Social Determinants of Lung Cancer in Australia

This paper discusses the social determinants of lung cancer in Australia, including unemployment, physical environment, and health literacy. It highlights the impact of these factors on the prevalence and progression of the disease, and suggests interventions to raise awareness and reduce the burden of lung cancer.

Running head: LUNG CANCER
Name of the student:
Name of the university
Author’s note:

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Introduction:
With the increased prevalence of the chronic diseases, lung cancer is highlighted as one
of the national health priorities in Australia affecting 9% of the total population of Australia
(Abdelsattar, Hendren and Wong 2017). As discussed by world health organization the most
relevant social determinants contributed to this issue are low socio-demographic status, physical
environment, and health literacy which contributed most in the development. This paper will
highlight each social determent in the following paragraphs.
Discussion:
Smoking is highlighted as one of the major cause of the lung cancers in Australia
contributed to 80 to 90% of the mortality rate in men and women. One of the crucial reason for
developing smoking habits is unemployment (Page et al. 2016). As discussed by Reck et al.
(2016) unemployment has a devastating impact on the lives of individuals and because of
employment, a considerate number of the individuals are exposed high psychological distress
such as anxiety, depression which resulted in the development of the habit of smoking
frequently. Consequently, individuals lower socio-demographic are more prone to smoking
(Abdelsattar, Hendren and Wong 2017). The patient with early onset symptoms of lung cancer
tend to experiences weight loss and loss of appetite (Field et al. 2016). Because low
sociodemographic status individuals with lung cancer failed to afford the cost of the health care
facilities and sometimes became of remote areas, the advance heath facilities are not available to
them which further worsen the progress of disease (Field et al. 2016). Therefore, in order to
reduce the prevalence and incidents of lung cancer in Australia, providing employment
opportunity to the individuals with low sociodemographic status along with the counsellor to

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reduce the anxiety indirectly reduce the prevalence of cancer (Abdelsattar, Hendren and Wong
2017).
Another crucial social determinant of the health is the physical environment where
individuals are more prone to smoking because of the peers they follow or parents who smoke on
a daily basis (Moore et al. 2015). A study suggested that adolescents of 12 to 17 years frequently
develop the habit of smoking because of the peers they follow in school or colleges. Amongst
12 to 15 year olds, 3.0% were current smokers (Page et al. 2016). These adolescents also
develop habit of smoking because of the parents who smoke frequently in the home setting in
front of their children. Consequently, because of autonomy attitude they tend to develop habit of
smoking. In case of adults of aged in between 18 to 36 , because of smoking habits in the work
place, expose to toxins and other smokers give rise to small lumps in lungs where individuals
experience cough (often with blood), wheezing and shortness of breath (Abdelsattar, Hendren
and Wong 2017). Therefore, in order to reduce the prevalence of the lung cancers, work place
policies can be amended to reduce the active and passive smoking as well as home bans , school
bans, replacement with e- cigarette can be done.
As discussed by Denton et al. (2017) inadequate literacy regarding smoking habits and
associated health impacts are highlighted as one of the crucial social determinants of the health
for increasing prevalence. Due to lack of the health literacy , especially in the indigenous area
where lack of opportunity of education, advance technology and low socio demographic status,
a considerate number of individuals are unaware of the early symptoms and risk factors of the
lung cancer and continue to smoke. As discuss by in 2014-15, smoking rates among the
indigenous was close to 39% and majority of them developed early onset symptoms (Thornton et
al. 2016). Even if they develop early onset symptoms of lung cancer, because of the exposure to

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toxins or other gas, lack of inadequate literacy intensifying the progression of disease (Kinsinger
et al. 2017). Therefore, to reduce the prevalence of lung cancer health promotional campaign is
required to raise awareness in population which will reduce the global burden of disease and
prevalence of lung cancer in Australia (Kinsinger et al. 2017).
Conclusion:
On a concluding note, lung cancer is one of the major chronic cancer which is influenced
by social determinants of health such as unemployment, physical environment, and health
literacy. A considerate number of the individuals are exposed high psychological distress such
as anxiety, depression because of unemployment, physical environment and health illiteracy
which further increases the burden of disease. To reduce the progress, proper intervention is
required to design for raising awareness.

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