Malaria Informative Pamphlet

This informative pamphlet provides information on the treatment, risk factors, prevalence, signs and symptoms, and prevention of malaria. It highlights the demographic data and prevalence of malaria in Asia and the recent increase in cases in Korea. Desklib offers study material with solved assignments, essays, dissertations, and more.

Running head: MALARIA INFORMATIVE PAMPHLET
Malaria informative pamphlet
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Treatment:
 A malaria treatment usually requires the patient to be admitted in a
health care facility however home based treatment options are also
available (Phyo et al., 2012).
 The first mode of treatment usually are the oral antimalarial
medication like amodiaquine, lumefantrine, mefloquine
or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, however these group of medication
are used in conjecture with antipyretics.
 Malarial infectiosn without any further complication are usually
treated with the help of artemisnin-combination therapy or the
combination of dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine (Okell et al.,
2012).
 In case of the more severe and complicated cases intravenous
antimalarial drugs are administered, preferably with artemisisnin
derivatives like the artemether and arteether.
Malaria informative pamphlet
Prevalence of Malaria:
There have been many malaria epidemics that have resulted in
millions of deaths in the past, and the disease continues to be a threat even
in the current age. According to the global statistics the estimated incidence
rate of malaria in extremely high and this disease kills approximately
660000 individuals per year. It has to be mentioned here that malaria is not
very common in the more temperate climates; however this disease can be
the one of the most predominating diseases that prevails in the tropical and
subtropical nations. Along with that it also needs to be highlighted that the
developing nations with lower socio-economic growth are the most at risk
of the disease due to the lack of health infrastructure, poverized living and
lack of awareness. Apart from the regular transmission routes through the
mosquito bite, congenital malaria is also common in the lower income
countries. The higher prevalence in the tropical and subtropical regions for
malaria is due to the fact that these regions are perfect for the continuous
breeding of the pathogen (Kim et al., 2013).
Demographic data:
Due to being a typically tropical and subtropical region, the Asia is the
most affected and at risk continent for malaria. According to the recent
statistics, approximately 19 countries belonging Asia are at huge risk to
malaria, to a point where it is considered endemic. Along with that, almost
62% of the total population of these countries are at risk of developing
malaria. The number of deaths due o malaria in case of Asia have been 45600
in the past few decades, and despite the measures that has been taken has
significantly reduced the alarming incidence rate of this disease, the nation
still fights the battle of malaria in the south Korean regions (Kim et al., 2012).
After a steady decrease of this disease in the early 21 st century in the
Korean demographics, the last couple of years have encountered a significant
increase in the number of malaria victims. In the year of 2015, the number of
reported cases in Korea had been 675 and from the data of 60000 people
infected with malaria in the north Korea in the year of 2003, this can be
considered a great achievement on the path of the national and global
authorities. the prevalence of this disease had been along the border regions
(Cohen et al., 2012).
Prevention:
 There is a significant lack of a pharmacological prevention
procedure for the diseases as there are no vaccines available
for malaria.
 Nonpharmaclogical prevention technique include personal
prptection nad reducing the exposure to mosquitoes (Okell
et al., 2012).
 These techniques include spraying the house with
insecticides to kill the mosquitoes, spraying on clothes and
skin like permethrin and DEET respectively, sleeping under
special bed nets treated with insecticides and covering the
skin while outside can be effective for the regions with high
prevalence of mosquitoes like Korea (Kalyango et al.,
2013).
References:
 Cohen, J. M., Smith, D. L., Cotter, C., Ward, A., Yamey,
G., Sabot, O. J., & Moonen, B. (2012). Malaria
resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its
causes. Malaria journal, 11(1), 122.
 Kalyango, J. N., Alfven, T., Peterson, S., Mugenyi, K.,
Karamagi, C., & Rutebemberwa, E. (2013). Integrated
community case management of malaria and pneumonia
increases prompt and appropriate treatment for
pneumonia symptoms in children under five years in
Eastern Uganda. Malaria journal, 12(1), 340.
 Kim, B. N., Nah, K., Chu, C., Ryu, S. U., Kang, Y. H.,
& Kim, Y. (2012). Optimal control strategy of
Plasmodium vivax malaria transmission in
Korea. Osong public health and research
perspectives, 3(3), 128-136.
 Kim, S. J., Kim, S. H., Jo, S. N., Gwack, J., Youn, S. K.,
& Jang, J. Y. (2013). The long and short incubation
periods of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Korea: t
characteristics and relating factors. Infection &
chemotherapy, 45(2), 184-193.
 McGready, R., Lee, S. J., Wiladphaingern, J., Ashley, E.
A., Rijken, M. J., Boel, M., ... & Singhasivanon,
(2012). Adverse effects of falciparum and vivax malaria
and the safety of antimalarial treatment in early
pregnancy: a population-based study. The Lancet
infectious diseases, 12(5), 388-396.
 Murray, C. J., Rosenfeld, L. C., Lim, S. S., Andrews, K.
G., Foreman, K. J., Haring, D., ... & Lopez, A.
(2012). Global malaria mortality between 1980 an
2010: a systematic analysis. The Lancet, 379(9814),
413-431.
 Okell, L. C., Bousema, T., Griffin, J. T., Ouédraogo, A.
L., Ghani, A. C., & Drakeley, C. J. (2012). Fac
determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria
infections and their relevance for control. Nature
communications, 3, 1237.
 Phyo, A. P., Nkhoma, S., Stepniewska, K., Ashley, E.
A., Nair, S., McGready, R., ... & Singhasivanon,
Conclusion:
It has to be understood that malaria is a life threatening diseases that has caused
many epidemics across the tropical and subtropical regions. The lack of an
preventative vaccine and the predominance of anopheles mosquito in the warmer
regions present a prominent threat, especially to the lower income countries. Many
rural regions are extremely lacking in terms of awareness and basic preventative
understanding; however, with a few preventative measures this disease can be
easily avoided. Hence, here is need for enhanced campaigning and preventative
awareness programs along with co-operation from the public to reduce the
incidence rate of this disease.
Signs and symptoms:
Malaria infection is generally characterized by the recurrent attacks
maintaining no significant time cycle. The common symptoms of this
disease are:
 High fever
 profuse sweating
 And shaking chills.
 Along with that the other signs and symptoms of malaria
includes headache, vomiting and diarrhoea. Along with that
the lesser frequent symptoms that are associated with more
severe cases of malaria include abdominal pain, anemia,
muscle pain, convulsions, and bloody stools (World Health
Organization., 2015).
 It has to be mentioned that the signs and symptoms of
malaria typically begin after a few weeks of the host being
bitten, however the malaria parasites can also remain
dormant for a prolonged period within the host body as well
(Kalyango et al., 2013).
What is malaria?
Malaria can be described as a very common mosquito borne infectious
disease that infects humans along with different animals. This is a life
threatening disease with a very easy transmission route through the bite of
any infected anopheles mosquito. The mosquito acts as the biological vector
carrying the parasite plasmodium in the blood stream which is then
transmitted to the bloodstream of the host via the bite. Inside the body, the
parasite rapidly travels to the liver of the host and after attaining the maturity;
the parasite starts infecting the red blood cells and the infection manifests and
results in the generation of the symptoms. There are 4 different kinds of
malaria parasites, Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P.
Falciparum; among which the P. Falciparum causes a far more severe disease
in the host with a much higher risk of death (Murray et al., 2012).
Risk factors:
According to the recent data it can be mentioned that being or travelling to
any tropical and subtropical country without valid protection increases the
risk of acquiring malaria significantly. Along with that the risk factors of
developing malaria is much higher in the rural and suburban regions with
lesser awareness and lower socio-economic growth. The risk to malaria
also is known to depend upon the age, past exposure history, and
pregnancy status. It has to be mentioned that for people living in a region
where prevalence of malaria is higher has higher probability of developing
partial immunity. However the children and pregnant woman are at much
higher risk of getting this disease due to lower immunity. Considering the
demographic distribution, the most lethal subtypes of the malaria parasite
exists in the African and sub-Saharan regions and the Asian subcontinent,
hence the risk factor is higher in this regions (McGready et al., 2012).
MALARIA INFORMATIVE PAMPHLET 1