management and operations - Assignment PDF

management and operations
Leaders in contemporary organizations
submitted to: ma’am someen
Submitted by: Maryam qadeer

Table of contents:
Management and operations……………………………………………………….……….1
Introduction of apple………………………………………………….…………………….2
Apple Inc. organizational and management structure…………………….……….…….3
Advantages of Apple’s hierarchical organizational structure……………………………4
Leadership theories…………………………………………………………………...…….5
Management theories………………………………………………………….6
Management and leadership styles………………………………………………….......…7
Importance of effective leadership and management…………………………………….8
Role of manager and leader in apple Inc.………………………………………………….9
Apple management and leadership style under Steve job and Tim cook……………….10
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………...…11
REFRENCES…………………………………………………………………….12

Introduction to Apple Inc.
Apple Inc is an American multinational company that designs and produced electronics and
software products. The company's best-known hardware products include Macintosh
computers, the iPod, and also the iPhone. The company operates several hundred retail stores
in an exceeding number of states similarly thanks to the web store and iTunes Store. Build - in
Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976, founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the company
was called "Apple Computer, Inc. “but dropped the word "Computer" later. Through its
philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic design and its distinctive advertising campaigns, Apple
Inc. has established a unique reputation within the buyer industry. Apple has attracted a
customer base that's dedicated to the company and its brand, particularly within the US.
(Linzmayer, 2004)
Currently employing 132,000 people within the corporate, Apple is amongst the best few
companies within the IT sector. You don’t particularly must undergo the online to go looking
this level of success of Apple Inc. rather you will be ready to just have a look around you to go
looking out a range of Apple products. whether or not they’re within the variability of iPhone,
iPad, MacBook, or macOS, includes a longtime market. Apple Inc. has made a profit of
US$59.531 billion within the year 2018. (Ahmer, 2019)
Apple Inc. Organization & management structure:
Apple’s organizational structure are going to be describe as hierarchical. Such a structure has
been developed by Steve Jobs so on sure the focused realization of his innovative ideas and
clear vision for the business. (Dudovskiy, 2019)
hierarchy can be a conventional structural feature in business organizations. The divisional
characteristics seek advice from the product-based grouping within Apple, like for iOS and
macOS. (MEYER, 2019)
Advantages of Apple’s hierarchical organizational structure include proper control and
evaluation over all aspects of the business. Moreover, promotion opportunities motivate
employees to perform well. On the negative side, Apple’s hierarchical organizational structure
may compromise the flexibleness of the business to reflect changes within the world
marketplace. Furthermore, in hierarchical organizations communication across different
departments tends to be less effective than in flat organizations. (MEYER, 2019)
Manager
A manager is in control of overseeing a department or group of employees within a selected
organization or company. Managers utilized in every sector, and so the business model relies on
their leadership and skill to operationalize the management structure.

Leader
A leader is someone who does quite just leads people. they have to be driven by the correct
motivation and make a positive impact on the people around them. Just having the flexibility to
motivate people isn’t enough leaders must be empathetic and connect with people to realize
success.
But both leader and manager perform several important tasks and share characteristics to run the
whole system. The Manager basically focuses on the system and structure, focuses on specific
goals, maintain, control and order, provide structure, implement strategies and specialize in
immediate results, basically, they believe doing thing right. On the other hand, a pacesetter
motivates and inspires others, focuses on people, empowers people, develops an environment for
change, plans general goals, creates a vision of the long run, and focuses on long-term results.
Further, there are different management and leadership theories through which we are able to
understand the role of manager and leader.
Leadership theories
Trait theories: identify the precise personality traits that distinguish leaders from non-leaders.
Trait theory suggests that the characteristics of the personality of a person may make them an
efficient leader. Leadership traits include physical or background traits, personal or ability traits,
and/or task or social traits like, Articulate, Committed, Decisive, Determined.
Behavioral Theory: Behavioral Theory Behavior theory focuses on what an honest leader “does.”
Leadership isn't something you're born with, nor do you one need a set of commonly accepted
traits. However, effective leadership depends on correct behavior. Researchers proposed that for
a frontrunner to be effective, their behavior must vary with true.
Situational Theory: Situational Theory recommends that different situations concern differing
kinds of leadership. This incorporates the leader to vary their style to the talents of their
followers It is an effective way of leadership because it adapts to the team’s needs and sets a
beneficial balance for the whole organization.
Contingency Theory: this theory recommends matching a leader’s style to the right situation,
which involves matching the team of people and goals.
Transformational Theory: Transformational Theory Transformational leadership may be a
process within which the leader engages others, builds trust, and creates a connection that
increases the motivation and morality in both the leader and also the follower. A
transformational leader focuses on others and their needs so an assist them to achieve their
potential.

Management theories
Scientific Management Theory: Scientific Management Theory: emphasized the very fact that
forcing people to figure hard wasn’t the most effective thanks to optimize results. Instead,
simplifying the tasks which upgrade the efficiency and increase productivity.
Behavioral Theory: In Behavioral Theory, the main target is on the precise behaviors and actions
of leaders instead of their traits or characteristics. the idea suggests that effective leadership is
that the results of many learned skills.
Administrative management theory: The idea generally entails a formalized administrative
structure, and a transparent division of labor its main objective is improving economic
efficiency, especially labor productivity.
Bureaucratic management theory: developed by Max Weber, focuses on structuring organizations
in an exceedingly hierarchy so there are clear rules of governance, creating the system which
incorporates a sequence of command, clear division of labor, separation of non-public and
organizational assets of the owner, strict and also the selection and promotion of employees supported
their performance and qualifications.
These theories effectively demonstrate that both the leader and also the manager play their role
differently in a company they both work differently so as to attain goals rather than the manager
focuses only on work while the leaders also counsel the worker so as to figure efficiently. So,
there are some leadership styles and management styles among leader and manager during a
workplace.
Management & leadership styles:
Management style Features
Autocratic
 Likes to retain control
 Likes to tell those working under them what to do
 No consultation
 Subordinates are expected to obey instructions
Paternalistic
As with Autocratic, likes to take much of the responsibility for
decision making but with a caring attitude for employees
 Encourages participation by employees

Democratic  Shares information with team members
 Provides opportunities for the team to influence decision
making
Laissez-faire
 Little or no direction from the managers
 Subordinates are free to make decisions
Importance of effective leadership and management:
Leadership Effectiveness must end in enabling and empowering the team of individuals to try to
what they should do. Effective Leadership isn't about coercive and manipulative tactics that force
people to act per the needs of the one who influences them.
Effective leadership accomplishes common goals but also helps people to attach with their
immense potentials and enables them to accomplish purposeful things collectively that give the
individual contributors sense of private accomplishment and fulfillment.
By effectively planning and controlling the people and processes that they're responsible,
managers provide a positive and professional environment. this could generate similar attitudes
in their teams. This engagement of employees could be a powerful asset in growing a business.
Role of manager and leader in apple Inc.
In the management process, leadership is that the first and might be the foremost influential a part
of the method. Both Steve Jobs and Tim Cook have very similar approaches to leadership styles
with regard to the vision for Apple. Steve’s is more on a vision for the longer-term charismatic side
where as Cook’s vision is tied into social and ethical responsibilities. While they need differences
within the approach to the direction of the corporate, they use their position of power to influence
decisions and visions. all has their strength that sets them but all the remainder. therewith said,
Apple may be a company that's founded on the non-public type of their leaders accountable and
therefore the integrity of the organization as a full.
Apple’s largest competitor has been Microsoft which is owned by Bill gates whose leadership
style was democratic. Steve job was autocratic and efficient as his work was innovative and
creative. Due to Steve’s speedy decisions apple was able to catch up with Microsoft.

The apple management style under Steve job & Tim cook: the Tim leadership supported team
work, transparency, calm demeanor, high expectations. Tim Cook has changed Apple along with
his calm and steady influence. He’s showed a personality's side of the corporate. he's the sort of
leader who cares. Tim Cook may never have founded an organization, but that doesn’t make him
any less of a risk-taker than those that do. Tim Cook understands he must take risks so as to
succeed. Put quality over quantity Apple's goal has never been to form the foremost. It’s always
been to create the most effective. Strong leaders must understand after they are wrong and admit it
in order that they will move forward. (jose, 2014)
Steve Jobs was a successful leader because he was imaginative; obsessed with his job, he had the
flexibility to push employees to form new things, had confidence, and believed. Jobs was referred
to as an ardent, albeit abrasive, leader and CEO who demanded perfection and excellence from his
staff. Jobs oversaw the introduction of the iMac, the iPod, iTunes, the iPhone, the App store and
also the iPad. This suite of products still makes up the core business of Apple. Jobs was looking to
constantly innovate; Cook seeks to concentrate on products that are already doing all right. as an
example, the Apple Watch is an expansion of the iPhone, instead of a completely new and
innovative product. (AUTHOR, 2019)
Steve Jobs became the face of Apple furthermore as its innovations, cultivating a fiercely loyal
customer base within the process. His successor, Tim Cook, follows in Jobs’ footsteps in
numerous respects but deviates simply enough to craft his own leadership style. for example,
both Jobs and Cook share a reputation for possessing high expectations. Yet while Jobs was also
known for innovations, leadership, and perfectionism, Cook’s leadership at Apple has been
defined by transparency, teamwork, and a relaxed demeanor.
Both styles have helped inspire Apple to provide several innovative and game-changing
products. Both have experienced highly publicized failures and controversies, and Apple has
cultivated a reputation for not paying dividends to investors. However, their reputation for
creating popular devices have mitigated fallout. the various styles of Apple leadership styles
have helped Apple grow into a dominant brand. Apple still maintains the biggest market share
for smartphones and tablet markets despite increased competition. The magnitude of the Apple
brand, and its leadership by extension, is well reflected by its robust stock performance. (Anon.,
2020)
Conclusion:
The reason of the immense success of apple Inc company because of its good management and
leadership skills and styles. Both the manager and leader play a key role in the upgrading of an
organization. The different styles of management and leadership basically help in the growth of
apple Inc company and the skills of its manager and leader in the success of the company.
because of this the apple still remains the remarkable image in the market field through its
amazing products. And both the leadership of cook and Tim benefits the company on its own
way includes company image, products sale, price, profit.
Bibliography

Ahmer, A., 2019. Doers Empire. [Online]
Available at: https://www.doersempire.com/a-brief-history-of-apple-inc/
Anon., 2020. ohio university. [Online]
Available at: https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu/blog/apple-leadership-infographic/
AUTHOR, S., 2019. investopedia. [Online]
Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/professionals/081715/how-does-tim-cooks-
management-style-differ-steve-jobs.asp
Dudovskiy, J., 2019. BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. [Online]
Available at: https://research-methodology.net/apple-organizational-structure-a-hierarchical-structure-
that-may-change-in-near-future/
jose, k., 2014. Apple's leadership strategies. Steve Jobs and Tim Cook. p. 12.
Linzmayer, O. W., 2004. new world encyclopedia. [Online]
Available at: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Apple_Inc.#cite_note-1
Linzmayer, O. W., n.d. new world encyclopedia. [Online]
Available at: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Apple_Inc.#cite_note-1
MEYER, P., 2019. Panmore Institute. [Online]
Available at: http://panmore.com/apple-inc-organizational-structure-features-pros-cons#:~:text=Apple
%20Inc.%20has%20a%20hierarchical,as%20for%20iOS%20and%20macOS.