summing this up, it can be seen that, there were total 186,209 instances of road
accidents ranging from deaths to slight injuries. However, from comparative analysis of five
year road accident data of UK, it can be seen that there has been drop in road accident by 6%
from the average figure of 2010 to 2014 (Loi et al. 2015).
1.3. Brief impacts of Road Traffic Accidents on society and economy global and UK:
Road traffic accidents are one of the factors that affect both the society and economy to a
large extent. Researches highlight that consequence of road traffic accidents cause vast
amount of financial burden not only on the families, in addition to this on the governments
too (Litman, 2017). Different countries face different economic and financial problem due to
the road traffic accidents and several economic conditions arrive depending upon the
financial condition of the state. When it comes to measuring the impact of road traffic
accidents on society and economy, then various researches has utilised differentiated methods
(Garber & Hoel, 2014). Some of the researches have used qualitative measure to address the
economic and financial loss of the road traffic accident. Adding the cost of emergency
service, court and legal cost, productivity loss and medical cost, researches has traced the
economic cost. When it comes to quantitative measure of economic and financial loss of
accident, then it is not an easy task. Calculation has been done by the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) loss of the people who has faced
road accidents (Milakis, Van & Van, 2017). From the statistics it can be seen that during
2005, financial loss of road traffic accidents were as high as 167,752.4 million USD and

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majority of the loss has been suffered by the middle income group people (World Health
Organisation, 2015). In addition to this, according to the Years of Life Lost (YLL) method,
during 2012 to 2013 there has been loss in GDP by 1 to 2% due to occurrence of road traffic
accidents (Etehad et al. 2015). Considering the case of UK, there have been 1,732 deaths
during 2014 and 40,000 deaths during 2014 in European Union, leading to loss in GDP by
2% (Theofilatos & Yannis, 2014). Moreover, statistics highlight that during 2015, victims of
road traffic accidents in UK has lost 700 USD on average annually due to occurrence of road
accidents with them (Knowles & Ferbrache, 2016).
1.4. Strategy overview of managing road accidents from global and UK perspective:
Based on the literature, various researchers have come with different views in order to
manage road accidents. Some of the strategies can either affect the road traffic accidents
through direct channel or it can help the respective authorities to reduce the scope of road
traffic accidents by indirect means. Strategies taken to address the road accident cases are
mainly focused to bring a change in road user’s behaviour, develop infrastructure, revamp the
governance and leadership as well as aid the knowledge management programs to reduce the
scope of road accidents (Hill et al. 2014). According to the United Nations Decade of Action
plan (UNDA), there are several assumptions that aid regulating agencies to take necessary
steps for gauging present situation of road accident (Reason, 2016). According to the UNDA
program, people make mistakes, human are generally physical frailty and present road system
is forgiving in nature that allows people to indulge themselves into road accidents (Brooks,
2015). As shown in the figure 3, five pillars of road safety according to the UNDA
framework, road safety management is essential for reducing the road accidents. UNDA
program also highlights that, funding to develop knowledge among people and road
environment is highly important (Petrov & Petrova, 2017). In addition to this data
management for better R&D for safe road infrastructure and for enactment of features of the

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vehicles has been mentioned by the UNDA program to develop world road transportation
problems.
Figure 3: UNDA road safety strategy
Source: (National Road Safety Strategy 2016-2030, 2018)
When it comes to UK, then it can be seen that government has focused highly to develop
the protection of pedestrians, due to the fact that most of the road accidents and accidentals
have taken place with the pedestrians (O’Sullivan et al., 2017). On the other hand, it has
been observed that government of UK has provided strong emphasis on effective
governance and leadership to implement the operational requirements.