Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3 1: Introduction on organisation and its management structure...................................................3 2:Definitiontherolesofmanagersandleadersaswellasthedifferencesbetween management and leadership........................................................................................................4 3: Analysis of the different roles of management and leadership in application to different organisational situations, supported by theories and concepts....................................................5 4: Evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to leadership and management to draw conclusions that support theories of leadership........................................6 5: Conclusions on how managers and leaders have made an impact on the organisation and recommendations for future improvements................................................................................7 TASK 2...........................................................................................................................................7 1. Introduction to the key operations of the chosen organisation...............................................7 2. Define key operational functions and identify roles and responsibilities of managers in operational functions...................................................................................................................8 3. Explanation of the key operational approaches to operations management and their value...9 4. Evaluate how external factors influence the decision of manager or leader........................10 5.How to improve operational efficiencies to meet business objectives using appropriate management and leadership approaches...................................................................................11 6. Conclusion and supported recommendations for future improvements in organisation.......11 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12 REFERENCE................................................................................................................................13
INTRODUCTION Management and operations is the core business function used to manage the processing of goods and services to achieve desirable outcome. Production of goods and services involve management function like planning, coordinating and controlling the resources (Ashford, Coutu and Beasley, 2013). This report involves the discussion on Toyota that is Japan's multinational automotive manufacturer. It provides employment to large pools of employee worldwide and in term of revenue, it is sixth largest company in world. First part of report contains introduction on management structure of Toyota along with roles of both manager and leader in different organisationsituation.Secondtaskcontainskeyoperationalfunctionsandapproachesto operation management. Lastly, discussion will be made on how operation efficiency can improve to successfully meet business objective by using appropriate leadership and management theories. TASK 1 1 Introduction on organisation and its management structure Toyota is one of the largest manufacturer of automobiles in the world. Its headquarter is in Japan city. Toyota Company has gained huge share and became market leader in the sales of hybrid electric vehicle and hydrogen fuel cell. Toyota pays a lot of attention in its operational activity that includes maintaining quality, inventory management, capacity design, and supply chain management and so on. Initiallyrespectivecompanyhasadoptedcentralisedstructure.Undercentralised structure all decision making power strictly resides in the hand of top-level management (Brown and Bessant, 2013). Similarly, all decision regarding Toyota like assigning task to management as well as employees was made in the headquarter of Toyota that is Japan (Toyota Company Hierarchy,2018). Later onToyotafaced many issues due to centralised structure like delay in decision-making and restricted communication among internal members ofcompany.Then finally, in 2013Toyotashifted its structure from centralised structure to divisional management structure in order to expand efficiency of each member and allow specialisation. Apart from this, divisional structure helped in maintaining global hierarchy that lead to fasten the decision- making ability, improve efficiency in order to carry out day-to-day operations. Therefore, Toyota has eight division and head of each division report directly to the headquarter ofcompany.
2: Definition the roles of managers and leaders as well as the differences between management and leadership Managers:Manager is the expert who takes a charge to conduct group of task within the company. Manager's task is to assign certain task or responsibility to employee of its department with the aim to achieve the goal of organisation (Chiarini and Vagnoni, 2015). Characteristics of manager:Managers have the ability to direct and lead its team memberinaneffectivemanner.Theycollecttheinformationfromitsstaffaboutthe performance and utilise it in favour of respectivecompany. Role of manager:The role of manager in Toyotait to ensuring compliance with licensing, hygiene and health & safety. At the same time, they are liable to promote and marketing the business operations. Leader:Leaders are the one who hold dominant position withinthe companyby motivating and influencing the behaviour of other person. Therefore, their foresight vision inspires others to achieve the common goal of entire team. Characteristic of leader:Leader plays an important role in all the level of management with their sound knowledge and creative thinking ability. Moreover, their problem-solving attitude helps in maintaining cooperation among team members. Role of leader:Leader's role in Toyota is to shape the effectiveness of team. Maintain equality in term of wages for allotted task. Moreover, the role of leader is to guide, motivate and respond immediately to any issue. Thus, this helps personnel to achieve the standards of organisation. Basis of differenceManagementLeadership MeaningManagementofToyota perform overall organisational taskfromplanninguntil controllingtoconduct operational activity smoothly. Leadershipisanabilityof individualtoinfluencethe behaviourofsubordinateto achievetheoperationalgoal (Childe, 2011). ApproachManagement of Toyota makes the plan for the organisation. Thus,theyensureplanning Leadership set the direction for an employee. By treating each employee fairly, ethically and
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must to executed appropriately and work on the deviation. with respect. StrivesManager of Toyota strives for efficiency in the management function. Whereas, leader perform work with effectiveness by reducing thewastageandoptimum utilisation of resources. Comparison of roles of leaders and function of manager at Toyota Role of leaderFunction of manager The basic role of leaders in Toyota to sets a clearvisionforattainingthroughproper guidance to their employees in order to build their moral. The manager in Toyota tend to organize and createastructurefordailyactivityand communication. 3: Analysis of the different roles of management and leadership in application to different organisational situations, supported by theories and concepts. To perform operational activity, both leader as well as manager perform different roles and responsibility because of various situations arises within the organisation. To deal with such situations both of them plays a significant role supported by below mentioned theories and concept: Contingency theory:In this theory leader find out the best theory they can use in a given situation. Toyota make sure they gain better understanding of their internal staff so that they can come up with suitable leadership style. Like, if Toyota faces problem in meeting the demand of potential customers. In this case leader encourages the effort of internal staff whereas manager take vital decision related to suppliers and establish company supplier relationship. System leadership theory:This theory creates the condition for different level of people to work with full potential in order to achieve the productivity (De Roover, 2017). If Toyota wants to increase its reach in given geographical market then managers of Toyota set standards for product they are selling to their existing and potential customers. Along with that leader motivate their team member to achieve the set target.
Scientificmanagementtheory:Thistheoryinvolvestheapplicationofscientific approach to managerial decision- making and discarding at the same time, such as: rule of thumb or trial approach. The manager and leader of Toyota collect the data of previous year related to sales and on the basis of it current tear sales can be analysed and it is beneficial in the manufacturing process that how much units have to be produce. 4: Evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to leadership and management to draw conclusions that support theories of leadership. Toyota follows various approaches to overcome the threat and enhance the operational efficiency. Each approach has its strength and weakness because of which manager adopt appropriate approach so that organisation can perform its functions wisely. Contingency approach of management:Contingency approach refer to the best suited style of management by paying attention not only to leadership style but to give situation as well. Like, Toyota being global brand cannot use same approach everywhere as one approach does not fit for all situation. Strength and weakness of contingency approach are as follows: Strength:Instead of keeping whole environment, rigid contingency approach helps in keeping the business environment flexible by understanding the relevance of various approach. Along with that, it helps in predicting best-suited approach because of situation. Weakness:Under this approach if leader can handle one situation effectively does not mean other situation they will also be handled effectively. System leadership approach:System leadership approachrefer to interrelation among various parts of company, which help in dealing with certain business issues. Strength:This approach helps in adapting organisation because of environmental or external change. Hence, helps in achieving individual as well as organisational goal. Weakness:Itleadsto delayindecisionmaking processwhich slowerdown the operations of company. Scientific management theory: Strength:This types of theory is based on scientific managementso manager are able to analyse the future demands of cars. Weaknesses:In case if the collected data of last year is not appropriate than decision are not accurate which could be a major reason for decrease in sales.
Conclusions:From the above study it has been concluded that Toyota must go for situational approach where it gets chance to opt best-suited approach for its employees. Additionally, by adopting desirable leadership style situation makes the task easier for both management as well as staff. Hence, it is favourable for all level of management for instance; top level management of Toyota can apply this strategy to know the working of each department. 5: Conclusions on how managers and leaders have made an impact on the organisation and recommendations for future improvements. The role of leader and manager helps in structuring the organisation by influencing and motivating the behaviour of staff to perform operational functions effectively. Moreover, appropriate leadership style must be adopted based on circumstances prevailing within the organisation (He, Li and Chai, 2014). Manager plays valuable role in making effective plan to overcome the problem and leader helps in motivating, influencing, guiding and directing the way to achieve organisational goal. Recommendation: ï‚·Toyota must disclose about the leadership approach, situation as well as operation strategy clearly with its employee this will help internal member to remain self-directed as well as update with the functioning of company. ï‚·Toyota should constantly provide training session, workshop and orientation programme to its employee. Thus, it will support in enhancing the current skill as well as knowledge of employees. ï‚·Toyota must keep on launching new models and bring innovation so that they can use their competitive spirit against rivalries. TASK 2 1. Introduction to the key operations of the chosen organisation Toyota being global brand of car manufacturer is known for its product quality. It is fastest growing company as it has manufactured more than 10 million vehicle since 2012. These operational functions help manager of Toyota to accomplish their task in appropriate manner. Thus, company key operations roles are as follows: Supply chain management:Supply chain activity plays a vital role in the flow of final goods and services. Toyota's supply chain is based on total production system (TPS) theytake
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the raw material from the supplier for the production purpose transform it and than deliver quality product to its customers on time. Therefore, it is very essential for organisation to achieve their targets and satisfy the customer's need. Designing of automobile:It is one of the most important key operations function of Toyota Company to design or redesign the product body that includes internal and external design to attract the customers (Hugos, 2018). Company consider customer's demand as well as current trend as their priority and design according to its planning. Thus, the key operation functions assist the manager to manufacture good that satisfy the customer's expectation. 2. Define key operational functions and identify roles and responsibilities of managers in operational functions Within company, there are many key operations as well as activities that they have to organise in effective way so that it can accomplish its objectives. Toyota manager plays crucial roles and responsibilities for conducting the functions of operation. Few important operational functions of chosen company as well as roles and responsibilities of manager are mentioned below: Improvement of product and services: This considered to functions for creating automotive as per customer needs and demands. It assists Toyota to satisfy their consumers as well as fulfil its demand. This function of operation is mainly conducted through the research and development. Manager’s roles and responsibilities: The primary roles of manager is to plan the geographical areas of factory also designing manufacturing process and equipment. It also varies as per the responsibilities that are provided to them within the department such as: Trade manager: These types of manager are responsible for evaluating and controlling team those are involve in the trading activity with other companies. Agile manager: These types of manager is responsible for trusting teams, servant leaderships. The overall activities are manage by using advocates for team member. Control and distribution system: It is consider as activities that assist Toyota to attract and reach its clients in effectual manner. This function is relate to serve and distribute products and services to consumers as well as assure that its target customers will reach to their products easily.
Manager roles and responsibilities: It is primary responsibility of the manager to make proper control over the production process as well as tends of follow distribution system more effectively. They are also liable to deliver appropriate products to their customer on timely basis so that they get close to the company in the future. 3. Explanation of the key operational approaches to operations management and their value There are different kinds of approaches that company applied in order to conduct its operations in effective way. The key approaches that are used by Toyota manager and leader in order to perform their task are mention below: Six sigma: It is essential tool for Toyota manager and leader as with the help of this they can find best solution of the issues those are arises within an organisation. With the help of this they can capable to create strategies and plans consequently and solve problems that promotes functional layout and systematic manufacturing (acobs, Chase and Lummus, 2014).It can be performed by following five steps that are define, measure, analyse, improve and control. At first step, manager and leader of Toyota find out issues that they are recently facing. After that, they measure all problems that identified at initial stage then they perform analysis. Here, manger and leaders resolve the problems and form strategy consequently. At improvement steps, strategies and plans are determined also, see that improvement is need or not.In last step, manager and leader of Toyota execute strategy as well as control and maintain task consequently. Therefore, it is the duties of Toyota manager and leaders to take decision and choose proper techniques that aid them in solving problems as well as performing functions in suitable way. Lean Principles: Through this Toyota, manager and leader can identify the requirements of its target consumers. In addition, they can able to minimise wastage from its production method. It will assist respective firm’s manager to create plans and strategies in effectual way. It can be only performed by adapting five stages that define value, map value, launch flow, execute pull and work towards perfections. In initial stage, define value: Toyota manager can conduct analysis as well as find out requirement and in second stage, map the value: they identity the clients demand that aids in maximising its profit. In third stage, flow strategies are developed and information about new plan or goods is convey between employees. At fourth and fifth stages, that is execute
pull and find out work to perfection; Toyota manager launches new strategy or product as well as identify it appears advantageous for them or not. Respective company manager and leader can conduct its operations in proper way as through this production process wastage can be minimised. Also capable to perform work at specified time with suitable funds and resources. It can be done by research and development sections of firm. Continuous improvement approach: Changes are important to adopt but mostly large organisation feel frightened with the changes as risk is associated with changes (Haimes, 2015). Therefore, they adopt small and incremental changes that helps in continuous improvement of organisation. This approach helps an employee to improve their performance on the continuous basis. Manager of Toyota have to motivate employees in order to work together and generate new ideas. In addition, they should provide some training session for their employees to train them for continuous improvement. 4. Evaluate how external factors influence the decision of manager or leader External business environment affects the operations of the business. PESTEL analysis can help the managers and leaders of Toyota in identifying the negative impact of such factors that can directly affect the growth of Toyota. Internal factors: CSR:- Corporate social responsibility is the effort from the companies’ side for the welfare of society. It can be in many ways such as donate money for the development of building; it can be in educational or healthcare sector. This activity is important to done by the companies who earn enough profit according to the prescribe standard. Manager of the company identify the need of society and then build CSR activity that is help full for the organisation. CSR activity help the manager as well to take decision on the bases of these activities. Corporate values:By the use of advance technology Toyota has planned to determine outstanding items and services those are reliable to satisfy the need of customer at international level. The corporate value of teamwork revolve around honouring mutual trust and respect between labour and management. Business ethics:Toyota Motor Corporation is a multinational company has recent past involve in the quality defect and more people began to accuse of Toyota loss of ethics as a big business before and during their recall.They have aimed to focus on the ethical aspects that can arise in a business environment.
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Corporate culture: -It includes the outer behaviour and beliefs, which affect the management as well as employees, which handle the business transaction. Corporate culture attached with the business goals and objectives which influence the decision making process of the manager. So it is required to make their strategies according to these factors that affect the manager's decision. External factors: Political factor:Political factor plays important role in determining factors that can affect the Toyota Corporation long-term profitability. Toyota motor has experienced the direct impact of political factors. Toyota was involved in a political battle, which directly affected the business of the organisation. It will affect to the decision making of manager, as they have to operate business policies set by political parties of nation. Economic factor:There are some factors such as inflation rate, macro-economic climate, cost of labour etc. (Marching ton and et. al, 2016). That have direct or indirect impact on Toyota revenue. Company's operating income for the year 2014 was benefited due to weakening of Yen against USD. Social factor:Toyota is highly impacted by additional range of social factors such as family values, change in consumer attitude, media perception etc. With the increase in concern regarding the environmental implications of driving, a vehicle is the important tendency. Toyota is trying to overcome this by focusing on electric and hybrid cars such as Toyota Prius. Management should for consider social factors to take appropriate and effective decisions. Technological factor:Technological investments used by Toyota is high and it is always being pioneer in the technological field. Toyota is known for its innovations, replacement mechanismsandresearchfunding.Thelargeinvestmentshaveincreasedthechancesof uncertaintiesandriskforthecompany.Technologicalfactorshouldbeconsideredby management to take innovative decisions like automation of process or technical improvement. CSR: Toyota increase General motors in 2008 as the overall largest automaker. They have acknowledged that in the past decades, Toyota has committed to expand their overall business scale and economic ability. It goes away from the overall traditional corporate social responsibility. It is a kind of strategy that has been done with the motive of society welfare and a capacity to treat the stakeholder of the firm ethically or in a responsible manner. Toyota has adopted the reactive strategy that does not make an active response, let alone an effective one. It
was not until the crises went beyond the control of Toyoda that results in appeared to apologize to the customer with proper justification. Stakeholder of Toyota and their expectation: According to the common viewpoint, it seems to be the best corporate stakeholders that tends of proliferation and diversification. Henceforth, it is essential to make proper clarification and thus effective balance the interest and requirements of the stakeholders. To attain this, it can draw specific references to the shareholder model that is used for both external and independent orientation. It would improve the wealth prospects of investors. Stakeholders facing Toyota would is not just consumers but also government, competitors and media. Thus, Toyota would not only be quick to issues in recall, but also be cautions to balance their stakeholder. Toyota ignored a balance of interest of stakeholders that used to contribute to their current ethical dilemma. The company haslower their profile to actively cooperate with allassociated stakeholders that include those analytical departments that expect a clear description of the overall incident. 5. How to improve operational efficiencies to meet business objectives using appropriate management and leadership approaches OperationmanagementplaysessentialroleinToyotaasitimprovethewhole productivity and manage maintenance, operations and design of system that is usage for product manufacturing. For the successful business, it control and transform the production process and create innovative designs. For developing and updating operations of business, there are different management as well as leadership approaches that assist firm to conduct task in proper way (Penn and Pennix, 2018). Toyota applied situational and scientific theory of leadership and management so that they can perform its functions of operations in effectual manner. Situational theory of leadership: Thisisthemethodwheremanageroffirmcreateplansandstrategiesasper circumstances and situation which organisation is facing recently. It will aid firm in conduction task in effectual way. Toyota manager and leader are capable to form plans and strategies as per recent situation that they are facing. Through this workers feel encouraged, its manager records their issues, and they are taking actions. This will motivate them for providing its full potential for accomplishing task in effective manner that leads to achieving organizational objectives in appropriate way.
Scientific theory of management: It defines the performance of work at the time of product manufacturing in order to distinguish one work from another. The main purpose of this theory is to standardise the working methods and also through adapting this company can improve its performance. Toyota applied various tools in order to develop its working conditions through analysing various aspects like suppliers, rivals and another factors. This assists to improve efficiencies by applying various above given techniques in order to cut cost as well as improve efficiency. Therefore,managerandleadersofToyotacandevelopefficienciesofoperation management with the usage of above two management and leadership approach by creating effective plans as well as strategies according to situation. Also, motivate their employees to work in complex condition. By upgrading the working methods with the help of various techniques so that they feel encouraged and accomplish the objectives of business successfully. Fayol's functions of management Planning: It is generally refers to looking ahead. Manager of Toyota make the plan that should be linked and coordinated at various levels. Planning also includes the available resources within company and personnel flexibility. Therefore, manager have to do effective planning so that it can make better decisions as well as minimises the all cost. Organising: Companycannotfunctionswellifitwillnotproperlyorganised.Therefore,an appropriate structure is important in respect to firm's size. Therefore, manager of Toyota have to organise proper structure so that they acquire better position into market in order to use its resources and accomplish their objectives. Commanding: This is the crucial functions of management. Therefore, it is necessary for manager of Toyota to provide clear commands to their employees so that they can facilitates expected output. Clear instructions also encouraged workers and they required commands to understand their task as well as accomplish target. Coordination: It is all about assuring all things that perform effectively together. This is having proper resources at correct time and at appropriate location. Managers of Toyota have to coordinate all
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the actions and procedures of their team so that organisational goal can be attained in effectual way. Controlling/ monitoring: This assure that all thing is going on according to plan or not. Evaluation s is very crucial elements of this function. Manager of Toyota has to evaluate the performance of their workers regularly to know that plan is implementing according to plan. In case if, there are any critical variation from planning. Then manager have to set standards and measures of performance as per that. 6. Conclusion and supported recommendations for future improvements in organisation. Toyota Company is growing into market but to sustain in competitive market firm has to change its features of products in order to attract more number of consumers for that few recommendation that are required by Toyota for developing its performance. At this case, Toyota managers and leaders play essential role to adapt modification as per the situation and guide its employees in adapting changes in growth of company. Toyota has upcoming plans in order to expand its market share through launching cell vehicles; developing products at low cost and so on assist them to push its technology so that they can gain economies of scale. They have to develop their strategy of production to minimise material costs like create more soundproof operation system so that resource can be utilise appropriately. In addition, they have to develop in prototype for small delivery vehicles. Also, improve its vehicle through adapting battery operated commercial truck and so on. For performing key operations like distribution and control system in effectual way. There are external as well as internal factors that effects manager and leaders decision making (Pundi and et. al, 2015). Company can develop its working status through applying many approaches such as situational, scientific. As per this manager of Toyota can perform market analysis at daily basis in order to find out clients need and new technology. With the aids of this respective firm can design plans as well as strategies in proper way. Therefore, all above recommendations for Toyota assists them to enhance it level of operational efficiencies by minimising cost as well as satisfy clients by producing eco friendly products in order to accomplish its product line.
CONCLUSION From the above report, it is concluded that Toyota manager and leaders play important role to create successful company. For which it utilises many approaches that assist them in forming plan in effectual manner. It also improves strategies for performing key operational functions of firm. However, many times managers and leaders decisions effected because of external factors.
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