Management and Operations

This study material explores the concepts of management and operations. It covers different theories and approaches to leadership, the role of leaders and managers in different business contexts, and the application of operations management. The content provides valuable insights and helps improve understanding of these topics.

Management and
operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
Part 1 Management .........................................................................................................................3
Different theories and approaches to leadership in organisational context ................................5
Responsibility and role of leader and manager in different business context ............................7
Part 2 Operations .............................................................................................................................9
Key approaches to operations management and role played by managers and leaders ...........10
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................12
INTRODUCTION
The concept of operations management is defined as the process that consists of
procurement regarding the conversion of raw material into finished products and goods. This is
known as a concept that is related with the reviewing, controlling and managing of different
business activities. It is necessary for a company to have different functions which are related

with the goods manufacturing, designing of products and production management. The main
objective of operation management is to increase the quality of products and goods. The
company chosen for completing this report is Procter and Gamble. This is an American company
which follows divisional organisational structure within the company (Choi, 2019). This report
discuss about different theories of leadership. There is also explanation about the role of leader
and function of manager within the company. There are different leadership approaches which
are used for managing the functions of the company.
Part 1 Management
Comparison between roles and characteristics of manager and leader
Within an organisation, leader is known as the person who provide guidance, instructions
and influence employees working in the company. The leaders of Proctor and Gamble are
involved in providing motivation to employees and staff members. There is need for complete
the tasks and targets in specified time frame. A leader is person within company who influences
his subordinate to achieve a specified goal or target. On the other hand, managers have the
responsibility to manage quality of the employee performance. Leaders within a company can set
directions but managers have to plan detailed steps.
Role of leaders in Proctor and Gamble
 Provides motivation and inspire other employees and staff members to work hard.
 Develop positive work environment at workplace
 Engaging different employees towards company's vision and accomplishing the tasks and
activities assigned
Characteristics of leaders in Proctor and Gamble
 P&G leaders are known to be creative and they are confident people who have main
objective of working effectively
 The leader of P&G have a positive attitude towards working and they are involved in
motivating the other employees to work more hard.
 The manager is known as an individual who provides guidance in making right and
appropriate decisions for the company. These people have the authorisation to manage
various operations of business. These people have the authority to manage and control
business activities.

Role of manager in P&G
 These have the responsibility of controlling and managing various activities and tasks and
accomplish the company objectives
 There is an open door policy within P&G in which the employees and subordinates are
involved in sharing different views and ideas in order to take effective decisions
Characteristics of managers in P&G
 The P&G managers are involved in reducing conflicts that take place among the
employees. Another objective is to provide confidence and support to employees for
doing work properly.
 The managers of P&G are involved in following few guidelines and principles that
consists of sharing of viewpoint and ideas that are helpful to attain organisational goals.
Similarities of leaders and managers of P&G
Leaders Managers
These are essential asset for the company
which are involved in providing guidance to
employees and subordinates.
Leaders provide verbal motivation to
employees and subordinates.
These are another asset for the company who
are involved in managing the various
responsibilities and roles of the company.
Managers are involved in providing motivation
to employees and staff members by assigning
tasks which can be helpful for working
effectively.
Difference between leadership & management of P&G
Comparison basis Leaders Managers
Power or authority There is power with leaders
and by using it, he can
influence other employees and
subordinates to work hard and
put efforts to manage the
The managers of P&G are
involved in managing duties
and tasks which are useful for
managing the decision making
in appropriate manner.

organisational goals.
Behavioural characteristics These provide effective
motivation to employees so
that they can work in proper
way.
These managers are innovative
and creative in nature and they
innovate products for
increasing market share of the
company.
Employees and subordinates The group of individuals
within the company who have
to manage the tasks assigned
work under them.
Employees and staff members
are subordinates
The leaders and managers of Proctor and Gamble are involved in playing crucial role
within the company. There is need of attaining organisational goals and objectives by managing
the business functions. Basically, there are four role of leaders which they have to follow in order
to achieve good success. Leadership is one of the most essential factor that is to be managed
properly for doing good job. The leaders of Proctor and Gamble are involved in various tasks
like planning, recruiting, controlling and directing. It is essential for the company to manage the
functioning of business processes effectively so that organisational targets and goals are achieved
in specified time.
Different theories and approaches to leadership in organisational context
Leadership is defined as the way of managing people working in the company. The
transformational theory is related with the identification of various employees in context of
vision creation and organisational change (Curlett, Cleantek Industries Inc, 2019). It is essential
for the company to manage the functioning so that it will be easy to manage the functioning of
organisational tasks and goals. The different type of leadership theories are mentioned below -
Transformational leadership - There is positive relation among the performance of
organisation and an individual. This type of leadership style is effective and it is very simple for
managing the organisational goals effectively. It is very essential to have the organisational
performance in effective manner so that work is done appropriately. This is known as an
inspiring theory of leadership and in this, it is easy to manage the tasks for accomplishing

organisational goals. This type of leadership is related with the employees who will be having an
intellectual stimulation and idealised influence as well as individualised consideration. It is
helpful to build positive correlation and collaboration among the performance of company and
employees. There is need to have proper management of business activities as these will help in
managing the leadership model. Leaders focuses upon maintaining structure of groups formed
among the organisational teams. It is an effective leadership style as this is helpful for managing
different aspects of organisational level. Such type of leaders in Proctor and Gamble are self
motivate and courageous. They are involved in the providing of organisational responsibilities to
the subordinates effectively. It is essential to manage the functioning and working of company
by adopting the proper techniques of ruling and guiding.
Transactional leadership – This leadership style was given by max Weber. According
to this theory, there is transaction between leaders and the other followers. There are different
type of transactions which are provided by leaders. These include various ways by which the
leaders are involved in the management of various transactions which are related with passive or
active management, contingent reward and laissez faire (Fu, and Zhao, 2020). This focuses
upon the performance of employees and managing the work in effective manner. There are
different leaders whop are involved in the managing of various function is proper manner. These
are associated with the working of proper and effective tasks and projects. Some of the leaders
using this type of leadership theory includes practicality, resisting changing and motivating the
employees in effective manner. The managers have to work in effective manner so that it will be
easy to focus upon the business goals and objectives. There are proper and clear guidelines
assigned to the subordinates for managing the various work. As per this leadership style, the
leaders can promote compliance which is provided by the leaders and managers. Some of the
leaders are practical in nature and these are motivated for working effectively by discouraging
independent thinking. The leaders who follow this type of leadership style are involved in
managing the well being of staff and employees.
Situational leadership theory – This is defined as the leadership theory which
demonstrates that leaders have to manage the leadership styles effectively as it is useful for
managing the skills and abilities. This leadership theory states that leaders react according to the
business situation. This is used for managing and providing the employees a safe environment in
which they can work effectively.

Contingency leadership theory - As per the contingency theory of leadership, it is
stated that there is no one proper way of having good management and organised workplace.
There is need for managing the importance and value of managing business situations as it will
help in managing various degrees of power like positional power, task oriented power and people
oriented power (Li, and Ma, 2019). This theory states that leaders can be categorised as the
source which the company has in order to manage and control various business activities and
functions.
System leadership theory – This is defined as the way of managing leadership for
organising the business functions properly. As per system theory, it is concluded that there is
need for managing sustainability for managing high performance of employees as well as
employees. There is need for controlling and managing the process and business operation
effectively (Li, and Wang, 2019). It is also required that there are four elements of system
theory which includes data, process, tools and organisation. This is needed for managing the
work in effective manner. This is known as the leadership style used by leaders for handling
business situations properly and achieving the organisational goals.
Responsibility and role of leader and manager in different business context
There are various roles and responsibilities of leaders which they have to follow for
managing the job role in an effective manner. P&G is an American firm which is involved in
manufacturing products. This deals with the manufacturing of various products like grooming,
beauty care, fabric, home care, etc. There is need of managing the work in an effective manner
and completing the organisational work in specified time. The companies have to remain
competitive within market then only they will be able to achieve success. This company also
provides dealing in different other products like food, beverage and snacks. There is need of
managing the competitive advantage within business for managing the organisational work. This
company is involved in managing the formulation of different strategies and plans which are
given by leaders and managers P&G. There are several tasks and activities provided by P&G that
includes business planning strategies, market planning and strategy, providing guidance to
employees, etc. It is very important for the management of Proctor and gamble to conducts
various strategies and planning which consists of managing the need and demand of customers.
This company keeps it's system updated and adopt latest technology to function properly. The
leaders provide effective training to the subordinates and team members so that work is assigned

to them in effective manner (Onishi, Komatsu Ltd, 2020). There is need of managing the work
in effective manner that is given to Proctor and gamble so that there is development of
company's strategy effectively. P&G managers are working effectively by collaborating and
overcoming various complex business situations. There is need of managing the coordination
and work in proper manner so that there is improvement in skills and development of employees.
There is need of managing the work in proper manner so that it is easy to handle and manage
complex situation within workplace easily. The different type of critical situations that arise
within workplace of P&G are mentioned below- Marketing strategies – This is known as the complex task that is involved in the
managing of effective marketing strategies and plans. In context of P&G, it is seen that
there are various type of marketing strategies that are managed within the workplace for
increasing sales and profit of the company. P&G is involved in following and adopting
traditional way of marketing such as TV ads, print templates, hoardings, etc. The P&G
managers are involved in preparing effective strategies that are involved in the managing
of work in effective manner. There is need of increasing customer base by providing
information to the potential customers regarding new products and services of the
company.
 Team building – It is known as one of the most essential way for creating the
organisational structure so that targets and tasks are accomplished in specified time. It is
also important that there is development of effective team within the company so that
organisational goals are achieved. The P&G leaders must be able to attain organisational
targets by developing strong and effective teams which is able to manage the work in
effective manner. The P&G managers are following and adopting various strategies and
plans that are used for combining the leadership styles in proper manner. There are two
type of leadership style used by the managers of Proctor and Gamble in which there is
development of effective teams (Ono, Kamomeya Inc, 2019). There is need to have
strong and effective team that help in managing the accomplishment of organisational
goals in specified time. There is need to develop effective and strong teams so that it is
easy to create affirmative as well as positive workplace. There is need to develop the
organisational objectives and goals for managing the company's performance.

Part 2 Operations
Application of operations management and factors that impact business environment
Some factors are present within business environment that are useful in order to manage
functioning of the business operations would stop decision making of each and every
organisation depends upon in the factors affecting the business environment. External as well as
internal factors are present within market that affects the way in which a company is doing its
business. in context of Procter and gamble or there are various factors that affect the business
operations-
Internal factors are known as elements which are involved within the business environment and
affecting the internal operations of the company. These include employees and stakeholders.
Employees are known as the most essential factor which affects the performance of organisation.
These are known as basic requirement of any company in which organisations have to answer
what are the right outcomes for the company in order to achieve the organisational goals. this is
known as the best way for shaping procedures as well as processes that are helpful for
contributing in in success of companies goals. There are several workers as well as labour which
works in Procter and gamble or and they are provided attractive rewards and pay scale in order to
motivate them. Stakeholders are known as the individuals which have certain speculations
among the business environment and they have to acquire benefits in order to invest in company.
There are different type of approaches used by stakeholders in order to upgrade the
manageability within the commercial sector. In such cases, there are supervisors who are
involved in setting out powerful choices in order to expand the company success. External
factors present among the business premises in order to attend the accomplishment of business
tasks and operations.in context of Procter and gamble or there are various external factors that
affects the company’s operations. This includes culture, value and ethics sustainability and
technological factors. Cultural factors are those which are associated with contemporary actions
and thoughts, social conduct of individuals at a particular spot. In context of contemporary
business environment, it is seen that there must be proper guidelines which are useful for
managing way in which work is done. In context of values and ethics, it is concluded that there is

requirement for the companies to portray what are the essential moral and ethical values which
have to be intended in order to assist the business activities as well as exercises. In case of
sustainability, it is concluded that there is need of analysing the present age and not bargain upon
the group of people who are yet to visit the place. There is need for the companies to manage
their working according to the demands and needs of potential clients.
Culture- Culture consists of beliefs, ideas, values that are shared by an individual. Within
an organisation, it is important for a leader to follow strong and positive culture. The operation
process the culture of the work force within P&G. It plays an essential role in decision making of
leaders.
Values- In the operations management, values are considered as crucial parameters to
finalise the standards of the production and also to set the working standards of the production.
P&G leaders and managers ensures that they are conducting effective process by following the
values of society and business.
Sustainability- It make concentration on to meet the demands of the current generation
without making and compromise the requirements of future generation. In context of P&G, the
firm ensures that there are no business activities affecting image and reputation of firm.
Key approaches to operations management and role played by managers and leaders
There are different functions which are adopted by Proctor and Gamble for operating
different process of the company. Some of the techniques used by this company are mentioned
below -
 Just in Time approach - This is defined as the management technique that is used for
minimising inventory cost of the company. This technique is helpful for excluding and
removing the case related to dead stock. P&G is a company which is using this approach
in order to control delays in delivery. This company ensures that it is easily managed
what are the factors related to inventory management.
Role played by Leaders: Leaders will use this approach to reduce overall cost of company
and reduction in cost will lead to increased profit of company. Leaders of P&G try to make
employees understand importance of this approach in managing production of company.
Role played by Mangers: P&G managers adopt this approach when they want to reduce their
overall cost. Managers try to provide sufficient return to shareholders of their company.

 Total Quality management – As per this approach, it is concluded that total quality
management is defined for managing the accomplishment of organisational objectives
and goals properly. It is very essential to manage the achieving of good quality products
and goods so that effective functions are managed. In context of Proctor and Gamble,
there is need for the leaders and managers to work properly and manage wastage and
scraps effectively. This is an approach which is helpful for the company in managing the
accomplishment of the company goals in proper time.
Role played by Leaders: Leaders will encourage employees in P&G importance of
maintaining quality of products, this will help them in achieving their objective of providing
high quality product's in comparison to their competitors.
Role played by Mangers: Managers will supervise their subordinates that they are
accomplishing set quality standards of company.
 Six Sigma - This is defined as the statistical approach which is used for managing the
functions related with the minimisation of defect reduction and error minimisation. This
technique of operation management is used by leaders of P&G in order to enhance the
organisation as well as employee performance. It is also important for analysing
employee performance and finding what are the limitations of employees in finding out
the problem in achieving organisational goals. There are basically two ways of six sigma
approach that are DMAIC and DMADV. The P&G leaders are using this approach for
taking effective results that can be used for increasing the standards of company's
products.
Role played by Leaders: Leaders in P&G will make sure that their employees are following
this model and there are zero defects in their work. They are making themselves experts and
trying to have zero defects in whatever work they are doing.
Role played by Mangers: Managers of P&G will manage overall working that there are
minimum defects and errors in process and also in final product.
Leaders role in P&G
There is an essential role of leaders for managing organisational goals. There is also need
for providing motivation and encouraging employees to work effectively. There are leaders
present at various level of organisational structure that are used for managing the completion of

organisational work. Within the P&G enterprise, it is seen that there are different levels and
departments in which managers are involved for adopting new and innovative tools and
techniques.
Managers role in P&G
In context of P&G, it is seen that the managers are involved in developing and
maintaining a path that is used for tracking employee's performance. There is need to have
proper and strict regulations that are used for analysing and evaluating the difference in the
actual and desired results. There is need to have proper and strong guidelines and regulations
which are aligned with the organisational goals.
The concept of operation management is defined as the relation with business activities
and tasks which includes different process like directing, planning and organising manufacturing
and production of various services and products. This is defined as a process that is used for
managing the process of transforming raw material into finished goods and products. The
different strategies used within the OP of Proctor and Gamble are mentioned below - Marketing - It is an operation of Proctor and Gamble that is used for managing
manufacturing of goods and products. There is need for increasing customer satisfaction
as it is helpful for increasing profits and sales of the company. If a company is able to
manage the functioning of company properly, then it is easy to control all the business
activities. This provides help to enhance brand reputation and image as well as customer
loyalty. Production - This is defined as the management's role for performing the job in
appropriate manner and handling the work properly. The function of production is
defined as manufacturing of products to the customers properly. It is very essential to
manage the functioning of companies effectively so that organisational targets and goals
are attained.
 Transportation - This is defined as the function in which P&G is able to provide proper
transportation for reaching potential customers. There are various products and services
manufactured by P&G which are helpful for managing the effective functioning and
working. There is need for managing the work properly so that consumers can manage
production of products properly. There is ned of effectively functioning all the business
activities for achieving the organisational objectives in specified time.

CONCLUSION
It has been analysed from the above discussion that for each and every company, there is
need of having good leaders and managers who can function properly and achieve organisational
targets. The leaders and managers affect the decision making of the company directly or
indirectly. These have to work effectively by collaborating with each other and make good
decisions. Leaders and managers motivate employees and staff members for increasing
efficiency of work. There is need to function properly for increasing profitability as well as
growth of business. This is concluded from above discussion that there are different techniques
and processes of operations management which includes six sigma, total quality management, jut
in time approach, etc.

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