Managerial Epidemiology

Running head: MANAGERIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
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MANAGERIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
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Institutional Affiliation

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Introduction
The incident of this disease was first recorded in the African continent after an outbreak on
the plateau of Makonde in the year 1952 (Musso & Gubler 2015). Tanzania and Mozambique
are bordered my Makonde plateau. The word chikungunya comes from a Makonde verb that
means ‘’something that is bending up’’ in reference to bend down posture because of the
inflammation of joints causing pain which a symptom of this disease infection. This means
‘’the illness of the bent walker'' in Swahili.
This disease is believed to have originated from East or Central Africa. It has been
circulating in a sylvatic circle in transit from nonhuman primates and misquotes dwelling in
the forest. The virus exhibits random behaviour or lack of a specific pattern in occurrence
with the absence of large human outbreaks. However, the virus can circulate in between naïve
human hosts and mosquitoes in African urban centers and as well as throughout Asia in a
similar circle as the dengue viruses. There has been an occasional occurrence of Chikungunya
virus outbreak since its discovery in Africa in the year 1952. The disease has been spread to
the rest of the world due to its recent outbreaks (Weaver & Forrester 2015). Europe and
Asia(India) are among the places where numerous chikungunya re-emergence have been
documented. The virus was listed as a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in
the year 2008 in The United States of America. Currently, more than forty countries across
the world have been reported to be affected by the disease.
Pathophysiology
Signs and symptoms of the virus
 Sudden fever accompanied by pain in the joints. The joint pain can last for a number
of days or sometimes extend foe some weeks and it is often very debilitating.

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 Nausea, headache, fatigue, rash and muscle pain.
Transmission
Transmission of this disease can occur from one person to another through female
mosquitoes bites which are infected. The two mosquito species commonly involved are
Aedes albopictus and e. aegypti. These two mosquito species can bite during the day, though
they mostly bite during morning hours and late in the evening. They can also bite outdoors,
but Ae. aegypti can also readily bite indoors (Heymsfield & Wadden 2017).
After being bitten by an infected mosquito, someone usually gets sick foe around seven
days but can range from two to twelve days.
Diagnosis
The virus can be diagnosed using several methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
is a serological test that can be used to confirm the presence of IgG and IgM anti-
chikungunya antibodies (Mardekian & Roberts 2015).
During the first few days, the virus may be isolated from the blood.
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction methods can also be used.
Treatment
The following are home remedies and medical treatments for reliving chikungunya virus:
rest, medicines and fluids that may reduce pain and fever (Kuo et al 2016).
Evolution of chikungunya virus