Solid-State Memory Management and Optimization

The assignment delves into the realm of solid-state memory management, encompassing a range of topics. It examines optimized data management strategies in solid-state drives (SSDs) as well as sustainable operational practices for manufacturing and deployment. The provided research papers delve into concepts like demand-side management in energy consumption, reconfigurable assembly systems, and the impact of health indicators on power system maintenance. Ultimately, the assignment aims to shed light on the multifaceted challenges and advancements in managing solid-state memory effectively.

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MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATIONS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1.................................................................................................................................................3
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager..............3
TASK 2.................................................................................................................................................5
P2 Examine examples of how the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in
different Situational contexts...........................................................................................................5
P3 Apply different theories and models of approach, including situational leadership, systems
leadership and contingency..............................................................................................................6
TASK 3.................................................................................................................................................8
P4 the key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers play. . .8
P5 importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives................10
TASK 4...............................................................................................................................................11
P6 factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management and
decision-making by Leaders and managers...................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Operation management is the process of planning, organising and supervising in the context
of production, manufacturing or the provision of service. It is very essential department of
organisation that monitors the day to day activities related with production of goods and services of
the organisation. In accordance with this context, this report will cover role of leadership and
function of manager by of Sainsbury limited. The necessary leadership and managerial role that
should be applied in order to increase the efficiency of employees in Milan will be discussed in this
report. The role and functions of leadership will be discussed in this assignment. The factors within
the business environment that impact upon operational management and decision-making by
leaders and manager will be assessed in this report.
TASK 1
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager
ROLES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A LEADER
Roles
 Representative of the organization: A leader is the representative of his organisation. He
represents the organisational concerns at seminars, meetings and conferences. Leader role is
to communicate the functions and structure of organisation to the public. He also represents
his own work at his own department which he is leading.
 Required at all levels: A leader is required at all levels of the organisation for his
leadership. In the top level of organisation leader cooperate with the plans and policies of
SAINSBURY organisation. In the middle and lower level leader execute and analyse the
programmes and plans by the top management.
 Integrates and reconciles the personal goals with organisational goals: A leader helps in
integrating the personal goals of the employees with the objectives of Sainsbury
organisation with his leadership. He tries to achieve the goals of employees and help them to
accomplish their objectives (White, 2016).
 Helper and guider: Leader is a helper and guider for employees. He guides the employees
towards their work to be effective and to achieve their individuals goals which helps to
accomplish the organisational goals and targets.
CHARACTERISTIC
“ He/She is a born leader” it means leadership is a skill which people born with. While
leadership also admire by self development, practice and experience. Leader must be focused on his
strategies rather directing the employees. A leader motivate and inspire the employees of Sainsbury
to work themselves. Leaders adept emotional intelligence to find the best work from their
employees. Leaders also focus on regular changes and improvements which help the employees to
achieve their goals and activities towards success. “ Leadership is all about doing the right things”
in the organisation.
ROLES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A MANAGER
Roles
 Hiring people: The role of manager is to hire new and talented people for the Sainsbury
organisation. It is critical part of an organisation that the new employees must be relevant
for their individual tasks and performances.
 Team development: Manager is responsible for the management and development of an
individual employee to perform best in the team. An interdependent team is more productive
rather than a group or individual which work independently.
 Manage resources and improve process and quality: Manager confirms the resources are

available according to the work and manage them. An individual is responsible for his work
and manager see the overall work and make improvements and adjustments in the work.
 Self development: Managers are not responsible for their employees work but also for their
own development as a manager. Self development includes participating in management
training and seminars, asking for feedbacks, acquire more knowledge about management
and leadership.
CHARACTERISTICS
One of the characteristic of a manager that he is someone who is given his authority and
work according to his role. The manager needs to be sure that the work is going good and focus on
daily work or tasks to manage the activities of employees and others. Managers focus on the
activities which direct and control his approaching. Managers are also effective in their
management within the Sainsbury organisation and they have good communication skills, effective
approaches, well experienced and knowledgeable. These characteristics make a good manager in his
work with efficiency. “Management is all about doing things right”.
COMPARISON BETWEEN LEADER AND MANAGER
BASIS LEADER MANAGER
DEFINITION Leader's leadership is an ability to
motivate and improve the
contribution of employees towards
the effectiveness and success of
Sainsbury.
Manager direct or control a group
or an individual for accomplishing
the organisation goals from his
management.
FOCUS Leader focus on leading people by
his leadership (Winkler, and Choban,
2015).
Manager focus on management of
work.
OUTCOMES Leaders produce achievements. Manager produce results.
STYLES Participative, transformational and
consultative.
Transactional, authoritative,
democratic and dictatorial.
ORGANISATION Leaders have their followers which
follow leadership
Managers have subordinates to
manage.
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
An organisation has many structures according to their objectives and goals. The structure of
management determines the model in which organisation is working or operating. Structure of an
organisation is responsible for various procedures and functions of different entities which are
department, group of working, individual and branch. Structures has many types but the common
structure is functional, divisional and matrix structure. The organisational structure includes
Headquarter (Top manager) it divided into four parts of Departments (operations), (marketing),
(R&D), (sales). They all are in under control of board of directors.
TASK 2
P2 Examine examples of how the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in different
Situational contexts.
MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

Management functions are the key roles of managers and leaders. They use these function
for different situations within the firm. This will help them to solve the conflicts and problems
arising during operations effectively and efficiently.
 Planning: Planning is a function of business operations which works for setting the
objectives and determination of a course of action to achieve the operational goals. Planning
requires a manager or leader to be a good decision maker to aware of such environmental
and future conditions which organisation is facing during the operations (Ming, Song,
Mingjuan, Lingyun, Min, and Yuejin, 2013). Planning can be strategic, tactical and
operational.
 Organising: Organizing is the function of management where leaders and managers
develop the organisational structures allocating the human resources to ensure that the
organisation will achieve its goals and objectives. At the level of organizing in an
organisation includes the decision to decide the best departmentalization, function
organizing, product and geography.
 Leading: Leaders and managers must be a true leader that they can guide their employees
towards their work in order to achieve their individual goals. Planning, In any kind of
situation a manager and a leader must be a fearless decision maker to handle all the
conditions in many ways by their management and leadership.
 Controlling: Controlling in different situations' means the employees become lazy, not
awake of their goals sometimes so the manager or leader should control the employees and
subordinates to work them properly and improve their individual performance to complete
their task on time.
ROLE OF A LEADER AND MANAGER IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
 Appropriate decision making regarding business operations of Sainsbury: The leaders
and mangers have their respective roles in any kind of organisation and one of them is
decision making process, which is so important for the Sainsbury to make relevant changes
and improvements regarding to the decisions (Chiu, and Lo, Western Digital Technologies,
2016). Decision making process includes financial decisions, technology decisions, plans
and programs etc. such type of decisions made by the leaders and mangers are need to be
appropriate for business operations. Decision makes man perfect and leaders and mangers
are known for their decisions and duties which they follow respectively. Along with that the
decision making process involves the major decision of an organisation like changes in
business operations, recruiting and termination, developments and managing resources for
Sainsbury etc.
 Optimum utilization of resources and fund: The managers and leaders have
responsibilities to utilize and manage the resources and funds for the organisation.
Resources are from which an organisation starts its business and manage its business
operations such as human resources, physical resources, financial resources and information
resources. The managers and leaders use these resources to manage their own organisational
goals and targets, which help them to achieve their individual as well. Funds are those
elements from which an organisation invest itself or receive from external environment
which is shareholders, investors and funding. The utilization of funds is necessary that the
organisation can develop its business operations and ready to take the advantages of
upcoming opportunities. The optimum utilization of funds and resources by the managers
and leaders reduce the extra investments and improve the business operation in several
ways, which helps the Sainsbury to gain its profit ratio and achievement of the objectives.
 Integrated management of business operations: An integrated management of business
operations which is also known as IMS (integrated management system) is a process where
an organisation systems works in a complete framework which enable the organisation work

in a single unit with specific objectives. This work is done by the managers and leaders of
the organisation Sainsbury. Integrated management system divided into six parts to explore
the business operations which are quality management system, in this system the managers
and leaders plan and execute their policies, procedures and processes in the core business
area of Sainsbury. Environmental management system includes the determination of the
performance and position also the working environment in the business. Safety management
system improves the health and safety for employees and the organisation. Information
security management system is managed by the managers to determine the security of
information in organisation.
P3 Apply different theories and models of approach, including situational leadership, systems
leadership and contingency.
Leadership theories and models of approach
Leadership is an approach for leading employees or people in an organisation Sainsbury to
improve their contribution and performance in achieving their individual goals as well as
organisations. This will increase the business operations' effectiveness and efficiencies. For
achieving this purpose, there are different approaches used for leadership.
Leadership approaches
Approaches and styles of leadership is depended on situation which occurred within the
workplace for leading the team members and employees of organisation Sainsbury to meet their
individual or organisational goals and targets also related to leader's behaviour. Here are some
essential approaches of leadership expressed as below:
Situational leadership
Situational leadership is a theory which is developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard in
1969. Situational leadership is an adjustive style of leadership, in this strategy leaders change itself
for leading his team. In this theory leaders encourage and develop their workers or employees to
become flexible and getting adjusted according to the issues or conditions within the Sainsbury to
achieve its goals and objectives. Situational leadership is best and appropriate for the solution of
issues and also building a team of members or employee's which work get together effectively.
Leadership in the words of Ken Blanchard is that leader was a boss for organisation in the past but
now leaders can no longer lead the organisation with their position and power. Situational
leadership is developing people and work-groups along with finding the best in them (indström,
Nilsson, Parida, Sjödin, and Ylinenpää, 2015).
 Strengths: Situational leadership is easy to use if the leader of organisation is
knowledgeable and know the right style to use it. All the leaders just need to evaluate the
situation and conditions and apply the best leadership style for the solution. This style of
leadership is right and comfortable for leader. Leaders have permission to change the
management styles according to the situation fit.
 Weakness: The north American style of leadership do not take in their priorities and
communicate style for the other culture. This theory ignores the differences between male
and female managers. The situational leaders can lose their attention from long term policies
and strategies.
Systems leadership
System leadership is an improvement model which is based upon understandings of
organisation and improve both organisation and leadership. The leadership effectively managed,
applied and developed. In system leadership theory, the leader try to put attention of team members
and employees towards the contribution in group effectiveness and efficiencies (Mazidi, Sanz Bobi,
Shayesteh, and Hilber, 2017). For an appropriate leadership the organisation needs to be firmly

itself in the frame. The systematic leadership encourage workers to do their best towards their
objectives which produce favourable work for organisation. It is based upon Novels perspectives
that it is a key to become success.
 Strengths: It provides a good control for management or leaders from which they can
manage the business activities in different situations. A very low budget approach for the
organisation to implement easily and effectively. The systems' leadership theory
concentrates on the end results rather than the means also provides an efficient and effective
plan for taking action in the organisation. It also develops the coordination of some special
activities in the organisation. This theory relaxes the management by daily details of
operational management.
 Weakness: This approach can not define the difference in systems also very over
conceptual. The philosophy of system can not identify the nature of interdependencies and
interaction. There is a lack of universality and it has complex system. The main problem for
this approach is that it can not be easily applied or managed towards practical problems. The
nature of inter dependence is still not defines for this approach. It is not suitable for the
small organisations.
Contingency leadership
The contingency leadership theory is an autocratic style in which the leader prepare some
strategies and plans which he instructs the employees of the organisation to help in achieving the
organisation Sainsbury goals and targets along with objectives. Regarding to this all tasks are
performed and completed in a specific period and systematically. Applying the contingency theory
in business operations is appropriate for effective leadership and team building of employees for
increasing the efficiency of Sainsbury. According to Fielder's contingency theory the group
performances depends on the leaders psychological make up also the group environment and the
power and position of leader. The other categories of contingency theory is tasks, behavioralism,
organisational system and systems atmosphere.
 Strengths: The contingency theory is survived over the decades in a valid approach also
helpful for achieving the effective leadership style. The follower of Fiedler have validated
the contingency theory by their own researches. Contingency theory change the view of
leadership from focusing on single. The leadership style of approach depends on the
importance of leaders method and the demand from various conditions.
 Weakness: The contingency theory suffering from the inadequate literature that means it
can not be said the managers actions depends on situations. The second weakness is
complex. Managers and leaders should do things according to situation but in real applying
it creates little complexion. The difficult empirical testing and reactive not proactive are
some other threats of contingency leadership theory (Manzini, Unglert, Gyulai, Colledani,
Jauregui-Becker, Monostori, and Urgo, 2017).
TASK 3
P4 the key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers play.
Approaches to operation management
The main concept of operational management strategies is to encompass plans for bringing
raw materials and convert them to finished products effectively. Lean manufacturing and Six Sigma
is given as an approach. To manage an organisation operational management plays a main role.
Operational management can be describe as an area of management which operate a business or
design the process in goods or production services. Operational management have some function to
manage the process of converting input (raw material) into outputs (product) in the form of services

and goods. Operational management ensure that the resources are using is in appropriate number to
meet customers requirements. Six sigma is a process of operations management approaches which
works for the quality increasing in the product.
SIX SIGMA PROCESS
Six Sigma is a simple method for solving problems. It considers five phases which is
Measure, improve, analyse, control and define. This process is also known as DMAIC.
Define: Defining the problem is first phase of Six Sigma improvement process. In this process,
organisation and management find the problems and make solutions for them. In addition to this,
management create a project team which works for making high level map of the process. This
process helps them to understand the needs of customers. The phase is very critical in which the
teams outline the project focus for effectively themselves. It will also include the leaders and
leadership of the firm. Leaders and managers plays an important role in this process that the team
created by them helps organisation to define their problems such as:
 Problem statements are made by the teams to define the problem.
 Goal statement define the goal for organisation.
 Process defines by developing process maps.
 Defines the requirement of customers.
Measure: In this process, team created by management and leaders focus to the process of
measuring what actually customers care about. In respect to this, they are doing two different things
which is beneficial for the firm, first they reduce the time and second is improving quality. In the
measure performance team determines the current performance or create baseline for the process.
 Gather the baseline information for evaluating performance
 The team creates plan for collecting data
 It will also help to determine the current performance of the process
 Collects relevant data
Analyse: Analyse process helps management and teams to determine the actual cause of problems
effectively. In simple words, the process include the verification of two process which consider data
analysis and process analysis. This will help them to understand why problem exists. Analyse phase
cover some points given below:
 Examine the process
 Display the data graphically
 Identify what might be causes problems effectively
Improve: Improvement process determine the root causes problems and make solutions for it
effectively and efficiently. Improve process collects data and confirm the process is measurable.
Finally, the team implement solutions and find effective results which can lead them towards
elegant solutions that develop the baseline for customer experience.
 The process produces elegant solutions for the problems
 Nature towards practical solutions
 Pick the best and appropriate solution
 Formulate and implement the best solutions
 Measure to secure the improvement

Control: All processes has done their work and implements solutions for the problems, its time to
control them effectively and ensure the proper growth. Team also focus on controlling and
developing response plans for improving performance and solving issues.
 Secure the proper management and monitoring of process
 Documentary for process improvements
 Improvements for other areas
 Using lean principles for continuous improvement
ROLE OF LEADERS AND MANAGERS
In operational management leader integrate with the vision and mission of the Sainsbury
organisation. The original value of the organisation can be find only if the leadership roles are
developed, which takes the business to the top level without losing its objectives. In operational
management leaders make a team of members which know that they are strategic partner of
Sainsbury no matter what job they are doing (Li, Chen, and Guo, 2017). The leader has some other
roles in operations management is given below:
 Establish effective reporting line and management of resources: The leader should
prepare a special report for the operations' management which is confirmed by the upper
management. The management of resources for a manager includes raw materials,
machinery and hiring new and best employees for the organisation Sainsbury, determine the
needs, planning and watch on employees work.
 Identification of goals and objectives: The leader must know about the goals and
objectives of Sainsbury and the way to achieve them. Operational management manager sets
the organisation goals and objective and manage to achieve them. Manager also make plans
and policies for the organisation Sainsbury and let them introduce to the employees so they
can also help in operations to achieve its objectives.
 Staff training: Leader has to train and improve his employees in the organisation which
help them to develop their own knowledge and also helps Sainsbury to accomplish its goals
and targets. A manager should be of good communication skills so that he can communicate
with his subordinates and help them to work with each-other for achieving the organisation
objectives.
 Resource management: The leader should aware of resources availability to manage the
production also the demand and supply for customers. Operational manager control the cost
of the organisation which can be managed by the control on budget which keep the
organisation financially strong. The management of supply and resources also help to reduce
the cost of production which is internal profit for Sainsbury.
P5 importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives
Importance of operations management in achieving business objectives
Operation management is very crucial for the effective and efficient product and service. It
can also significantly affect the profitability for any kind of firm. No firms can success without
operation management. Operation management deal with service and product development to
manage their cost, quality, speed, and flexibility effectively and efficiently. The operation
management is also responsible for managing good relationship with suppliers and ensure that the
raw material is supplied time to time. The area of operational management is more broad now due
to the awareness of quality control system in public sectors. Operations management focus on
development of activities and research for improving a product for the demand of customer and also
for the market potential. The function of operational management, human resource department has
work to hire new and best employees in organisation Sainsbury with the abilities of knowledge and

skills which help the organisation to achieve its objectives and goals (Nakamura, Yamane, Shimoda,
and Morino, Shimizu Corporation, 2015.). It also includes the improvement and development in old
employees to improve their skills and knowledge. The other sector is financial department which
works for managing the budget and cost of the organisation by reducing the extra costs uses in
working programs. An effective management of resources and funds help the organisation to
become financially strong and achieve its financial goals. The senior level management has work to
manage and making marketing strategies and plans for Sainsbury. Such type of management and
decisions helps organisation efficiently to achieve the competitive advantages. Operational
management use their available resources and execute the plans with effectiveness and manage the
employees under the rules and regulation of Sainsbury. Operational manager also manage planning,
monitoring and controlling the decisions under the tactical decisions. These decisions have focus on
individual departments. This also include daily decisions made by leaders and managers for
individual tasks and achievement of goals. The operational management managers need to be sure
that the production and products are relevant enough to fulfil the customers demands and needs.
This is a very important stage for the organisation and marketing teams takes the lead role in this to
evaluate the demand of customers and how to fulfil it. Operations management is necessary as well
as important for all kind of businesses to that all organisation wants to reduce their wastages and
increase their production and management of resources to ensure the budget is under the cost of
organisation. When the product is ready to use for the customers with no issues it will deliver to the
customers in the market respectively.
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
 Quality: Quality means the consistence conformance towards customer demand and
expectations to meet their objectives and provide them some quality and effective products.
Quality helps organisation to manage its cost and increase its dependability within operation
management. This will help business to achieve its objectives and goals effectively.
 Speed: Speed means the time of delivering a product to customers. Service of delivering is
the main and attractive element for the firm that with better service and speed delivering
creates a good impact upon customers thinking.
 Dependability: Dependability of a product is judged by the time of arrival. It depends on
the customers that in what time they are receiving the services and products. They expect at
least the promised date for receiving product.
 Flexibility: Flexibility stands for the flexible nature of operation management that it can be
changed according to the situations and time. The product, service, volume and delivery
flexibility is also helpful for achieving business objectives and goals effectively and
efficiently.
TASK 4
P6 factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management and decision-
making by Leaders and managers
INTERNAL INFLUENCES
Corporate objectives
 Corporate: Objectives are the internal influences which are essential for the organisation
Sainsbury. A corporate objective should not conflict with a business operation.
 Finance: Business operation decisions frequently include the significant investments and
cost. The financial position of the organisation such as profitability, cash flows, liquidity
directly affects the operations' management.

 Marketing issues: Marketing issues are those which changes according to the market
segments which can be particular product affects the operations. The product is inflexible
then the nature of particular product defines the set up of operations management.\
 Human resources: The capacity of human resources of any particular business is a main
factor which affects the operational management and its targets. Productivity goals are
affected by the effectiveness of human work force that how fast and accurate they are doing
the work.
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
 Economic environment: The changes occur in the economic environment which can be in
short or long term affect the demand and the capacity of productivity. These changes in
interest rates impact on financial operations and capital investments (Nakamura, Yamane,
Shimoda, and Morino, Shimizu Corporation, 2015.). This is why the economic environment
is crucial for the business operations of Sainsbury.
 Technology: Changes and innovations in technology techniques are significant for those
businesses whose production cycle is very slow or short and the production processes are
costly.
 Competitors efficiency: In the present market best and efficient competitors allows them to
put more pressure on the organisations business operations to deliver at least a comparable
performance.
 Legal and environmental change: A better rules and regulation of environmental spots
create new challenges for the goals of business operations of Sainsbury.
Factors which affect decision-making by leaders and managers:
A good decision making is a major element which is required for an organisations' leader
and managers. Managers and leaders should determines the all outcomes while making any decision
for the organisation. Management and leadership activities such as motivation and inspiration also
affect the business decision taken by themselves (Uygur, Musluk, and Ilbey, 2015). There are some
individual factors of managers and leaders will also affect their decisions respectively such as their
education, cultural environment, technology, policies and plans, age, time and communication,
board of directors, resource management and financial management etc.
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it can be concluded that operation management is very essential for
the organisation. In this context, the roles of leaders and functions of managers has been discussed
in this assignment. It can be stated that both entities plays vital role in the organisation. The role of
leaders and functions of managers that applies in the organisation has been assessed in this report.
The key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers play has been
discussed in this report. The importance and value of operations management in achieving business
objectives has been assessed in this report. The factors within the business environment that impact
upon operational management and decision-making by leaders and manager has been covered in
this assignment. In this context, it can be stated that leaders and managers plays vital role in the
business organisation. Without their diligent and ceaseless efforts, no organisation can accomplish
their desired goals and objectives.

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