Management and Operations: Roles of Leaders and Managers in Rays of Sunshine and Fruitapeel

This report explores the roles and functions of leaders and managers in the context of two organizations: Rays of Sunshine and Fruitapeel. It examines the application of various management theories, including scientific, administrative, and human relations theories, as well as leadership theories like action-centered, transformational, and transactional. The report also delves into the importance of operations management in achieving business objectives and analyzes key approaches like Six Sigma, lean production, and Total Quality Management (TQM). Furthermore, it investigates the impact of factors within the business environment, such as corporate culture, values, ethics, and social responsibility, on operational management and decision-making. The report concludes by evaluating how leaders and managers can improve operational efficiency to meet business objectives and discusses the broader environmental implications of operations management.

Management and operations
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Contents
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................3
Task 1...................................................................................................................................................4
1.0 Report on the roles and functions of leaders and managers in Rays of Sunshine.....................4
2.0 Application of the roles and functions of leaders and managers................................................9
3.0 Application of different theories and models of approach to the roles and functions of
leaders and manager at Rays of Sunshine.......................................................................................12
Task 2.................................................................................................................................................15
A Report on Operations Management and the role managers and leaders play..........................15
1.0 Role leaders and managers play in the operations function of an organisation......................16
2.1Key approaches to Operations Management..............................................................................16
3.0 The importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives.......18
4.0 Factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management and
decision-making by leaders and managers......................................................................................18
5.0 Evaluate how leaders and managers can improve efficiencies of operational Management to
successfully meet business objectives...............................................................................................20
6.0 Evaluate the application of operations management and factors that impact on the wider
environment.......................................................................................................................................21
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................23
References..........................................................................................................................................24
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Introduction
Management and operations are the major elements of the company which is needed to be
manged and understood in the best possible manner. It is very necessary for the company to
understand the needs and requirement so as to take corrective action and can be able to
arrange all the required things. There are various theories and concepts that is needed to be
considered by the management of the company to carry out all its operations and functions in
the required and appropriate way. In an organisation, leaders and managers plays a vital role
to make it successful and grow in the competitive market. In this report, difference between
managers and leaders and their role that they play in a company. Here, Rays of Sunshine and
Fruitapeel will be used so as to better understand the implementation of management in the
operations. The application of the roles and responsibility of the managers will also be
understood in the study. Different management theories will be discussed so that the working
of organisation could be able to get understand. The significance and worth of the operations
in the organisation will also be discussed in this particular study. There are several factors
that have an impact upon the operations and functioning of the business that is also
considered here.
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Task 1
1.0 Report on the roles and functions of leaders and managers in Rays of Sunshine
To: CEO
From: Human Resource Manager
Date: 05-03-2018
Subject: A comparison among functions as well as roles of managers and leaders with
the help of various concepts and theories
Executive Summary
Management is one of a major part of an organisation which cannot be possible without
leaders and managers. Appropriate administration can be done by applying various
management and leadership theories in Rays of sunshine which will help in increasing
productivity and profitability.
1.0 Introduction
Management is one of the most important practices in any organization which is being done
to control or deal with different people and things. It basically makes inclusion of several
activities regarding the strategy and coordination among employees in order to achieve
objectives with the support of existing resources like natural, financial, human resource and
technical. For the appropriate management in Rays of Sunshine, it is very significant to have
a proper flow of administration and for this, there is a need of leaders and managers who have
different roles and function which will be explained here.
Who is a manager?
Managers are basically termed as the persons in a company who make management and
designing of activities as per the already made objectives and goals. In order to successfully
implement various objectives, the major duty of the manager is to establish and develop
related policies and strategies and also to make plans regarding employees and staff working
with the aim so that they will be able to carry out numerous tasks as per the objectives
(Johnson, 2016).
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Who is a leader?
Leaders are those who get the tasks completed from employees by taking into consideration
several goals of an organisation. An important role is being played by leaders of an
organisation with the support of their communication and leadership skills (Nixon, 2013).
1.1 Characteristics/qualities of a manager
 A manager led employees in an effective and efficient manner.
 An effective manager must have good communication skills in order to make
conversation with its team members.
1.2 Characteristics/qualities of a leader
 Leaders are the major part of an organization that inspires and influences employees
to raise productivity and profit (Li, et. al., 2015).
 Innovation is being termed as a major key to success; an effective leader must have
innovative ideas so as to increase reputation of a company.
1.3 Comparison between the characteristics of managers and leaders
AREAS OF COMPARISONS MANAGER LEADER
MEANING Managers focus to
measure, achieve and set
goals.
Leaders are there to
create a vision and to turn
them in real.
VISION/GOAL SETTING Objectives of an
organisation are being set
up by managers (Bolman
and Deal, 2017).
Various objectives which
are made by managers
influence leaders.
STRATEGY Ideas are being created
by managers for the
organisation’s
development.
Those ideas are
implemented by leaders
in real.
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GOVERNANCE/POWER There is a group to which
managers provide
directions.
There is a team in which
directions by leaders are
provided.
FOCUS /THINKING PROCESS Main focus of managers
is on things.
Main attention of leaders
is on people.
EMPLOYEE RELATIONS Managers give several
tasks to the employees.
Motivation to do work is
being given by leaders to
employees.
RISKS Work is being done by
managers to minimise
risk, they control or
avoid problems instead
of embracing them.
Leaders are always
willing to take several
risks (Müller, et. al.,
2012).
OPERATIONS/
EFFECTIVENESS
Policies are
communicated by
managers to leaders.
Communication of those
policies to employees and
motivation to work is
given by leaders.
1.4 Management theories
Scientific theory of management- by Fredrick Taylor
It is that theory of management which supports to synthesize and analyze the flow of work.
Main aim of this theory is to enhance economic and organization’s efficiency, main
productivity of labour, improvement in efficiency of completion of task (Waring, 2016).
Administrative theory of management – by Henri Fayol
This theory basically focuses on the type of interaction that should be there between
employees and management. It provides logical and extensive framework regarding the
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administration’s process and can be understood by five major elements like planning,
commanding, controlling, organizing and coordinating.
Human Relations theory – by Elton Mayo
This theory was developed in early 1920 at the time of revolution of industry. Productivity
was the main focus of any business at that time. Elton Mayo starts such experiments in order
to prove that people play main role in productivity instead of machines. This theory believes
that people want to be a part of such team which will support growth and development
(Booth and Erskine, 2016). Therefore, if employees are encouraged to take participation, they
will believe that their work is important and this will make them feel motivated which will
eventually increase productivity.
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1.5 Theories of leadership
a) Action-centered theory of Leadership – by John Adair
This theory is being focused on activities or actions of leaders. Balance of the needs has
to be maintained by leaders from three elements like team, task, and individual. An
effective leader is a person who keeps all such elements in balance and achieves them at
same time (Western, 2013). For instance, due to limitation of resources and time, there is
lots of pressure on teams.
b) Transformational theory of leadership
This theory is being defined as the process in which leaders, as well as their followers,
raise each other at high level of motivation and morality. It is found at each and every
level of organization like teams, divisions etc. These kinds of leaders are risk takers,
visionary and inspiring.
c) Transactional theory of leadership
It is such kind of leadership which focuses on performance, organization, and
supervision. In this theory, leaders make promotion of agreement by followers with the
help of punishments and rewards (Dinh, et. al., 2014).
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2.0 Application of the roles and functions of leaders and managers
Apply and assess the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches/theories and
how they influence the roles and functions of leaders and managers, within Rays of
Sunshine.)
(a)Using Rays of Sunshine, examine examples of how the function of a manager applies
in different situations.
The functions of manager in Rays of sunshine are done in an effective manner as to fulfill the
wishes of every child. The management theories are very supportive and are assisting the
managers to carry out all its functions in the best possible manner so that the company could
be able to attain the set plans and standards.
Strengths of Human Relations theory
 The well-being of the people is one of the best benefits of this theory (Booth and
Erskine, 2016).
 The bond and relationship will be built by the management and employees of the
company with the assistance of the model.
Weaknesses of Human Relations theory
 It became very difficult to understand the behavior of the employees working.
 The behavior of people become very casual many time which creates problems in the
professionalism.
The role of a manager is to manage the several situations in a possible manner so that the
problems and issues can be able to get managed appropriately. As the children wish to have
anything all the management regarding make it get obtained in the way the child is willing is
effectively get done by the manager of the company. This is very effectively assisting the
organisation to carry out its functions in the desired manner. The human relation theory is
one which is helping the managers to put effective efforts in the making healthy bonds with
the employees along with the users of the company’s services (Booth and Erskine, 2016).
Also, the decisions and any plan that is been made by the senior manager is handled and
delivered to the other departments is also one of the functions of the manager. This will help
in managing the coordination and corporation of the entire organisation in terms of working.
Many times the children illness become very severe, where the managers are functioning a
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key role. The management gets done by managers where all the required things are planned
and availed, also the decision of doing the right activities is been drawn by the managers of
Rays of sunshine company. The decision of the company is also being able to get done in an
effective manner as the human relation theory as it will be helping in knowing the
behavioural pattern of the employees working in the company.
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(b) Using Rays of Sunshine, examine examples of how the role of a leader applies in
different situations.
The leaders are the one in an organisation who motivates the employees to do the work in
best way and make them enthusiastic to achieve the work in such a manner which will lead to
obtain the aims and standards of the company. It is very must for an organisation to have
leaders as with their support employees could be motivated and work will get done in the
desired way. the leadership theory is having a great role in the functioning of leaders in an
organisation.
Strength of Transformational theory of leadership
 The vision of the business could be able to get planned appropriately on time.
 The employees will become more enthusiastic (Odumeru and Ogbonna, 2013).
 The level of motivation of employees will get an increase.
Weaknesses of Transformational theory of leadership
 Many times, the truth of the actual situation gets overlooked.
 The orientation of the organized people is one of the challenges.
Working in a team and in a motivated manner is very much required in the company as with
its assistance the organisation can be able to function effectively and can reach its aims and
standards. The transformational leadership theory is very supportive and is having a great
impact on the functioning and role of the leaders in company. With the help of this theory in
several situations, leaders are able to guide the employees/ followers so that they can work in
the best and effective way. team working will get promoted. The Wish granter leads the
entire team as per the decision made by the management. The leaders in the company are
having the role to impact others so as to make the wishes of children get fulfilled (Odumeru
and Ogbonna, 2013). When the need and requirements get increased the leaders will motivate
the employees to work in the necessarily required manner and this will lead to attaining the
aims of organisation.
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3.0 Application of different theories and models of approach to the roles and functions
of leaders and manager at Rays of Sunshine.
a) Situational Theory (Hersey-Blanchard theory)
The situation theory is the one, in which the leaders and manager adapt the managerial and
leadership style as according to the situation. The method and the ways through which the
employees get influenced that style and methods are get adopted by the manager's and
leaders. This style is very effective as with its assistance the management of the work and
working culture can be able to get done as according to the situation. Understanding this, the
managers and leaders could make effective steps and can make decisions as per the need of
the company. The employees many time need to manage and have to be led appropriately so
that the wishes of the children can be met and they can get delighted (Cornish and Clarke,
2014).
The major role of the manager and leaders in Rays of sunshine organisation is to supervise
the wish granters and also to make effective and suitable decision and plans for the
management as well as for the children for whom the entire organisation is working. With the
change in any of the external or internal situation the company also need to make appropriate
changes so that the issues and problems could get managed on time and in an effective way.
b) Contingency Theory (Fiedler's contingency theory)
This is the theory which defines that the dependency upon several factors is must to make any
decision or to sustain in the market. With the help of the theory the managers and leaders of
the company have to make effective strategies and plans so that the time of an emergency and
crises, the managers and leaders can act in a spontaneous manner. This theory states that
leaders and managers of Rays of Sunshine organisation will be able to manage the working
related to leading the people, making decisions and visualising a bright future for the
company (Battilana and Casciaro,2012).
The leaders in the company will be making contingency plans to motivate the employees and
to make them do the work in such a way that they will do the work without any kind of
resistance. There are many who gets motivated when they are provided any monetary
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incentives and many who get influenced when they get non-monetary benefits. Henceforth as
per the requirements, the contingency actions will be taken by the leaders.
Similarly, the managers make decisions which many time does not be in the favour of the
company or the employees, or many time employees resist the changes. The manager that
time needs to implement the other supportive efforts which will make the employees take
interest to do the work appropriately. Also, situationally the decisions are manipulated to
provide a convenient environment for the workers.
c) Systems Theory
The organisation cannot able to exist in the market it does not interact or have a medium to
meet the market and environmental needs. According to this system theory, the organisation
needs to take assistance and aid of other systems and process so that it can carry out all its
performances and functions in the best effective way. The leaders and managers of the
company will have to make a system or the process in a defined manner so that operations
and decisions can be made effectively. The managers will make the decisions not only with
the reference of the particular project but also other related system so that company can be
able to manage the entire working (Dulebohn, et. al., 2012). Also, the leaders will apply
different systems and method to make employees motivated so that they can perform all the
activities as per the company’s needs and wants.
Conclusion
From the discussion, it has been analysed that the different leadership and managerial
theories are there which is very necessary for the organisation to consider. This will help the
managers and leaders to understand the way they need to perform their roles and duties.
Recommendations
The roles and responsibilities of both managers and leaders are very effectively done in the
Rays of sunshine. It is very necessary for the organisation to follow the entire thing in an
effective way, therefore, some suggestions for the managers, leaders and company are-
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 The foremost things are to understand the employee’s behaviour so that managers and
leaders can perform their duties appropriately.
 Though the leaders and manager are different entities but to attain the objectives and
goals of the company it is very must for both of them to work in a corporative and
coordinative manner.
(HR)
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Task 2
A Report on Operations Management and the role managers and leaders play
To: Chief Executive Officer
From: HR Manager
Date: 5th March 2018
Subject: With regards to the evaluation of the application of the operation management
and the various factors that impact the working of the business operations and the
environment.
Executive Summary
The report has described the meaning and the role of operations management in achieving the
business objectives. The report has also described that the key approaches that can be adopted
by the business concern in order to ensure that the effective decision making. Further, the role
of leaders and managers has been described to have proper operations and functions thereby
facilitate in increasing the efficiency level.
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1.0 Role leaders and managers play in the operations function of an organisation
Introduction
Operations management is the process of which deals the aspects related to the designing and
controlling of the activities related to the designing of the process of production. Apart the
operations management deals with the conversion of raw materials into the finished materials
such that the overall efficiency of the Fruitapeel industry is increased. In addition, operation
management will support in enhancing the level of capacity and productivity. Also,
operations management supports in having a proper observation of all the activities.
2.1Key approaches to Operations Management
There are various approaches in relation to the working of the operations management that
can support in enhancing the level of efficiency. The following approaches can support the
fruitapeel industry in getting its objectives:
Six Sigma
The approach of six sigma is adopted and implemented in an organization order to improve
the process of overall activities. The approach can support the concerned industry in
identifying the defects that are coming in the process of production and supports in removing
the defects so that the activities are carried in an effective manner. There are various phases
involved in the concerned approach that will support the Fruitapeel industry in improving its
operations in an effective manner. The phases under this approach involves define measure
analyse improve and control. The following phases will support in having a proper control
over the activities as such result in satisfying the customer and minimising the defects.
Lean production
Lean production is a method that is carried out in a systematic manner in order to reduce the
wastages that incurred in the process of production. However the concerned approach ensures
that in order to reduce the level of wastage the level of productivity is not sacrificed. The
concerned approach can provide the Fruitapeel industry with the following features and
benefits such as greater production, provides flexibility, ensures proper management of the
demand, provides appropriate quality and ensures minimum production cost.
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Total Quality Management (TQM)
Total quality management is an approach that focuses on that all the employees are dedicated
and committed towards maintaining the high standard of work so as to ensure that the
operations of the company is carried in an effective manner. The approach focuses on the
objectives that improve the level of efficiency such as reduction of cost and wastages,
increasing the flexibility and the level of production. In addition the following approaches
provides the Fruitapeel industry with the principles such as customer focus, integrated
system, decision making approach etc. This will support the concerned industry in
satisfaction of the customer and making effective judgement in relation to the functions of the
industry.
2.2 The role that leaders and managers play in operations management.
In context to the Fruitapeel industry, the leaders and the managers play a vital role in
integrating all the values and departments in a single direction so that the objectives and the
goals can be achieved. Leader ensues that the views of the employees are managed in a
proper manner. However, the managers ensure that the operations performed by the
employees are carried in a correct format.
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3.0 The importance and value of operations management in achieving business
objectives.
Business objectives
 To bring innovation
 To enhance the quality of the products
 Focus on providing the customer with new products
 To support in increasing the level of efficiency
Importance and Values of operations management in achieving business objectives
Operations management provide many significant factors that can support the Fruiapeel
industry in achieving the objectives (Radomska, 2014). The following points importance can
be analysed in this regard:
 Supports in managing the risk factors
 Support in building the confidence level of the employees with regards to the job
security.
 Supports in bringing the innovation so as to satisfy the customers
 Supports in enhancing the quality and productivity
Key decisions taken by operations managers
Various decision is required to be taken by the operations manager may include decision
regarding the level of quality, productivity and the risk factors. Apart the decision regards to
the layout, inventory etc. come under the parameter of the operations manager.
4.0 Factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management
and decision-making by leaders and managers
There are various factors in context of the Fruitapeel industry within the business
environment that support in decision making process. The following factors can be analysed
in this aspect:
Corporate Culture
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Corporate culture plays a vital role in understanding the role of leaders and managers in
relation to the behaviour of employees towards the changes that are taking place in the
environment. A positive organisational culture ensures that the changes are implemented in
an organization in effective manner.
Corporate Values
Corporate values include aspects related to the principles that are followed within the
organisation so as to deal with the customers, partners and shareholders in an effective
manner. This supports the top authorities in having a proper observation on all the operations
and thereby results in making a proper judgement.
Corporate Ethics
Corporate ethics to the values and the beliefs that are required to be followed within the
organisation so that there is no disturbance in the normal of the Fruitapeel industry.
Corporate social responsibility
Corporate social responsibility includes that the operations of the concerned industry are
carried out in accordance with the laws and regulation so as the industry does not face any
hindrance while implementing its activities.
Expectations of stakeholders
The expectations of the stakeholders are required to be met with proper format so as to ensure
adequate growth. The stakeholder’s interest significantly affects the operations of the
concerned industry (Radomska, 2014).
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5.0 Evaluate how leaders and managers can improve efficiencies of operational
Management to successfully meet business objectives
Leaders and managers play a crucial role in the management and operations of the company.
To ensure effectiveness and efficiency it is essential that the leader and managers carry on
their operations in an effective manner. Business objectives are the value that represents the
goals that ensure growth and development of the concerned industry.
Leaders are the individuals who mould the behaviour of the employees in a particular
direction. Leader supports in developing an effective vision so that the employees feel
motivated and work with full dedication (Swamy & Nanjundeswaraswamy, 2014). In
addition, the leaders support in achieving the personal goals of the individual along with the
attainment of the organisational goals. Apart the leader focuses in initiating any action that
can lead to a better success and development of the overall organisation.
Managers are the person who take in charge of all the operations of the concerned company
and ensures that the activities of the concerned industry are carried in an effective manner. In
addition, the managers play a vital role in managing the changes and the other factors that can
act as a barrier in the normal operations (Ahid & Augustine, 2012). Managers tend to
implement the changes in an effective manner such that the goals and objectives are achieved
at an ease.
Therefore, the authorities of the Fruitapeel industry must understand the role of the leaders
and managers in an effective manner.
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6.0 Evaluate the application of operations management and factors that impact on the
wider environment.
In the organisation, all the activities are get done by different things. It is very necessary for
the organisation to take in a notice about several factors which will assist the company to
attain long-term objectives and standards. This will help in attaining competitive benefits and
growth opportunity. There are various factors and elements which is having a great
contribution as well as the impact upon the working culture and condition of the organisation.
Fruitapeel company will get influenced by several factors internally as well as external
factors. The internal may get managed and controlled but external has to be understood and
manage effectively. Factors such as-
 Political factors- The political element is one of the elements that is having a great
impact on the functioning and activities of the business. The company needs to
understand the political changes and have to make decisions and choices as according
to it so that it can be able to manage the work appropriately.
 Social factors- The society also plays a vital role which has to be understood by the
company. The needs and wants of the customers get changes and to meet them is very
necessary. Until and unless the needs are not met company could not be able to get
survive in the market (Prado-Lorenzo, et. al., 2012).
 Decision making- The organisation’s management many time is not able to manage
the work in an effective way which will lead to improper working. It is very necessary
for the company to make right and effective decisions so that it can be able to attain
sustainability in market and operations will also get done in perfection.
Conclusion
From the task, it can be concluded that the operations management is an essential aspect of
the company. The different approaches have been understood here through which the
operations can be managed and effectiveness can be able to get obtained appropriately. The
roles of leaders and managers in operations management have also been understood.
Recommendations
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It is recommended to the company and the management that it has to carry out all its
operations in an effective way. The company needs to communicate each and everything in
the appropriate manner as this will provide the guidance to the operations management team
to work effectively and to manage the requirements and needs of the company.
(HR)
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Conclusion
From the discussion, it can be concluded that management in any organisation is very must.
To attain success and to obtain competitive benefits in market company need to manage all
its operations and activities in an appropriate way. The management theories have helped the
company to do the work in a systematic manner. It has been understood that the roles and
responsibilities of the managers and leaders are different as they are different entities of the
company. There are some elements which are having a great influence on the operations and
activities of the company, which need to be understood appropriately so as to manage the
work in the best-required way. The quality management tools in the operations of the
company have also been considered here which helped in knowing the ways a firm can
improve its operations and activities. The decision making of the company is also get affected
by many things that are getting done in the company, therefore, to overcome all the activities
it has become essential to understand the operations that a firm does and what all are the
needs that are to be fulfilled by the company. With the help of this company can make an
effective decision which s in the favour of it.
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