Low Sulphur Diesel: Spirit of Tasmania

This discussion focuses on the implementation of new technology in ships to control sulphur oxides emissions and its impact on health and the environment. It discusses the objective, technical summary of the researched technology, business case, strategies for integration, constraints, standards and codes, ongoing management, and assessment of intellectual property.

Running head: LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
Low Sulphur Diesel: Spirit of Tasmania
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Discussion..................................................................................................................................3
Conclusion................................................................................................................................11
Reference List..........................................................................................................................13

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
Introduction
Most types of “bunker” oil that are used in ships for example heavy fuel oil and it serves as a
residue that is obtained due to distillation of crude oil. Crude oil has large composition of
sulphur and on combustion it produces great deal of sulphur oxides and all these are emitted
from the ships. Sulphur oxide gases are especially harmful for health of human beings and
they cause severe respiratory symptoms as well as lung diseases. High release of sulphur
oxides also lead to rainwater mixed with sulphuric acid and this specially damage forests,
crops and also pollute the oceans thus harming the marine ecosystem. The current discussion
takes into account to introduce a new technology in ships that would set a limit towards
amounts associated with sulphur oxides emanating into the sea and it is causing a serious
impact on health as well as environmental issues, the limit shall be reduced up to 0.50%. It
also discusses about various forms of business risks that project managers must undertake
while proceeding with this new approach.
Discussion
Clear description of objective
The basic objective is to deal with sulphur oxides that are released along with other air
emissions and so the discussion follows up implementation of certain new technology that
would help to control these greenhouse gases in the form of particulate matter in the
atmosphere and also in the oceans. Here in this discussion, the technology associated with
wet scrubber by utilizing electrolyzed seawater that is mostly acidic and contains chloride
ions has been taken into consideration for removal of SOx through a series of processes
thereby reducing the concentration to 0.50%. Further the risks associated with these
installations, specific constraints associated with this project, various standards of codes and

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
other management processes have been taken under consideration. Management of
stakeholders’ views while introducing new technologies have also been considered.
Technical Summary of technology that has been researched for this project
Although shipping of various goods in the countries abroad can only be made possible
through efficient ways of energy for transportation of goods at the long distance however air
as well as water pollution is becoming a major problem. As stated by Yang et al., (2018),
there has been a stringent regulation on emission of SOx gas along with other gases like NOx
and particulate matter from exhaust gases from ships and this process has been implemented
by an organization International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the processes have been
acknowledged by other authorities associated with environmental protection as well.
Flue gas that is usually emitted from ships consist of different species of gases SO2 of about
3.52% along with other gases like CO2, N2 as well as other particulate matter. Sea water that
undergoes through process of electrolysis that is utilized in the study is being generated in
especially undivided cells, these cells are usually made up of two different electrodes. These
electrodes are placed vertically in an inter-electrode gap that is approximately 2 cm.
Electrolysis is performed by utilizing DC supply of power and for this motor rating (GuDeng
Electric GD of 80V and 25 Amperes) is used in a mode of constant control. A sample of
artificial seawater of salinity level 30.0 psu and pH level of 8.2 is being prepared and also
deionized water of 15 omega-cm is being prepared in process of two-stages through ELGA
PURELAB Option 15 purification system. The basic purpose is to show that with increase in
Available Chlorine Concentration (ACC) as well as temperature, the rate of conversion of SO
is also increased. Further in order to prevent deterioration of chlorine that is generated due to
electrical processes, the electrolyzed form of seawater is kept in water bath at 20 degree
Celsius temperature (Yang et al., 2018). Now bubbling liquid that is to be used in reactors is

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
prepared from electrically generated chlorine by mixing it with artificial form of seawater.
Measure of ACC is done of this bubbling liquid is tested by a chemical N, N-diethyl-p-
phenylenediamine (DPD) through colorimetric methods by utilizing a spectrophotometer.
Initial concentration of bubbling liquid is adjusted to a desired value by addition of HCL
solution (1 mole per litre) as well as NaOH solution at 1 mole per litre. Then through single
as well as double stage processes experiments have been conducted for removal of SOx from
electrolyzed form of sea water by utilizing methods of single stage in bubbled reactors.
Different forms of reactions taking place in bubbled reactor ultimately help to reduce sulphur
oxides from emission of flue gases. Through this process it can be possible to reduce content
of sulphur in exhaust emissions below 0.5% and therefore its further oxidation on being
exposed to air (Yang et al., 2018). These all over arrangements have been shown in the
diagram below:

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
Wet Scrubber Method by using bubbled reactor
(Figure: Yang et al., 2018)
Defendable business case associated with the technology
Businesses are usually interested towards bringing new innovations and they want to develop
strategic approaches towards managing technologies because of certain factors:
 Attachment of value as well as creation of wealth
Implementation of new ideas into business help to increase productivity of the process,
increase efficiency and also it should be taken care of that this new technology does not harm
ecological balance.
Business case for process of innovation
Innovation refers to introduction of new technologies into the operations of business and this
can be made possible in different ways like replacing the existing business process with the
newer ones that would be able to extend the purpose of production. Due to rising
environmental concern among the people all over the world, it is demand from the side of

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
people that environmental hazards need to be reduced especially matters concerning
greenhouse effect and pollution of wide expanse of oceans as a result millions of marine
organisms are dying every year therefore, society demands certain technologies are required
to be introduced in marine vessel that would lower emissions from exhaust gases of ships
carrying cargo for exporting to various countries (Corbett et al., 2010). There can also be
some form of addition to existing technologies that would help the business process of ship
sale (e.g. Spirit of Tasmania) in the Pacific Ocean waters get differentiated from rest of the
shipping companies in terms of innovations. However this would help to add value towards
acquiring wealth due to export of goods.
 Enduring advantages at competitive level
In order to sustain in the existing competition in the market, it is necessary to introduce green
technologies as it would undertake environment friendly approach and this would be
attractive for shipping industries.
Theory of Porter’s framework of Competitive strategy
In this particular theory Porter has suggested three different strategies for maintaining a
defensible position in the market therefore it keeps the capacity of outperforming various
competitors. He suggests that performance of firms play significant roles and industry as well
as market structures always share interrelationships with each other. Structure of industries
usually have a sustainable form of impact on the performance whereas positioning of a firm
reflects on the competitive advantages that can be established over rivals. Having gained a
power of monopoly in the market, the firm would possess capability to defend itself against
all forms of competitive forces (Lindstad & Eskeland, 2016). He also suggested adaptation to
a new form of business process can make renovation in the business each day in order to
achieve a standardized level in the market.

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
 Methods of being able to deal with various uncertainties
There may be varieties of uncertainties that may take place due to business processes in the
form of internal factors like human capital and avoidance of such risks play a very important
role. Many employees and labour force get feared due to introduction of these new
technologies and often employee turnover rate increases due to this factor (Corbett,
Winebrake & Green, 2010). Certain factors associated with external dynamics also play a
significant role like changes in legislature, competition in the market as well as occurrence of
disruption due to technology. Various competition forces also prove to be innovative in many
cases when there are similar companies that exist in the same industry.
 Impact of new technologies over everyday lives of individuals
Innovation as well as technologies also have great impact on lives of people due to
credentials associated with the market, operational features of social license as well as
features associated with product marketing. Various social issues must be taken under
consideration that may arise with introduction of new technologies as well as various
processes (Eyring et al., 2005).
 Management of various changes and trying to minimize various negative aspects
Certain new changes that are incorporated within the business processes may sometimes
seem to be difficult to be accepted by everyone who are involved in the business process. In
addition, the market faces several challenges initially, however the whole process requires
efficient process of management keeping in mind that it would bring lot of differences in the
future and also minimize several negative impacts.
Strategies that can be used to make an integration of the new technology
 Consideration of constraints that would be specific to this project

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
Constraints associated with this project generally talk about various restrictions that may have
an implication on the activities of the project, most important three specific constraints are
schedule, cost as well as scope of this project that is being undertaken for reducing emission
of sulphur from the exhaust gases that are emitted from ships while travelling through seas.
Scope of this project mainly incorporate various deliverables as well as objectives associated
with this activity. Specific tasks are to be carried out in chemical industries where tests and
observation reports would actually predict on flow of gases emitted from ships. It has been
seen that as flow of gases from the pipes increase, the content of sulphurous oxide reduces
since more gases pass out into the bubble columns of the chamber (Seddiek & Elgohary,
2014). Thus molar ratio between primary oxidants and SO decrease gradually leading to
proportionate decrease in amount of this particulate matter in the emissions.
The range of budget associated with this project varies around $4.5- $6 million dollar and
this technology it might take 1.5-2 years to be fully implemented in a ship building industry.
In addition, skilled workforce is also required to be recruited and trained to carry out the
entire force (Panayides & Cullinane, 2002). People at the operation control of ship shall be
taught necessary skills how to handle these new implementations and proper measures
required to be taken to keep a check on the emissions due to ships in the atmosphere as well
as in oceans.
 Standards as well as codes
Authorities that work for development of new technologies shall be brought under specific
forces under International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship Ballast Water
and Sediments and this new implementation shall be made so that people all over the world
can get to know about this process (Miola et al., 2010). Since the IMO Marine Environment
Protection Committee has adopted a decision on implementation of cap of only 0.50%

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
sulphur that would be there in emissions as a result of burning fuel oil therefore adoption of
Blockchain technologies would help in transferring as well as sharing of information
regarding existing status of shipments. This would also help to keep information regarding
various functionalities associated with transport as well as maritime communication systems
through the process of electronic data transfer, verification of data, tracking as well as
shipment of various products.
 Process of on-going management
There has to be various forms of management processes associated with ballast water, Ballast
Water Management Convention has drawn an objective to handle various challenges that they
might come across regarding lives of marine organisms especially the ones that are
endangered species. Ships are required to find an effective process towards managing ballast
water in order to meet certain standards associated with D-1 as well as D-2, that often
predicts that ships are required to make exchange as well as release 95% of that of ballast
water to a faraway lying coast instead of directly discharging into water that cause life
hazards to microbes. Also the residual gases from exhaust emissions must be undergoing
special methods of treatment so that it does not lead to percentage exposure to particulate
matter like SOx and other particles.
Assessment of intellectual property
Planning of Intellectual property (IP) strategies would actually help to support various
processes of integration into various plans in the business process. There are three different
forms of analysing future segment of this innovation in the market. Various future outcomes
can be influenced due to several choices of people in this aspect as there might be more
researches in this field, and some new innovation can even surpass the ideas of innovation
that has been implemented or considered now.

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
This type of awareness assessment has undergone a development under the efforts associated
with United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) that would allow the shipping
industry to have an assessment on intellectual properties of this technology that is going to be
implemented (Niţu, 2012). In order to sustain in the tough competition, the ‘Spirit of
Tasmania’ ship manufacturer usually pay attention towards attaining copyright of new
technology that would be installed in new ships on boards and this would allow the Company
to have a monopoly hold over this innovation in the existing market.
Engagement as well as convincing internal as well as external stakeholders
Various policy makers as well as researchers who are involved in the field of responsible
innovation (RI) usually confirm acknowledgement that it is important for engaging
stakeholders as it would help in stimulating further researches in this field. RI may not sound
good always however it might have unintended as well as socio-ethical otherwise
environmental consequences and those consequences must be taken into account of various
innovation procedures in the future. Engagement of interests of various partner companies,
the customers also have several impacts on the business processes and this helps in increasing
profits and also reduce environmental impacts both social as well global forms.
Relevance of organization culture to that of innovation proposed
Since the innovation that has been proposed in the platform of ship building industries
therefore it is a necessary fact that this proposal must abide by every cultural aspects in the
organization. In other words, people working in this industry must be able to understand
thorough each and every concepts associated with this process of innovation and must come
up with their own views individually (Greenwood, 2007). Criticisms over this new forms
shall be greatly welcomed if those going to help renovate the processes further in future by
realizing various environmental impacts as well as safety standards.

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
Conclusion
Therefore from the above discussion, it can be concluded that it is necessary for every nations
to design and implement new technologies in the business processes as this help to increase
the pace within the organization. Further it is a necessary fact that certain environmental
aspects need to be taken care of by realizing various impacts as well as benefits and views of
clients and other companies regarding business processes. Government entrepreneurship as
well as constant support and keeping in mind all regular policies and standards, technologies
must be harnessed and constantly undergo changes every day thus being able to satisfy every
individual who are connected to this process across the world.

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
Reference List
Yang, S., Pan, X., Han, Z., Zhao, D., Liu, B., Zheng, D., & Yan, Z. (2018). Removal of NOx
and SO2 from simulated ship emissions using wet scrubbing based on seawater
electrolysis technology. Chemical Engineering Journal, 331, 8-15.
Seddiek, I. S., & Elgohary, M. M. (2014). Eco-friendly selection of ship emissions reduction
strategies with emphasis on SOx and NOx emissions. International Journal of Naval
Architecture and Ocean Engineering, 6(3), 737-748.
Miola, A., Ciuffo, B., Giovine, E., & Marra, M. (2010). Regulating air emissions from ships.
The state of the art on methodologies, technologies and policy options. Joint
Research Centre Reference Report, Luxembourg, EUR24602EN, ISBN, 978-992.
Lindstad, H. E., & Eskeland, G. S. (2016). Environmental regulations in shipping: Policies
leaning towards globalization of scrubbers deserve scrutiny. Transportation Research
Part D: Transport and Environment, 47, 67-76.
http://www.imo.org/en/mediacentre/hottopics/pages/sulphur-2020.aspx
Greenwood, M. (2007). Stakeholder engagement: Beyond the myth of corporate
responsibility. Journal of Business ethics, 74(4), 315-327.

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA
Panayides, P. M., & Cullinane, K. (2002). Competitive advantage in liner shipping: a review
and research agenda.
Wieslaw, T. (2012). Origins of ship safety requirements formulated by International Maritime
Organization. Procedia Engineering, 45, 847-856.
Niţu, V. I. (2012). THE EVALUATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY USING
QUANTITATIVE METHODS. Annales Universitatis Apulensis-Series Oeconomica,
14(1).
Eyring, V., Köhler, H. W., Lauer, A., & Lemper, B. (2005). Emissions from international
shipping: 2. Impact of future technologies on scenarios until 2050. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 110(D17).
Corbett, J. J., Lack, D. A., Winebrake, J. J., Harder, S., Silberman, J. A., & Gold, M. (2010).
Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios. Atmospheric Chemistry
and Physics, 10(19), 9689-9704.
Corbett, J. J., Winebrake, J. J., & Green, E. H. (2010). An assessment of technologies for
reducing regional short-lived climate forcers emitted by ships with implications for
Arctic shipping. Carbon Management, 1(2), 207-225.

LOW SULPHUR DIESEL: SPIRIT OF TASMANIA