Analysis of Job and Management Systems

The given document is a solved assignment on the topic 'Analysis of Job and Management Systems'. It covers various aspects related to job and management systems, including policies developed by both company and government. The assignment emphasizes the significance of effective leadership and management in organizations, highlighting potential problems that can arise if leaders and managers are not effective in nature at workplace.

Management and
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Operation management is an area of the management that is related with designing as
well as controlling production process and also redesigning the business operations in production
of products and services. It is business practices administration to develop high level
effectiveness with in company. Operation management is related with converting the labour and
materials in to products and services in order to enhance profit level of firm. Operation
management includes utilising the resources from technology, materials, staff and equipment’s.
ASDA is British Supermarket retailer and it firm was founded in year 1949 (Alderton and
Saieva, 2013). company provides many services for an instance financial services and mobile
phone providers which use existing EE network. Under this mention report will be discussed
about similarities and difference among manager and leader including their characteristics and
roles. Various approaches related to operation management will be mention in this report. There
will be discussion about the factors with in business environment which effect on decision-
making and operational management through managers and leaders.
TASK 1
1. Leaders
Leader is an individual that commands and leads person or group of people. In this,
leadership is an action of leading the people in company for attaining the specific objectives
(Barratt, Choi and Li, 2011). Leader set clear vision for company, guide staff members and
motivate them by work process as well as develop the morale. In addition to this, leadership is a
necessary function of management that assess in enhance efficiency and attain business
objectives.
Similarities between leaders and managers:
Basis Leaders Managers
Roles &
Respons
ibilities
Main role of leaders is to develop
mission, vision, goals and setting
directions for employees so that they
can reach to effectiveness
Main role of managers then is to
decide path to reach the way of
effectiveness, such as acquiring and
allocating resources.
Role of leaders are concerned with goal
achievement. For example, Apple
Role of managers in Apple company
are also concerned with achievement
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company do same and its main focus on
attaining tasks.
of goals by influencing people.
Charact
eristics
Leaders of Apple also have better
knowledge about their areas so that they
can better influence their followers
Managers have functional knowledge
about their and subordinate’s
departments so that they can manage
whole group of Apple.
Leaders of Apple needs so much
creativity in order to influence their
subordinates and get work done
successfully.
Managers have to manage whole
organizations like Apple to make
creativity in its products in order to
attract large number of consumers.
Authorit
y &
Power
Under this, management give a power
to leader to give direction or order to
team members. The power of leader to
control activities of team members
(Brandon and Mullan, 2013)
The top management provided
authority to manager and it has power
to do the work from other people.
Through power, manager can manage
and control all resources such as staff
members at workplace.
Traits The main traits of a leader is to take
better decisions in favour of employees
and company, inspire others, creativity
etc.
The manager enhance motivation of
employees so that they can perform in
better manner and inspire them to do
creativity.
Differences among leaders and managers
Basis Managers Leaders
Roles and
Responsibilities
The main role of manager is
to implement the plan at
workplace that developed
through top management.
Managers role is to recruit,
appraise performance,
motivate employees etc. It is
a responsibility of manager to
assure daily functioning of
The role of a leader to guide
them employees and direct
them in a right way to attain
aims of company with in
specific period of time. On
the other hand, it is a
responsibility of a leader to
guide the employees to
complete project. Leaders are
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group of employees or
departments (Chevalier and
et. al., 2015).
responsible for creating and
executing timeline for team
so that they will reach to their
objectives.
Characteristics The characteristics of a
manager is commitment,
versatility, knowledge,
creativity etc.
The main characteristics of
leader is ability of delegate,
confidence, creativity,
commitment, sense of
humour etc.
Authority and Power The power for manager is
ability to influence the others.
Under this, reward power is
an extent to which manager
can be use the rewards to
influence the others.
Legitimate power is known as
the official power and
position power that comes to
leader when authority of
company is accepted. It
provides power to a leader to
control the resources and to
punish and reward others.
Traits The traits of manager are
empathy, prioritization,
patience, competence and
warmth etc.
Traits of leader are
accountability, good
communicator, integrity and
honesty, innovation and many
others.
Managers
Manager is a person that responsible for administrating and controlling a company or
group of employees. The main role of manager is to control and manage the activities related
with company in order to enhance growth of business. For an example, in Apple business firm,
manager provide training to employees, appraising them, maintain financial records etc. This
person always motivates the employees to enhance their performance.
2. There are different functions and role of a manager which are required for proper functioning
of company. There is different function of manager given by Fayol used through Apple:
Planning
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It is a primary management function that includes setting the objectives and identifying action
course to attain these objectives. Under this, planning needs that manager should be aware about
facing environmental situations and also forecast the future conditions.
For an example- Main aim of manager in Apple to improve its sales and for this there is a
need to manger to develop the better plan to enhance its sales. For this, manager require to
include the better advertisement, enhance stock and well trained staff members.
Organising
It is next function of management and it consists developing structure of firm as well as allocate
the human resource to assure about achieve the objectives. Structure of Apple company is a
framework with in business that effort is to be coordinated. Under this, there is a need to
manager to organise team and resources on the basis of plan. Managers should made the
decisions about responsibilities and duties of individuals and a way in which duties should be
performed (Chiarini and Vagnoni, 2015).
For an example- The manager of Apple need to organise the activities to staff members
on the basis of their skills and capabilities. So, that they can perform in a better manner.
Commanding
It refers to guiding and commanding the staff members about the activities. Under this, managers
require to do more than plan, organise and also staff team to attain objectives. Commanding
consists guiding, encouraging, motivating etc. In Apple, if manager is good leader then its
employees will be enthusiastic regarding exerting the efforts to achieve organisational aim.
For an example- In Apple, manager guide the employees to work in proper manner and
guide motivate them to focus towards specific objectives.
Controlling
It consists assuring performance that does not pervert from standards. In this, manager require to
control the actions and activities in better way which are held at workplace. There is a need to
manager take the corrective actions which are required to assure about the plan.
For an example- Manager require to focus on control activities and tasks which are
conducting at workplace. Through this, they will be perform in a better manner (Dekker,
Bloemhof and Mallidis, 2012).
Coordinating
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It is a last function of a manager and in this manager motivate the staff members to work in a
team and work towards achieve the specific objectives of firm. This function is an integration,
unification and synchronization of group member’s efforts to make unity for attain specific
objectives.
For an example- Manager of Apple inspire employees to work in a team by coordination
for achieve the target with in specific period of time.
Role of leader and functions of managers in different situations
Stable situation
In an organisation, if there is a stable situation then there are less changes will be occurred in the
external as well as internal environment. So, it is necessary for manager and leader to determine
the future impact with the help of using the past report. Manager should develop the various
policies and strategies to deal with them.
Decision making
It is necessary that better decision making is necessary for the company. On the other hand,
leaders guide this team member for their better functioning. In context to manager and leaders of
Apple, it looks towards the productivity of firm as well as staff members. In regards to this it
takes the better decisions which can develop the positive impact.
3. Management and leadership both deals with their staff members and followers with several
models, theories concerned to management and leadership working models. Under this, various
models of approach and theories are mention below:
Situational leadership
It states that company or manager adopts different leadership styles on the basis of situation
which they face rather than follow specific model of leadership. Under this manager and leader
of company must adjust their style in order to development level of employees to influence them.
Under this, there are different steps are included:
Diagnose: In this leaders first examine the situation in order to determine how to deal
with that or what are the major factors they require to influence example of this is examine the
behaviour of workers and to determine the gap between their actual and standard performance. In
this leader identify and deal with the element which largely affect the employee's performance at
workplace (Galindo and Batta, 2013).
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Adapt: Leaders act as per the demand of situation in this. mainly, leader determine and
adapt that leadership approach which suits best to the situation in order to attain final objective.
Communicate: In this leaders communicate with other to make them understand about
what to do in specific situations. Leader implement the approach which focuses on those skills
require by individual to attain that task.
Advance: This is the stage in which leaders manage the movement, transform the skills of
employees in their strengths so they can perform their job roles.
System leadership
It refers to informal and formal organisational structure, procedures and policies by which the
leadership is to be exercised. This leadership approach is applied in firm to assess leader to not
only think about its own perspectives but also look towards the wider approach across political
boarders. In Apple, system leaders prepare strategies to whole system to use all kinds of the
organisational entities. This leadership approach able leaders in company to develop situations
where the employees at all the levels can work in a productive manner.
This kind of leadership theory is helpful for Apple Company to promoting innovation as
well as creativity at workplace. Leader should encourage its staff members to think in a different
way to approaching specific task. The main focus of system leadership is to enhance
development of company along with staff members. An application of this leadership approach
improve the development and growth in firm as it assesses in imparting vision of leaders in staff
members that helps in promote their innovation and creativity at workplace.
Contingency leadership
This leadership model states that there is no specific leadership style that is effective for
company or to take the decisions. Contingent leader applies its own leadership style to right
situation. a leader should have concern contingency in them so they can apply their personal
style of leadership which help in deal with any situations. But there are some things which need
to be taken care of this model that includes team members and leader maintain good relation. In
Apple company, it is observed that there are two kinds of leaders such as task oriented and
relationship oriented. Leaders which are task oriented, not concerned regarding what other staff
members perceive or think. Their main aim is to only finish the task within given period of time.
On the other hand, focus of relationship oriented leader is to getting tasks done through staff
members by develop better relationship among them. In addition to this, it enhances team spirit
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as well as improve the organisational communication and helps in neglecting the disputes from
workplace of Apple firm.
TASK 2
1. Operation management refers to branch that help in deal with managing the processes and
operations within company. it is the process in which raw materials are converted into finished
products according to their needs and wants of their customer (Heizer, 2016). This is the function
of management which need effective and skilled managers for control their whole organisation.
They need to be a good leader which will guide them in performing all major activities and
functions effectively in proper manner. The main focus of operation management is to manage
the process to develop and also distribute the services and products. Under this, operation
managers are responsible to optimise operations through making the judicious use of capital and
resources. It consists use the resources from employees, technology, material and equipment’s.
Different approaches related to operation management are mention below:
Just in time
It refers to management strategy that adjusts the orders to raw materials from directly to
suppliers with the production schedules. The ASDA company use this kind of inventory strategy
to enhance efficiency and reduce the wastage in proper manner Application of this approach
assesses company in minimizing storage space of company as products or services are stored
only at time of use and it is helpful in saving cost of company. As per this model, a company try
to complete their task or work in assigned time period. Basically, it is an inventory strategy
whose main aim is to increase the stock cost and maximise profit level. It is also called as pull
approach that was implemented in approximately between 1960s and 1970s for reduction in
manufacturing time period.
For example, if ASDA use just in time so this will help them in reducing the storage
space of the products and services which are stored only at the given time and it is useful in
saving cost of the firm.
Dynamic approach
This approach indicates the necessity of discovering the various forces at work in any situations.
According to this, ASDA tries to resolve their multiple issues or problems by using one single
method and implementing various types of methods or techniques. This model is very helpful in
completing task or work in the required duration by using minimum resources.
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For instance, ASDA uses this approach which assist in resolving major issues and
problems that are occurs in the firm and create barriers whole doing work.
Total quality management
It is the most important approach of management to gain long term success through satisfies their
customers. all the members of an organisation are involved in improving process, services,
products and culture in which they are doing work. Along with this, it is the management system
for customer focused organisation that includes staff members in continual improvement
(O'Fallon and Rutherford, eds., 2011). Approach used strategies, data and effective
communication which integrate all quality discipline in the culture and activities of an enterprise.
The major aim of this approach is to manage the quality of products which are produced by
company. There are various types of methods which are applied by ASDA so that it will help in
improving their work in better manner.
For example, if ASDA adopting total quality management so this will help them in
managing and maintaining all quality based products and services that are developed in the firm.
System approach
This approach is fully based on various rules and regulations which are executed by senior
management of the ASDA Company by considering required facts and figures. Along with this,
it is that method which assist in developing positive environment that are totally free from any
type of discriminations and disparity.
For example, ASDA can also adopt this approach in which they can formulating positive
and powerful environment where all employees are doing work as per their requirement and
guidance.
Six sigma
This approach is a set of methods and tools which can be used for improving their procedures
that was introduced by Bill Smith and Mikel J Harry in the year of 1986. In addition to this, this
method can be used for increasing the quality of output that will process in the firm. The main
motive of this technique is to minimise the time of production, minimising the pollution and cost
of products.
For example, if company can used six sigma approach so this will help them in
enhancing their quality among the products and reducing the cost of specific goods and services.
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2. Management and operations plays a very important role in attaining goals of the company
through implementing variety of ideas and plans. It is very eminent for handling whole system
by delivering actual goods and services at a marketplace. Just like other department operational
management is also having major responsibilities towards development of ASDA company by
producing goods as per the needs and demands of consumer (Alderton and Saieva, 2013). So, the
importance of management and operations are:-
· Satisfy needs of consumers:- Operational management helps in producing goods and
services as per the demands of the customer so, it is one of the most important task that
is performed by them in the company.
· Revenue generation:- Every company wants to earn maximum profit and company can
maximize its profit only if they are selling good quality of products in market that are
liked by the customer. Operations management aid in grabbing attention of consumers
towards the company (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2012).
· Customers attention:- All the products are manufactured by this department only so they
are liable to produce different ideas of training their employees for capturing the
attention of different consumers.
· Efficient use of resources: This department try to allocate necessary resources for
developing whole enterprise at international level.
Store manager in ASDA :
As a store manager in ASDA, it is required for the individual to take full responsibilities
of operations department so that company can improve its both productivity and profitability as
well at the same time. Some of the responsibilities that a manager carries in ASDA are: develop
favourable incentive and other concern related policies for employees, manage inventory at
different stores ASDA and assign task to employees as per their capabilities so that they can hit
their targets in specific given time frame. Some of importance a store manager in Asda and these
are as follows:
· Managing the overall inventory stock is being considered as a major responsibility of a
store manager because if the stock is not proper in a store then deliver consumers with
right amount of products and services in ASDA.
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· Managing all the other store related activities that will help ASDA in developing its
relations with consumers. This can be done through effective communications with
customers that have visited the store (Heizer, 2016).
3. Business environment affects by both external and internal environment. External factors
includes competitors, Governmental rules and regulations, legal aspects, new technologies,
economical fluctuation, social culture and so on. On other hand internal factors involves all
potential customers, stakeholders, investors, employees and management strategies and policies
that directly emphasize to ASDA's growth and its efficiencies.
Political Factors: ASDA company have relative profits from stability in political
atmosphere. It includes export import, employment related rules and regulations, government
stability, trade restriction, and bureaucracy issues. These aspects impact on ASDA during
decision making strategies on international and national level of business.
Economical: These are factors which influences to country's economical growth , per
capital income, fiscal policies, inflation and deflation period. ASDA consider on this aspects
during operational decisions. As market demands increase consequently it will emphasize to
production department. In this case store managers maintains stock in warehouses to fulfil
customer's requirement timely (Yang, Hong and Modi, 2011).
Social: company influences by their customer's preference and their culture. By
considering on this factor operational managers assists in maintaining harmonium relationship
and better standard and values of company in customer's mind. Social changes such as age group
and healthy life assist ASDA to serve best quality of products. Along with this, it also requires to
make investment in CSR activities so that brand image of business can be increase.
Technologies: With new technologies, company is growing faster. Company providing
better service through mobile application which is less time consuming. Comparison to other
competitive companies ASDA is much better by providing services on time.
Store managers consider on all of these factors during decision-making programmes and
market strategies. It assist in proper guidelines which will reduces risk of stock out
circumstances and maintain customer service relation. ASDA managers focus on external factors
to decrease errors, and solving existing problems that directly related to product demand in target
market.
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CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it has been evaluated that management and operations
is being considered as a standout amongst the most important department of business
organisation. Company will assume a critical job in making successful products and
manufactures for their clients in a marketplace. In an Association a leader and a manger plays a
crucial role which helps in running business in much smoother and flexible way considering all
the systems related to job and the policies which has been developed by both company and
government. Away with this, if both leaders and managers are not effective in nature at
workplace then organisation can face a number of problems like increase in expenses and
decrease in profit along with productivity can also be hampered.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Alderton, P. and Saieva, G., 2013. Port management and operations. Taylor & Francis.
Barratt, M., Choi, T. Y. and Li, M., 2011. Qualitative case studies in operations management:
Trends, research outcomes, and future research implications. Journal of Operations
Management. 29(4). pp.329-342.
Brandon, C. J. and Mullan, P. B., 2013. Teaching medical management and operations
engineering for systems-based practice to radiology residents. Academic radiology. 20(3).
pp.345-350.
Chevalier, P. and et. al., 2015. Revenue management for operations with urgent
orders. European Journal of Operational Research. 240(2). pp.476-487.
Chiarini, A. and Vagnoni, E., 2015. World-class manufacturing by Fiat. Comparison with Toyota
production system from a strategic management, management accounting, operations
management and performance measurement dimension. International Journal of
Production Research. 53(2). pp.590-606.
Dekker, R., Bloemhof, J. and Mallidis, I., 2012. Operations Research for green logistics–An
overview of aspects, issues, contributions and challenges. European Journal of
Operational Research. 219(3). pp.671-679.
Galindo, G. and Batta, R., 2013. Review of recent developments in OR/MS research in disaster
operations management. European Journal of Operational Research. 230(2). pp.201-211.
Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E. W., 2012. The future of operations management: an outlook and
analysis. International Journal of Production Economics. 135(2). pp.687-701.
Heizer, J., 2016. Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India.
O'Fallon, M. J. and Rutherford, D. G. eds., 2011. Hotel management and operations. John Wiley
& Sons.
Subramanian, N. and Ramanathan, R., 2012. A review of applications of Analytic Hierarchy
Process in operations management. International Journal of Production
Economics. 138(2). pp.215-241.
Yang, M. G.M., Hong, P. and Modi, S. B., 2011. Impact of lean manufacturing and
environmental management on business performance: An empirical study of
manufacturing firms. International Journal of Production Economics. 129(2). pp.251-
261.
Online
leadership Theories. 2017. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.leadership-central.com/leadership-theories.html#axzz4cuENJXqH>.
[Accessed on 6th November 2017].
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