Management and Operations Report

This report analyzes the concepts of leadership and management, exploring their differences and similarities. It examines the functions of managers and various leadership theories. The report further investigates different approaches to operations management and the roles of store managers. It concludes by identifying and assessing external factors that can impact operations management, using Tesco as a case study.

Management and Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
(A) Differences and similarities between the leaders and managers .........................................1
(B) Function of the Managers ....................................................................................................2
(C) Explaining the situational, system and contingency leadership .........................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
(1.) Explaining different approaches to operation management ................................................4
(2.) Explaining the roles of stores managers ..............................................................................6
(3.) The importance of operations management.........................................................................7
(4.) Identify and assess the factors that can effects on the operation management.....................8
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................9
REFERNCES ................................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Management is the function of any organization. It is function to dealing with the people.
It is the process to manage and control of organizational policies, procedures and activities. It is
to plan, organize, control and coordinate. Operations is the process of practical work in
organization. It is the process of transforming the resources or data into the goods and services.
Tesco is a British multinational retailer headquartered in England. It is the third largest
retailer in the world measured by profits. In this report, it will evaluate differences between
leaders and managers, considering their roles and characteristics, explaining functions of
managers. It will explaining the different approaches, roles, importance of the stores managers.
It will assessing the outside factors affecting the operations management and decision-making. It
will explain the roles and characteristics of the store manager of a company (Bolden, 2016).
TASK 1
(A) Differences and similarities between the leaders and managers
Leaders: A leader is the person who is influencing on achieving the goals. A leader is
leading and motivating to the subordinates. They are focusing on leading to peoples. The aim of
leader is to growth and development of subordinates. Leaders are minimizing risk. They are
promoting to changes in policies. They are setting up the direction for achieving the goals
(Bolden, 2016). They are measuring of conflicts as an assets. Leaders are leading to the aligns
the peoples with other. Leaders are representative of the company (Church and Waclawski,
2017). Followers are the subordinates to leaders. They are helping for the decisions making.
They are transforming information in the organization. They are responsible for leading their
subordinates.
Managers: A manager is the person who is responsible for planning, organizing and
controlling of an organization. A manager is to managing whole organization. They are focusing
on managing the process and procedures. The aim of manager is to measuring the results (Roche,
Haar and Luthans, 2014). Managers are taking risk. They are reacting on the changes in policies.
They are planning of policies of organization. They are measuring the conflicts are avoiding.
Managers are organizing and controlling people in the company. Managers are managing and
controlling entire company. Employees are subordinates to managers. They are managing the
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decision making. They are transactional in the company. They are responsible for planning,
controlling of policies and procedures.
Leaders and Managers are playing the most important role in an organization. Some
qualities are same of leaders and managers. Both are working for achieving goals of an
organization. Leaders and managers are having confidences, inspiring, competencies, discipline,
good communication skills, positive attitudes and open minded. Leaders and managers are
inspiring their subordinates and employees. Both are focusing on the goals. Both are working for
employees’ satisfaction. Leaders are working to the managerial activities such as improving
performances, satisfaction and commitment. Leaders should be become manager but managers
should not become leader (Mone and London,2018).
Therefore some similarities in leaders and managers. Leadership and management are
the function of the organization. Leaders and managers are both leading and motivating to their
employees. In the management, leadership style and management styles are there. Both are
working is systematic and proper manner and ways in the company. Both are the motivating to
the employees performances. Both are ensuring that all the employees working in the team.
Leaders and managers are inspiring of their employees in company.
(B) Function of the Managers
Managers are playing various roles and functions in an organization such as planning,
controlling, organizing and coordinating.
Planning: It is the main function of the manager. Planning of process and procedures of a
company. Tesco is the retailers company who has to selling the groceries and general
merchandised products and services. So that the managers of Tesco, is to planning of the terms
and conditions, policies and procedures of the buying and selling goods and services. Therefore,
the planning of selling and buying goods and services are difficult decision making. Managers
are facing many situations and problems for planning of the procedures and policies (Turner,
2018). For example, in case, strategies are not implementing at the time, so that manager is to
planning for implementing the strategies in their company. There is no availability of resources,
therefore manager is to planning for the resources.
Controlling: It is the second function of managers. Controlling of policies and
procedures are also difficult decision taking by the manager of the Tesco. As well as controlling
of the standards, objectives, decision making and goals are more important activities performing
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by the managers in company. For controlling of all the activities, mangers are also facing many
problems. They are measuring the actual performance, comparing the standards and performance
with results. In the controlling function, needs are taking the correct measures. Manager is to
ensuring that standards are maintaining the performance and also maintaining the revenues, cost
and profits. For example, financial statement, sales reports and production.
Organizing: Managers are dealing and controlling on people. It means that the
organizing of utilization of resources, staff and capital requirement in the company. Managers
are all the managed and controlled of all the activities performing in the company. It is main
function of the managers. In the organizing function, build the goods working structures,
increasing the function will expanding the organization (Amanchukwu, Stanley and Ololube,
2015). For example, job design, team work and organization cultures are organized by the
managers.
Coordinating: It is function of managers that coordinating employees in all the
activities. Coordinating means working in team or group. For working in team, managers are
motivating of employees in company. Tesco is a retail supermarket, so that many employees are
working in company and manager is ensuring that all employees are properly working together.
They are motivating for the good communicating with all employees. For example, in the team,
there is no coordination with the members for completing the task, so that manager is responsible
for coordination of all member in the team work.
Commanding: Managers are giving the instruction, command and order for better
performing of work. Employee's responsibility to accept the orders and instruction and working
on it. But the managers are ensuring that all the instruction are clearly defining and explaining,
so that employees are working better in organization (Bush and et.al., 2017). They are regularly
checking of all the activities performing by the employees. They are making decision for the
policies and procedures in the company. They are promoting the employees for performing better
in the company. In the situation, any of member is not following the instruction or command by
giving the manager, is to difficult for other team member and manager as well for completing the
task.
(C) Explaining the situational, system and contingency leadership
Leader is the person who is to leading and motivating to their subordinates. They are
influencing subordinates for achieving specified goals of an organization. Leaders are playing
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various roles in the company and they are representative of company. There are different theories
of leadership in the company. Such as situational and contingency theories of leadership (Giust,
Cominardi and Bernardos, 2015).
Situational Theory: It is the theory of leadership which is helping facing of different
situations and variables. This theory is helping in types of decision making in company. In this,
both authoritarian and democratic style of leadership is included. In the company, leaders are
facing the different situations and problems, so that they are ensuring that solving all the
problems on their knowledge and experiences. It is the best theory for situations. In
authoritarian, leader is the person who is taking decision by an individual's, so that there are
many problems facing by the individual's. Therefore, this theory is helpful for autocratic leaders.
In this theory, another style considering as democratic leaders. This leader are taking the decision
and sharing the problems in the group. So that solving the problems by the team members.
Therefore, this theory is helping some difficult situation of democratic leaders (Kendra, 2018).
For example, if the follower are not understanding the terms and condition of the task, so that
leaders are ensuring that all terms and conditions are making simple and easy.
Contingency Theory: This theory focus on particular situation that is environment of the
company. So that there is no leadership styles in this theory. This theory helps in improving
behaviour, needs and abilities of leaders. This theory includes qualities of leaders, assess needs
and behaviour. It also includes qualities, leadership style and feature of situations. This theory is
focusing on task requirement, group expectations, behaviour and policies, cultures and natures of
organization (Djahel and et.al., 2015). For example, if the followers are not proper behaving for
working, so that leaders are adopting this theory, for changing the behaviour of followers for
completing the task.
System Theory: This theory includes purpose and structures of the organization. This
theory is to clarifying the complexity of the environment and providing the framework for
developing ideas. It is also known as the system approach of leadership. It is to determine the
external and internal environment. This theory is helping in decision making and evaluating the
impact on external and internal environment of the business. It is to helping for evaluating the
leadership system using in the company. This theory is to understand purpose and structures of
company. It is to helping in improving positive impact on the business and reducing negative
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impact on the company. This theory is to create purpose, vision, connection, decision and
relationship with leaders and employees in a company. This theory is helping of setting direction
for achieving goals . It is the system of leaders working in company (Govindan, and et.al.,
2015.). For example, if there is not setting up the goals, vision and mission, therefore leaders are
adopting the system theory for creating the goals and objectives.
TASK 2
(1.) Explaining different approaches to operation management
Operation management is the process of transforming resources or data into goods and
services. It refers to planning, controlling and supervising production and manufacturing of raw
materials. For operation management, there are different approaches used by a company such as
quantitative, system, transformation and six sigma approaches.
Quantitative Approaches: In this approach, store managers are measuring the quantity
of operations. Through this approach, it is easy for decision making for the quantity in
production. In this approach, there are two methods PERT and CPM for projects used by Tesco.
Both methods are used in production and manufacturing process. It is also known as forecasting
techniques. This approach is beneficial for operation management. It includes performance
metrics, analysis of trade off. Another technique for using scheduling the decision making
process (Bush and et.al., 2017).
System Approaches: In this approach, includes procedures of subsystems and decision
making related to operations management. It is also beneficial for decision making of operations
and production. This approach related to subsystems relation in different departments. System
approaches is necessary for redesign, implemented, improved and changed. This approach
includes changing inventory procedures, changing the quality standards and informed new
features in system. It is a set of interrelated parts work together.
Six Sigma Approaches: This approach is used in quality management of operations. It
includes improving quality, reducing costs and reducing time in the production process adopted
by Tesco. This approach used for customers’ satisfaction, better quality products, managed the
production process. Through this approach, reducing the wastage and defects in operation and
production (Maylor and et.al., 2018 ).
Transformation Approaches: In this, approach used in operations and production
process for sending the information related to operations. It is also known as transformation
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process. This approach is used not only operations but also used in all the departments for
transferring the information. It is used in transforming information for labour, capital, and raw
materials. Without transferring correct information, there is no process of production and
operations in company.
Design Approaches: This approach used to designing and implementing the operations.
It is main part of operations management. This approach improving the design of operations.
Designing the system is also helping in system operating. Design approach is using managers
and designers of Tesco. It is also known as design process. It is used in operation management
and production process of a company (Govindan, and et.al., 2015.).
(2.) Explaining the roles of store manager
Store manger plays many roles in the operations such as training, hiring, team leadership,
inventories management and sales increasing. Store manager is to checking the day to day
inventories.
Inventory Management: Store manager is responsible for maintaining inventories in
storage. They are ensuring that availability of inventory in their store and there is no wastage of
inventories. The controlling of inventory is important activity performed by the store managers.
They are maintaining the records for the entire inventory. Store manager should be managed and
controlled on the inventories.
Training and hiring: Store manager can be hired the people for management of store. If
the manager is hiring the people, so that manger is to giving the training for store management.
They can provide training of all team members time to time for managing the stores. For training
and hiring the people, they are adopting various methods for maintaining and managing the store.
Team leadership: Store manager is leading and motivating of all the employees for
working in team. Because of working in team, it is easy to managed and maintain of stores. By
working in team, there is no wastage of inventories. Team leadership is to developing and
improving for working in team and growth of all members.
Sales Increasing: If the store manager is to managing and maintaining the inventories, it
is helping for increasing the sales. They are leading and motivating of employees for working in
team, so that there is also increasing the sales. Tesco is the best super market in UK, they are
providing products and services to the customers for increasing the sales.
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Marketing Plan: The store manager adopting various marketing strategies for increasing
the sales. They are implementing marketing plans and strategies such as promotional activities,
sales distribution programmes and other marketing policies. They are adopting the marketing
plans and policies for customers’ satisfaction, increased sales and earn profits (Birou, Lutz and
Zsidisin, 2016).
Safety and Security: The store manager is ensuring that providing better quality
products and services with safety and security. They should be ensured that there is no problem
by using their products. The store manger should be ensured that the environment of stores is too
cleaned. They are securing that the sales environment is to implementing and maintaining by the
employees. Through providing better safety and security of products and services, it is helping to
increasing sales and customers’ satisfaction.
(3.) importance of operations management
Operation management is the process of transferring raw materials into goods and
services. The importance of operation management in every department in company. Operation
management is the important in the projects and manufacturing process. Operation management
is the important for manufacturing and production process.It is to important for planning and
controlling on process of production.It is helping for utilization of resources, labour, raw
material, funds and capital in production process.
It is the process to transferring the raw materials into finish goods and services. It is
necessary activity performing by the operations managers of Tesco (Amanchukwu, Stanley and
Ololube, 2015). For operation management, there are different approaches using in the
company.Not only manufacturing process but also finance department, includes requirement of
funds, investments and capital in important part of operations management. For managing
quality of raw materials, quantity, requirement of labour and finish goods by the operations
managers. In these causes, it is the important in the company.In marketing, it is also important
for providing better quality of products and services, managing marketing strategies such as
promotional activity and distribution programmes of sales for customers’ satisfaction.It is also
important in the IT department for operating the technology includes system.
Operations management is important in supply chain management for supplying of goods
and services to customers. It is important for using practical and strategic operations in company.
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It is important for increasing productivity because of proper utilization of resources, materials
and labour in process of production. It is important for projects management and quality
management in the production process (Djahel and et.al., 2015). Operation management is to
helping for managing and handling the process of production and projects in company.It is
important for controlling of goods and services for customers’ needs and wants.It is important
for utilization of resources, planning of process, requirement of labour and funds in production
process. Operation management is important of operating, designing and implementing for
subsystem of all the departments. It is important for utilization of resources, planning of process,
requirement of labour and funds in production process. Operation management is important for
operating, designing and implementing for subsystem of all the departments.
◦ (4.) Identify and assess the factors that can effects on the operation management
In every department of company, various operations are there such as production process,
technology operations, finance operations and other operations. The operation managers is to
managing and operating in the company. On the operations management, many outside factors
are influencing of Tesco. Outside factors means effects by the macro environment elements on
operation management (Birou, Lutz and Zsidisin, 2016).
Political Factors: In this elements includes government rules and regulations effects on
the operations management of the company. It also includes tax rates, economic condition,
current legislation. Tesco is imports the goods outside the UK, so that tax rate effects on the
company profits and revenues. This factors effects the operations for selling the goods and
services. Tax rates are deciding by the governments, so that the rates of imports for goods, it is
the effects on the operations.
Economic Factors: In this elements includes inflation rates, cost and profits. These
elements are effecting on the operations of the company. The cost of raw materials, labour and
other resources are high, it is effecting on the process of manufacturing of goods. They are
providing goods and services for earning the profits. Therefore the profits are effecting the
operations of the company.
Social Factors: In this factors includes customers needs and wants, taste and preferences
and changing trends. So that the operations managers should be ensured that all the goods are
selling according to the customers needs and wants. The changing the trends and customers taste
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and preferences is to also effecting the operations. It also includes cultures and values of society
effecting on the company (Djahel and et.al., 2015).
Technological Factors: It includes recent technologies and machines are using in the
operations. It includes shopping apps are updated and operated. The company is providing
services on online for customers requirement and their expectations. These elements are
effecting on the management of the operations. Technology is the main part of production
process of goods and services, therefore these factors are effecting on the operations.
Environmental Factors: It includes environment issues are effecting on the operations
management. Tesco is not using the plastic bags for ensuring environment. They are liable to
respond for benefits of society. Environmental involvement effecting the operations of company.
Legal Factors: It includes some legal aspects which are effecting the operations
management. Such as changing prices, health and safety, consumer rights and laws, etc. These
elements are effecting the operations of the company. The prices of products is more effecting on
the process of manufacturing in the company.
(7.)Effects of outside factors on the operation management in decision making in TESCO
supermarket.
Operation management: For a supermarket retail store, operations management is an
important activity for flexible management of the operations. Staff plays a very important role in
these operations. A good team of staff by good operational individuals can keep customers
satisfied. Operational management is a management that transform resources into finished goods
and services.
Tesco operations management: Tesco is the Britain's biggest and most profitable retail
supermarket chain throughout the world. Operation management in Tesco is concerned with
overseeing, designing and redesigning business operations. Tesco ensures and check goods
expiry date regularly. Tesco are the market leader within the super market industry.
Political factors: These include, tax rates, political instability, economic condition etc.
Since Tesco is a retailing company which operates worldwide, political factors greatly effect the
performance of it. Due to financial instability in the world, many governments encourage
retailers to create jobs for the domestic population. As Tesco plays its part in creating
employment opportunities, it also, increases the demand for its products. Import duty on goods
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can affect Tesco as it imports some inventory from outside UK like China (Maylor and et.al.,
2018 ).
Economic factors: These factors are the main concern for UK supermarkets, as they are
most likely to leverage costs, demand, profits and prices. The company should be aware of any
changes in policies, such as changes in tax rates and any other factor. The company should focus
on the increasing borrowing cost in UK.
Social factors: People shopping trends are changing daily. They want fast and same day
delivery with a flexible return policy. Tesco must understand these issues and provide the
services accordingly. The demand for goods and services is related to the consumers attitude.
Tesco is adapting to these changes by accommodating demand for organic products.
Technological factors: Before Tesco was facing various problems regarding customers
experience. New and advance technology brought new opportunities to Tesco. Tesco has made
hi own online mobile payment system called Pay Quid, now customers can pay as the want. The
new technologies benefits the company and raise customer satisfaction.
Environmental factors: Cultural, economical, physical, demographical, etc. are the
factors which affect the growth and operations of the business. Now Tesco encourages its
consumer to shop at Tesco. com. Tesco will not only use fuel-saving routes but also collect
unwanted plastic bags from customers and recycle them. Developing marketing strategies should
include considering environmental factors. Ignoring these factors may lead to unsuccessful
business (Giust, Cominardi and Bernardos, 2015).
Legal factors: The performance of Tesco is directly impact by the government policies
and regulations. Tesco workers took a legal action against an employer on the basis of gender
and age discrimination. It also faced legal action for accounting frauds to its investors. Tesco
must conduct its operations according to Food Retailing Commission. Tesco provides its
customers price reduction on the fuel the purchase. Also there are many promotional offers
where prices are lowered.
CONCLUSION
In this report, it can be concluded that difference between leaders and managers and
similarities between the leaders and mangers considering their roles and characteristics. It
explain that various function of managers such as planning, controlling, coordinating and
commanding using for the decision making in the company. It also explaining the various
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theories of leadership situational, system and contingency (Govindan, and et.al., 2015.). It can be
concluded that different approaches to operation management such as system, transformation,
quantitative and six sigma by the company and also explaining the roles of stores managers. It
can be concluded importance of operation management and identifying the outside factors which
are effecting the operation management. In the outside factors which is include macro
environment. It can be analysing the elements are impact on the decision making in the Tesco.
By adopting the leadership theories, company has to developing management programme for
earning the company objectives and goals.
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