Leadership Lessons from Mahatma Gandhi

This assignment examines the leadership qualities and principles exemplified by Mahatma Gandhi. It delves into his nonviolent resistance strategies, ethical conduct, and commitment to social justice. Students are tasked with analyzing various sources, including biographical accounts, Gandhi's writings, and scholarly interpretations, to identify and discuss specific lessons that can be applied to contemporary leadership contexts.

Running head: MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 0
MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER
Leadership

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 1
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Mahatma Gandhi’s Life, achievements, and Legacy.................................................................3
Mahatma Gandhi’s Leadership Style.........................................................................................6
Interview Transcript Regarding Gandhi’s Leadership Style......................................................8
Lessons from the Interview......................................................................................................11
Conclusion................................................................................................................................12
References................................................................................................................................13

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 2
Introduction
Mahatma Gandhi led the Indian independence movement with his nonviolence
principles and protests. Gandhi used polite words to encourage people to act non-violently
during protests against the British government. Throughout his life, Gandhi demonstrated
various qualities of a good leader; many leaders implemented these traits into their own
leadership style. Other than movements led by him in South Africa and India, many political
leaders have used his principle while leading their own independence movements, such as
Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr. This report will analyze the life, achievements,
and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi and evaluate them to understand his leadership style. The
report will focus on examine and understanding the characteristics of Mahatma Gandhi’s
leadership style. Further, the report will include an interview with Mr. Mohammad to
understand his views on Gandhi’s leadership style. A reflection of the interview will also be
included in the report.

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 3
Mahatma Gandhi’s Life, achievements, and Legacy
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi or commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi was an
Indian lawyer and leader of India’s independence movement. He was born on 2nd October
1869 in Porbandar which is a small city in Gujarat, India (Radhakrishnan, 2015. During his
childhood, he was influenced by the stories of King Harish Chandra, an honest leader, who
never lied to his followers. Gandhi admitted in his biography that King Harish Chandra had a
significant impact on his life that reflected in his leadership as well. Gandhi wanted to study
medicine, but his father forced him to study law instead (Hardiman, 2003). After his marriage
and completion of high school, Gandhi went to England in September 1988 for further
studies. He completed his studies in 1891 and returned back to India to start independent
advocacy in Rajkot, Gujarat (Iyer, 2000).
South Africa
In the year 1893, a Muslim firm offered Gandhi to represent them in Pretoria, South
Africa; Gandhi accepted the offer and went to South Africa (Ackerman & DuVall, 2000).
There he faced several incidents of racial discrimination, for example, he was thrown out of
the first class section of a train due to his colour and asked to remove his turban in public area
(Khoshoo, 2002). These incidents made him realized about the racial discrimination in
Africa, and he decided to end such social prejudice.
Gandhi was a spiritual man throughout his whole life; the circumstances in South
Africa changed his point of view towards life, and he decided to help other people rather than
continuing his advocacy (Shridharani, 2016). Gandhi decided to buy a farm in Natal and
started living a simple life (Saravanamuthu, 2006). Gandhi developed the concept of
Satyagraha during this period which is a method of protesting by nonviolence and
disobedience (Johnson, 2005).
He lived in South Africa for next 20 years and kept working to end social
discrimination against Indians and lower class communities. He became more spiritual while
living in Africa; he performed his daily chores along with people of low caste communities.
He decided to become celibate to bring spiritual purity in his life. During this period, he
developed the concept of Satyagraha. His movement against racial discrimination kept him in

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 4
South Africa for 20 years (Prasad, 2015). Gandhi joined other Indians living in Pretoria, and
together they started protesting against social discrimination laws (Parel, 2009).
Disobedience and Nonviolence Protests
After returning to India, Gandhi called a strike against the Rowlatt Acts of 1919,
which allowed police to capture Indians without a jury. The protest was cancelled after the
Amritsar Massacre; Gandhi responded by initiating a non-cooperation strike against British
school, stores, and courts. He encouraged Indians to wear their own handmade clothes and
boycott British products (Dalton, 2012). He also marched across the country to make people
join in his nonviolence campaign against British government; the ‘Dandi March’ was one of
his most popular protests, it was against the tax levied by the British government on salt
(Gregg, 2013).
In 1947, Lord Mountbatten arrived in India to take British government back to
England. On 15th August 1947, India celebrated its independence, but Gandhi did not join the
celebration because he was upset due to India and Pakistan separation. He started fasting to
end killing in Calcutta, and after the promises of both Hindu and Muslim leaders that no more
killings will take place, he ended his fast. On January 30, 1948, while Gandhi was attending
his prayers, 35 years old Nathuram Godse, editor of an extremist newspaper shot and killed
him.
Achievements
The Satyagraha campaign in South Africa led to the implementation of Indian Relief
Act 1914 which provided various rights to Indians living in Africa. The act helped in removal
£3 tax levied on the Indians; it validated the customary marriages and recognised them by the
law. Also the law also gave Indians right to move freely into the Transvaal. Most of the
people in Africa were influenced by the leadership style of Gandhi, and even today most of
them follow his principles (Steger, 2000). The first battle of civil disobedience won by
Gandhi was in Champaran where British government was forcing farmers to grow indigo
crops and sell them to the government at significantly low prices.
In 1921, the Congress party which included various Indian nationalist leaders
supported the nonviolent disobedience campaign which was a large success because it

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 5
increased the number of people in independent movement (Chakrabarty, 2006). The Dandi
March was a significant success because it popularised Gandhi and his principles across
India, and after that, a large number of people started joining nonviolent movements. The
protests and marches initiated by Gandhi bring Indians together against the British
government. The boycott of British products decreased the revenue of government and also
helped to end other discriminatory laws such as tax on salt and Rowlatt Act. The struggles of
Gandhi assisted win in independence movement, and to end the British rule on India.
Influence of Gandhi
Gandhi taught the lessons of nonviolence to his followers and showed them the power
of truth and nonviolence. Gandhi’s principles attracted a large number of people to join his
movement to free India from British rule. The principles of Gandhi not only influenced many
global leaders, but the same was also reflected in their leadership styles (Nanda, 2017). For
example, Nelson Mandela was considered as the “Gandhi of South Africa,” and he
incorporated his principles during his own protests. Mandela called Gandhi his ‘role model’
and ‘political guru’ and the first thing he decided after his 27 years of imprisonment was to
visit India. At the Gandhi memorial, Mandala stated that Mahatma Gandhi continues to be a
significant and integral part of our history (Hasan, 2013).
According to Mandala, his character included charismatic firmness which was
focused on the pursuit of justice; he developed the method of Satyagraha as a philosophy to
struggle against the wrong in society. Mandala was most influenced by the fact that Gandhi
never ruled in his life and he used nonviolence methods to accomplish great results. The
principles of Gandhi had also influenced the leadership style of Martin Luther King Jr.; he
visited India for a month where he learned about the nonviolence struggle of justice lead by
Mahatma Gandhi (Rao, 2013). Both African and Indian shared common values since both
have faced racial discrimination from white people.
King was impressed by the principles of Gandhi and during his civil right speech he
used “soul force” which was influenced by the Satyagraha movement created by Gandhi. The
principles of Gandhi had a significant impact over other famous individuals and leaders
including Barak Obama, Aung San Suu Kyi, HH Dalai Lama, John Lennon, Albert Einstein,
Steve Jobs and Will Durant (Malhotra, 2015). The nonviolence protests ended the British rule
in India, and it improved lives of many Indian citizens. Even after his death, Gandhi’s moral

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 6
values continued to be alive in people’s minds. His principles have a significant impact on the
world and many people implement his theories in their lives (Wolpert & Wolpert, 2002).
Mahatma Gandhi’s Leadership Style
Leadership is defined as a procedure of influencing or motivating other people to act
towards achieving a common objective. In other words, leadership is a relationship between
leaders and followers based on influencing and bringing real changes for the achievement of
shared purposes. Kirkpatick & Locke (1991) provided specific traits that a leader needed to
possess in order to become effective and motivate a large number of followers. The main
traits of leadership include motivation, drive, self-confidence, honesty and integrity,
knowledge of the business and cognitive ability.
By implementing these traits in their leadership styles, leaders can establish a clear
vision and implement effective plan to pursue their goals. Mahatma Gandhi was not a born
leader; he adopted leadership traits because of the incidents and struggles he faced throughout
his life (Jamaludin, Rahman, Makhbul & Idris, 2011). Gandhi strongly believed in certain
values including nonviolence, trust, justice, unity, equality, and honesty. While taking
difficult leadership decisions, Gandhi used his values and personality to ensure that his
decisions were right and ethical. He demonstrated several distinct leadership styles which
include charismatic, transformational, and situational (De Vries, Bakker-Pieper &
Oostenveld, 2010).
The charismatic leadership style emerged during the situations of crisis; the
charismatic leaders are driven by their commitment towards a specific cause. In case of
Gandhi, he had faced many difficulties throughout his lifetime, more specifically racial
discrimination in Africa and India’s independence movement (Bligh & Robinson, 2010).
While visiting South Africa, Gandhi did not have the intention to protest against the racial
discrimination, but the train incident made him realized the torture and unfairness faced by
Indians and lower castes in Africa (Chua, 2017). Gandhi acted on his morals and started
leading the protests; it showed that he was a situational leader. Situational leadership refers to
when manager or leader adjust or change his style to appropriately fit the development level
of his followers. A situational leader takes decisions as per the requirement of different
situation; his personality and moral values enable him to take ethical actions in conflicting

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 7
situations. India’s independence crisis allowed Gandhi to show his leadership style and he
helped millions of people (Rao, 2013).
The leadership actions of Gandhi were extremely unconventional because he used
truth, peaceful actions and nonviolence to lead protests against the British government. As
provided by Kirkpatick & Locke (1991), Gandhi’s method of protesting continues to be a
good example of effective leadership because it included various traits such as honesty,
integrity, self-confidence, and motivation. Like a good leader, Gandhi motivated his
followers to implement honesty and integrity into their actions against the British government
(Reilly & Karounos, 2009). Gandhi was also driven towards his goals; he continuously fasted
for twenty-one days in order to protest against the British government. The principles of King
Harish Chandra learned by Gandhi in his childhood guided him while leading millions of
Indians to freedom (Kaushik, 2017). Another quality of a successful leader includes self-
sacrifice in order to achieve greater cause; Gandhi had made many sacrifices for protection of
the rights of others including lower caste communities (Lee, Berger, Awad, Brandt, Martinez,
& Brunicardi, 2008).
For example, he stopped wearing western clothes and started wearing handmade
Khadi cloths that he made himself. He also fasted for multiple days to protect the right of
others. As per Goleman (2000), other than self-sacrifice, a good leader must be self-aware,
emotionally intelligent, and socially knowledgeable. Gandhi possessed these qualities, and he
demonstrated them throughout his lifetime, for example, he implemented his principles in his
own life before asking others to follow them. According to Low (2010), a good leader
understands his follower's requirements and assign them work as per their strengths and
weaknesses, only a leader with self-awareness is able to effectively measure other people
shortcomings and strengths. Hope is the willpower that people require to accomplish their
goals; Gandhi was a hopeful person. He had the capacity to accept the reality, and he
imagined a path for his followers to a better future. For instance, during his protest against
Rowlatt Acts of 1919, Amritsar massacre happened, and he quickly decided to cancel the
protest for the safety of people and started another protest of disobedience and boycott (Toor
& Ofori, 2008).
He accepted his failure in the first attempt and learned from his mistakes; after that, he
implemented such theories in future plans. While conducting his study on leadership, Collins
(2001) researched 1,435 companies and selected 11 corporations from them which had

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 8
shifted from good to great with the help of ‘level 5’ abilities of their leaders. A level 5
leadership style is a key aspect for the succes of an organization; the level 5 leadership style
defines the traits of a leader which are necessary to achieve success in business operations.
The level 5 leaders must have humility, and they must not be focused on self-interest. These
leaders are the first one to accept blame for their own mistakes; Collins (2001) stated that
often these leaders are shy, but they take decisions which other consider as risky. These traits
were included in Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership style; he had strong will to work for other’s
welfare. Taylor (2015) provided that Gandhi was shy from the beginning, but he took
decisions which other people considered risky, for example he decided to fast till death and
walked 240 miles motivate his followers. Whether transforming an organisation or leading
independence movement, skills of transformation are necessary for leaders (Pyne, 2015).
Kotter (1995) provided eight necessary steps which are necessary to be followed by a
leader to effectively transform an organisation. These steps include a sense of urgency,
powerful guidance, creating a vision, communication of vision, empowering others to act,
planning and achieving small wins, consolidating improvements and initiating new
approaches (Moore, 2011). These steps were included in the leadership style of Gandhi when
he transformed the Indian independence movement into a national revolution. A
transformational leadership require thorough knowledge of the subject; the leader assesses
the change required and formulates plans as per such requirements. Gandhi told people
regarding basic human rights and how the British government used illegal regulations to
violet such rights (Malos, 2012).
He created a sense of urgency in Indians that motivated them to join the independence
movement. He established a clear vision of free India and communicated it with other
Indians, and encouraged them to act on such vision non-violently (Marques, 2013). He planed
and achieved small wins to motivate Indians such as boycott of British products. Gandhi was
focused on combining Hindu and Muslims in Indian movement against the British
government and he initiated new methods to accomplish his goals such as Dandi march,
Satyagraha, disobedience and nonviolence protests (Sharma & Jain, 2013). Gandhi was a
situational leader, and his sacrifices and effective leadership style proved to be the spark
which allowed millions of Indians to join the independence movement and ended British rule
in India (Shepard, 2012).

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 9
Interview Transcript Regarding Gandhi’s Leadership Style
Following is an interview with Mr. Mohammad who is a dean in the Al Falah
University.
Interviewer: Hello sir, Good morning. How are you today?
Mr. Mohammad: Good morning to you. I am fine. Thank you.
Interviewer: Sir, I am currently making a report on Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership
style, and I want your views on how it has influenced your leadership style. Would you be
kind enough to provide your views on this topic based on your experiences?
Mr. Mohammad: Yes, please. Mahatma Gandhi was a revolutionary who had a
significant contribution in Indian independence movement. The initiative took by him such as
disobedience, nonviolence protest, Satyagraha and Dandi march motivated a large number of
Indians to join the independence movement and they protested against cruel regulations of
the British government. I myself use many of his principles in my daily life to ensure proper
management of my university. For example, while working with teachers and other staffs, I
always maintain humility and accept my mistakes, it increased their trust in me, and they also
respect my decisions. I follow and implement moral values in my life before motivating
others to follow them in their lives. I forgive students for their small mistakes and teach them
the importance of nonviolence. The university strictly prohibits bullying and discrimination
on the campus.
Interviewer: Sir what traits of Gandhi do you apply in your leadership style?
Mr. Mohammad: Firstly I maintain a high level of honesty and integrity in
organization’s operations; each member is encouraged to tell the truth because it increases
trust between individuals. I am also highly driven and motivated to achieve my objectives,
and I encourage my colleagues to do the same. Gandhi’s peaceful nature had a positive
influence on me and I try to implement it in my behavior. I am self-confidence and self-
aware, and I do not blame others for my mistakes. I also maintain equality throughout the
university and avoid any racial or gender discrimination between students and teachers.
Gandhi was a situational leader, and in difficult situations, I try to make decisions based on
his principles.

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 10
Interviewer: Sir, how do you use Gandhi’s leadership style while teaching others
regarding his principles?
Mr. Mohammad: Instead of forcing others to follow the principles, I encourage them
to research and understand the values given by Gandhi. We have shown documentary of
Mahatma Gandhi to each class, along with teachers, and then asked students to write their
personal views in a report on principles of Gandhi, which made them aware about Gandhi’s
principles, and many students started to follow them in their lives as well.
Interviewer: Sir what are your views on other leaders who were influenced by the
principles of Gandhi?
Mr. Mohammad: Yes, many popular leaders have implemented principles of Gandhi
while leading their own movement and it is a good thing too because it promotes a culture of
nonviolence and ethics in organisations. Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr. are
obvious examples, both of these leaders were influenced by the nonviolence movement led
by Gandhi, and they had implemented such principles during their own protests. But there are
many other leaders as well which had successfully incorporated Mahatma Gandhi’s
principles, for example, Steve Jobs was inspired by Gandhi’s principles; he decided ‘Think
Different’ as the slogan for Apple which is inspired by the quote of Gandhi - be the change
you want in the world.
Interviewer: Sir, how do you think modern organizations can implement Gandhi’s
leadership style?
Mr. Mohammad: I believe that implementing Gandhi’s leadership style can benefit
corporations as well as society. The popularity of Corporate Social Responsibilities and new
regulations regarding corporate disclosures are influence by principles such as honesty and
integrity of the companies. These policies ensure that corporation is performing its duties
with honesty and integrity, and its strategies are focused on maximising stakeholders’ value.
The disclosures made by the companies provide evidence that corporations have a clear
vision, and they are dedicated to work with high level of efficiency. Theses priciples assists
in the development of society and sustainable growth of corporations.
Interviewer: Sir how do you implement principles of Gandhi in your personal life?

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 11
Mr. Mohammad: I have implemented various lessons of Gandhi in my life. For
example, every morning I meditate and clear my head before going to the office; and I also
do fasting regularly. I speak politely while talking to others and did not get frustrated or
angry at their behaviour. While taking leadership decision in University, I respect low-level
staff and ensure that university policies are fulfilling their interest. I stand for their right
during the board of directors’ meetings and ensure that no discrimination or injustice is
happening in the campus.
Interviewer: Any final remarks Sir?
Mr. Mohammad: Mahatma Gandhi was a revolutionary who led Indian
independence movement through nonviolence actions. I believe everyone can implement his
principle in their lives and remove social inequalities from the society.
Lessons from the Interview
Mr. Mohammad respects the principles of Gandhi’s leadership style and incorporates
them in his personal and professional life. While dealing with students and teachers, he uses
leadership traits of Gandhi such as honesty, integrity, non-violence, self-awareness, and
humility. He maintains a positive environment in his university by restricting bullying and
inequality. Mr. Mohammad has become a humble and trustworthy leader because he properly
implements principles provided by Gandhi while taking leadership decision. As a leader, Mr.
Mohammad also encourages his colleagues and students to learn regarding the principles
provided by Gandhi, and he also initiate various programs to promote and teach students
regarding the principles of Gandhi. Mr. Mohammad’s is deeply influenced by nonviolent
movements started by Gandhi such as Dandi march, Satyagraha, and disobedience.
As a leader, he ensures that university campus remains free from inequalities and
bullying so that students can study without any disturbance. Instead, of forcing his views on
students and his colleagues as a strict leader, Mr. Mohammad asks them to provide their
personal views and opinions regardin specific situations. Just like Gandhi, Mr. Mohammad
fast and meditate to clear his head and think clearly to take effective leadership decision and
he also take appropriate actions regarding the rights of lower staff. A good leader always
ensures that everyone in the organisation is treated equally and proper strategies are
implemented by the management to fulfill their demands.

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 12
Mr. Mohammad assesses the requirements of lower level staff and communicates
such demands with the board of directors. Mr. Mohammad non-violently take actions for the
rights of lower level staff members and ensure that proper actions are taken by the directors
to morally fulfil such demands. According to him, organizations can benefit from the
leadership style of Gandhi, and they can accomplish their corporate responsibilities while
doing the same. Mr. Mohammad believes that principles provided by Mahatma Gandhi can
assist in positive development of individuals, corporations, and society.

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 13
Conclusion
From the above observations, it can be concluded that Mahatma Gandhi was an
inspiring leader who led the Indian independence movement with nonviolent principles.
Gandhi’s actions encouraged many other political leaders to start their own movements for
independence and to end racial discrimination. Even today his principles have a significant
impact on the world. Gandhi had a unique leadership style incorporated many traits such as
honesty, integrity, trust, self-awareness, humility, and others. Gandhi had reflected these
traits while leading his movements in South Africa and India. Gandhi had implemented traits
of multiple leadership styles in his journey, but mostly he was a situational leader. He took
decisions as per the requirement of situations, and in conflicting situations he used his moral
values and took ethical actions. He was aware of his weaknesses, and he performed actions
for other’s benefits, like a good leader. Modern leaders follow Gandhi’s principles to ensure
they fulfill their and company’s moral responsibilities towards the development of
stakeholders and society.

MAHATMA GANDHI: AN INSPIRING LEADER 14
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