Wind Energy Financing and Beer Industry Analysis

This assignment requires students to analyze the role of different sources of finance in developing wind technology, drawing insights from a 2014 study by Corsatea et al. Additionally, it involves examining the extent to which businesses like global beer producers respond to climate change, as studied by Galbreath in 2011. Furthermore, students will evaluate project financing methods based on matter-element and hierarchy models, as proposed by Li Haifeng in 2012. The assignment also delves into power dynamics within the German beer business using a case study by Hanf et al., and explores sources of finance, investment policies, and plant entry in the renewable energy sector through an OECD working paper by Kalamova et al. Lastly, it analyzes cultural systems influencing beer tourism product development and examines transportation decision-making principles.

MANAGING FINANCE AND OPERATIONS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
(a)Operational and Regulatory factors to be considered by board..............................................1
(b)Financing Alternatives for New Life Brewery.......................................................................4
©Critical evaluation of financial worth.......................................................................................6
Challenging the proposed plan:...................................................................................................4
(d)Conclusion and recommendation................................................................................................5
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................5
Recommendations........................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7
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INTRODUCTION
New life brewery is operating in beverage business. Becerage industry is growing at rapid
rate and due to this reason, number of firms in mentioned domain are also elevating consistently.
In the current report In this report, in context of firm’s operational and regulatory factors need to
be considered are described. Finance is the one of the important domain where firms needs to
focus heavily in order to improve their performance. Varied aspects of finance are discussed in
detail. Calculation related to project evaluation methods are applied on data and interpretation is
made. Viability of the project is measured because of with the help of calculated figures. Figures
that are taken into account in order to perform calculations are also challenged in order to make
project more viable. In the current research study, varied other calculations are also performed
like break-even analysis and contribution analysis. Apart from this, operational and regulatory
factors in respect to beer business are also discussed briefly. At end of the report on basis of
overall workings, conclusion is formed derived.
(a)Operational and regulatory factors to be considered by board
Legal part
There are number of operational and regulatory factors that need to be considered by
Board as per law of UK. This is because there are strict rules and regulations and firms are
required to follow them in order to do business in a lawful manner. In case managers fail to
comply with these rules, strict action can be taken against them. Thus, it is very important for the
firms to follow all rules and regulations tightly. In past couple of years, those firms that are in
beer business tried to improve their corporate governance system so that it can be ensured that all
rules are followed strictly in the organisation (Beer trade regulations, 2012).
It is observed that in UK, courts take strict decisions actions against firms who are
involved in unethical practices. Thus, it becomes very important for the companies to develop
separate team within their premise who will look after all legal matters and ensure that all rules
are abided by, for performing business operations. It can be observed that there are varied quality
standards for beer that must be followed by managers. Some of these quality standards are
explained below.
Minimum and maximum intensity of alcohol.
 Level of acidity in beer.
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 Additives that are added in beer.
 Sugar quantity in beer that is packed in bottle.
 Concentration of additives on fragmentation.
 Concentration of sulphur dioxide.
 Copper presence in beer.
 Beer blends.
 Rules for labeling of beer bottles: These are some of the important parameters that are
taken into account for different categories and subcategories of beer. As per rules, testing
of beer is done in UK, by-UK Vineyards Association (UVKA). Apart from this, there are
labeling rules and regulations in respect to beer. It can be observed that labeling rules
apply to all beer-based products that are marketed in EU. In respect to specific situation,
if there is no rule then food regulations are applied on them. For all firms that are
operating their businesses in UK it is mandatory foe them to furnish information about
different categories and sub categories of beer (Galbreath, 2011). In case not all relevant
information is available, on packaged bottle then in that case warnings are given to the
firms and penalty is also charged on firm.
 Rules for keeping record of transactions: Record keeping is another factor that need to
be considered by Board. As per rules, it is mandatory for the firms to keep record of
accomplishment of all transactions and movement in their goods and services. Means that
beermaker have liability, in which it is responsible to give notification to local beer
standard branch inspector ,48 hours before production (Beer duty, 2009). In this regard,
on basis of analysis it can be said that firm is required to fill a form, WSB10 notification
for enrichment. Business firm needs to keep record of accomplishment of enrichment
process of day-to-day operations. For example, it is mandatory for the firms to keep
record of ransactionsof movement of graphs like from vineyard to berry.
 Rules for transportation of products: Commercial Accompanying Documents (CAD) are
required by the firms to give information to relevant authority about logistics related
operations. This document is needed to be filled by the firm when grapes are transported
more than 25 miles (Hanf, Belaya and Schweickert, 2012). CAD form also need to be
filled by those who are growing grapes, which will be sold to beer companies. Each year
before harvest relevant entity needs to submit document to relevant authority. This thing
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helps beer board to check berry record. On analysis, it can be said that in case it is
identified that beer making firms failed to submit relevant documents then in that case
strict action can be taken against them. For this the regulatory authority on the business
firm charges strict penalty. 24 hours before operation it is necessary to complete
procedures related to enrichment, de-acidification, sweetening, blending and packaging
as well as sparkling beer.
 Rules for in depth recording of product related information: It is also mandatory for
beer making companies to record nature and quantity of products that they are producing
like cane, beet sugar and calcium bicarbonate. Managers need to forward information
about quantity of goods that they produced for different beer to relevant
authority(Mitchell, Charters and Albrecht, 2012). Managers require giving details of
supplier and date on which raw material was received from them. In case of bottling of
beer legally firm need to maintain record under which it need to reveal date of packaging,
number of packaging in single day and size of bottle. Electronic record of these facts
need to be kept in the firm. As per rules, Beer standard branch inspector must approve
computer.
 Rules for import of beer products: Apart from this, in case of transport of beer also there
is strict need to follow rules very tightly. UK firms that import beer from other nations
needs to ensure that all documents are scrutinized and all rules are followed in conform to
EU rules. Several forms need to be received from exporting company like A VI 1 is the
document that is issued in third party country under which beer imported in to European
community is fully described in detail (Beer duty, 2009). In case consignment is splitting
to different locations in UK then in that case it is mandatory to receive VI 2 forms. It is
very hard task for the managers to keep in mind every rule and there are chances of
failure to comply with these rules. Government must try to simplify these rules so that
with limited procedures all rules can be followed.
Therefore, these are varied operational and legal rules and regulations that beer making
firms or those companies that are selling beer needs to follow in their business. It can be said that
slight failure in following rules and regulations may prove costly to the firm. In case of failure to
follow rules and regulations firm image may tarnished among customers. Thus, it is very
important for Board members to focus on all relevant factors. In this regard they can do lot of
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things such as they can form a team of 5 to 6 members who will look after entire process and
will ensure that each and every paper work is completed on time.
Market information and development
Figure 1Trends in market
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Above Figure is reflecting that 74% of UK adults drink wine. There are 502 vineyards in
the UK followed by 133 wineries. There are 273 distillers in UK, out of all distilleries 56 new
distilleries were opened in 2015. However, this number slightly declined to 44 in 2016. UK wine
industry have economic activity of 50 billion and it employe about 554000 employees in entire
supply chain. This reflects that there is huge size of UK wine industry. Market conditions for the
firm products improved in past years (Number of UK breweries rises as craft beer shows no
signs of going flat, 2012). Facts revealed that gin sales increased by 16% and sale of bear also
increased almost by same percentage on yearly basis. Extent to which market can be estimated
from the fact that in FY 2010 there were 116 distillers in the UK market which increased to 100
in just two years. This reflects that there is huge growth potential in the market and firm must
invest more to capitalize opportunity. In order to develop market, company can follow franchise
model and under this, it can establish contact with owners of medium sized retail shops and can
motivate them to take franchisee of the firm’s product. This will make brand name popular
among the firm and product sales will increase at rapid rate.
Logistic model of supply chain
As part of this supply chain model for distribution of goods in each state of UK, there
will be three hubs or warehouses. One of them will be located in central area of state and
remaining two will be located at the opposite border of state. According to demand and supply in
short duration, distillers gin can be distributed to any location according to orders received. In
this way transportation cost can also be controlled.
(b)Financing alternatives for New Life Brewery
The New Life Brewery Co. is looking to expand its product line in the near future. This
report is to identify the need for finance and defining alternatives to finance needs of the
expansion plan. The plan for launching the product specifies a need of:
Cost of extending the brewery for allowance of distillation process £5.0 million
Cost of purchase of new equipment for production £2.0 million
£7.0 million
The plan also specifies that in order to expand the brewery market, distilling gins, vodka
and cognac should be stored all in used beer casks to infuse the flavours of the New life brewery
beer. In this production of new products the staff cost per bottle is thought to be £3.00. And after
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listening to the plan the directors of the company pointed out that cost of ingredients £1.00 per
bottle was not omitted. If the company starts the production it needs long-term finance of at least
£7.00 million to develop the production capacity, and short-term finance as well to run the day to
day operations for the new production.
Long term financing alternatives: The long-term financing requirement can be fulfilled
by the following tools or alternatives for the amount needed for the installation of new product
line.
1. Equity capital: The New life brewery can satisfy its long-term financing
requirements by the issue of equity shares. The issue of equity of shares will
require a change in the memorandum of association as the authorised capital have
already been issued (Kalamova, Kaminker. and Johnstone, 2011). With an
addition to the equity share holding the financing needs can be achieved. Main
advantage of equity is that huge amount of funds can be raised from the market.
Major disadvantage is that increased shareholding lead to decline in decision-
making power of owners of the firm. Thus, firm must cautiously select mentioned
alternative.
2. Loan: Applying for a long-term credit facility in the financing institution for
fulfilling the financial needs of the company. The company can ask for a loan to
the bank on security of its total assets. Firm cannot make use of this alternative
because it has already taken sufficient amount of debt from the market.
3. Venture funding: Company can do arrange funds by taking from any interested
investor. Investors invest in new potential ventures of by the company. These
investors take a stake in the venture for the investment made (Corsatea, Giaccaria
and Arántegui, 2014). There are some advantages and disadvantages of the
venture funding. Main advantage of mentioned source of finance is that during
different stages of project, required amount can be obtained from the venture
capital firm easily. Thus, sufficient amount of fund is available through mentioned
source of finance. Main demerit is that cost of venture capital finance is so high
and nearby to 50% shareholding is given to VC firm. Thus, firm have to bear
burden of heavy cost of finance and control of real owners on the firm is reduced.
However, the situation where firm stands venture capital is the only source of
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finance on which firm can focus to meet its needs.
4. Cloud funding: It is another alternative that is available to the firm and under this
through internet firm can raise 7 million amounts from different individuals. Main
advantage of cloud funding is that it is very easy approach through which in small
proportion large amount of fund can be raised from the market. Main limitation is
that it is not necessary that firm will successfully raise entire required amount
through this source of finance. Thus, any company cannot solely depend on cloud
funding to meet its needs.
Suggested source of finance
Venture capital as a source of finance is suggested to the firm because it has already taken
heavy loan from the market. There is probability that firm if intend to raise fund through equity
offer, which might remain unsubscribed. Thus, fund will be raised from venture capital so that
sufficient amount of fund may be available on time at different stages of project.
The company can also fund the project with the combination of the above financing
alternative. A good combination will require a part of equity and credit potential.
Short term financing alternatives: Short-term working capital needs or requirement of
finance to run the day to day errands:
1. Short-term loans: The Company can apply for short-term working capital loans
from commercial banks to run the day-to-day activities of the production in
application of a new plan of product line expansion. It is mandatory for the
managers to ensure that they will be able to pay short-term loan on time
(Caglayan and Demir, 2014). Default in repayment can tarnish firm image among
customers.
2. Loan from friends: Firm can take loan from business friends to meet its short-
term financial needs. This source must be kept as alternative option in case bank
deny from giving short-term loan to firm.
©Critical evaluation of financial worth
As we go through the New Life Brewery's statement. The 6 years of sales statement is
given in which up to 3 years the organization sales 100000 commodity at wholesale rate of 8 per
bottle. After 3 years until 6th year there is increment in the sales of the products which is 25000
per year at the same wholesale rate. Increase in sales is helpful for raising revenue, staff
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production cost is 3 per bottle charged annually on the number of bottles. The ingredient cost
was at 1£ on total bottles every year. Profit earned by the organization per year is calculated by
subtracting the sales revenue from the total production costs. Average calculated on the basis of
profit per year was 500000 which is divided by the company's initial investment of 1000000 and
reflects the average rate of return of 50.00%
Table: Average rate of return for 10 years
Year Cash flows
1 366972.5
2 336672
3 308873.4
4 708425.2
5 649931.4
6 -596267
7 547034.2
8 501866.3
9 460427.8
10 422410.8
Average of cash flows 370634.6
Total investment 7000000
ARR 5%
Years Cash flows
1 366972.5
2 336672
3 308873.4
4 708425.2
5 649931.4
6 -596267
7 547034.2
8 501866.3
9 460427.8
10 844821.6
11 775065.7
12 711069.5
13 652357.3
14 598492.9
15 549076.1
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16 0
17 462146.4
18 423987.5
19 388979.3
20 356861.8
Average of cash flows 452339.7
Total investment 7000000
ARR 6%
Accounting rate of return is a financial ratio used in capital budgeting of an organization.
It is the average of rates on the sales on product. It generates from the net income of capital
invested (Haifeng, 2012). The ARR can be calculated by dividing the average of profits earned
annually by the organization to the average initial investments made by them. It can be seen from
the table given above that ARR of project is 5%, which is very low and ARR of project for 20
years is 6%. It can be said that project is not profitable for the firm.
Critically evaluate
Table 1: Contribution analysis
Sales price 8
Variable expenses 4
Contribution analysis 4
Contribution analysis is the process to calculate the contribution done on the particular
operation. It analyses the factors which are internally or externally affecting the operation of the
organization. It takes a company's all fixed accounts, direct or indirect costs incurred during the
manufacturing and production process and subtracted from the revenue. This process is helpful
in the growth of business. Value of contribution is 4 which means that on per unit of the product
after subtracting variable expenses from the sales price value remained is profit earned on each
unit. It can be said that on per unit sale firm is earning profit equal to mentioned value.
Table 2: Breakeven point
Sale price 8
Staff 3
Materials 1
Contribution 4
Break Even Point (BEP) 4
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Breakeven point is the point at which the organization is balanced at no profit or no loss. The
organization has earned the equal amount as it has spent over the manufacturing process. The
production cost is same as revenue occurred. It can be seen from the table given above that
breakeven point value is 4 which reflect that firm needs to sale very less quantity of goods in the
market in order to cover fixed cost of business.
Table 3: Calculation of payback period
Investment -7000000
1 366972.5 -6633028
2 336672 -6296356
3 308873.4 -5987482
4 708425.2 -5279057
5 649931.4 -4629126
6 -596267 -5225393
7 547034.2 -4678359
8 501866.3 -4176492
9 460427.8 -3716065
10 422410.8 -3293654
Table 4: Calculation of pay back for 20 years
-7000000
1 366972.5 -6633028
2 336672 -6296356
3 308873.4 -5987482
4 708425.2 -5279057
5 649931.4 -4629126
6 -596267 -5225393
7 547034.2 -4678359
8 501866.3 -4176492
9 460427.8 -3716065
10 844821.6 -2871243
11 775065.7 -2096177
12 711069.5 -1385108
13 652357.3 -732751
14 598492.9 -134258
15 549076.1 414818.5
16 0 414818.5
17 462146.4 876964.9
18 423987.5 1300952
19 388979.3 1689932
20 356861.8 2046793
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Interpretation
The payback period refers to the duration on which the revenue is generated same as the
fund expended as the investment made on product (Sinha and Labi, S2011). It is a part of capital
budgeting. Payback period is the method that is used to evaluate and to measurw the viability of
the project. Table that is given above is reflecting that project is not profitable for the company if
same if for 10 years. However, if this project run for 20 years then same will become profitable
for the firm. This is because by earning mentioned cash flows, cost of project cannot be covered
easily and due to this reason project not seems viable for the firm. However, in duration of 20
years, cost is covered and due to this reason project is generating profit for the firm. There are
varied positive and negative points that are associated with the current project. One of the main
advantage of using mentioned approach is that it is very easy to apply payback period method on
dataset. Any person that has does not have knowledge of finance can use and apply payback
period method on dataset. However, there are few limitations of the mentioned approach because
some of important concepts are not taken in to account for calculation like payback period
method. In case of this method discounting cash flow approach is not used by using which
present value of cash flow can be computed. Thus, there are positive and negative points of both
approaches.
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Table 4: Calculation of NPV for 10 years
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10
Volume 100000 100000 100000 250000 250000 250000 250000 250000 250000 250000
BUILDING -5000000
Equipment -2000000 -2000000
Sales 800000 800000 800000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000
Staff -300000 -300000 -300000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000
Materials -100000 -100000 -100000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000
Cash flows
-
7000000 400000 400000 400000 1000000 1000000
-
1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000
Discount rate
1.09 1 0.917431 0.84168 0.772183 0.708425 0.649931 0.596267 0.547034 0.501866
0.46042
8 0.422411
DCF -7000000 366972.5 336672 308873.4 708425.2 649931.4 -596267 547034.2 501866.3
460427.
8 422410.8
NPV -3293654
Table 5: Calculation of NPV for 20 years
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11
Volume 100000 100000 100000 250000 250000 250000 250000 250000 250000 250000 250000
BUILDING -5000000
Equipment -2000000 -2000000
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sales 800000 800000 800000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 3000000 3000000
staff -300000 -300000 -300000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000
materials -100000 -100000 -100000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000
Cash flows -7000000 400000 400000 400000 1000000 1000000 -1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000 2000000 2000000
Discount rate
1.09 1 0.917431 0.84168 0.772183 0.708425 0.649931 0.596267 0.547034 0.501866 0.460428 0.422411 0.387533
DCF -7000000 366972.5 336672 308873.4 708425.2 649931.4 -596267 547034.2 501866.3 460427.8 844821.6 775065.7
NPV -2871243
Y12 Y13 Y14 Y15 Y16 Y17 Y18 Y19 Y20
250000 250000 250000 250000 250000 250000 250000 250000 250000
-2000000
3000000 3000000 3000000 3000000 3000000 3000000 3000000 3000000 3000000
-750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000 -750000
-250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000 -250000
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2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 0 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000
0.355535 0.326179 0.299246 0.274538 0.25187 0.231073 0.211994 0.19449 0.178431
711069.5 652357.3 598492.9 549076.1 0 462146.4 423987.5 388979.3 356861.8
Interpretation
It is one of the important method that is used for project valuation. Mentioned method is used on large scale by the firms for
evaluating project. This is because in the mentioned method concept of net present value is used. Present value is the concepts, which
reflect the current value of the project (Song, Wang and Li, 2013). It can be observed from the table that discount rate of 10% is used
in the current project to discount cash flows. NPV of the project is 2003932 which is very huge in number and it can be said that
project seems to be profitable for the firm. Managers must be make investment in the project because same is viable for it. There are
certain merits and demerits of the net present value method. One of the main advantage of the net present value method is that concept
of present value is used. There is huge importance of the mentioned method for the firm because present value concept has wide
application. Present value concept is used in impairment of asset in accounting practices. Under this fair value of asset is computed
regardless of the market price of asset in the market. One of the major demerit associated with project is that calculation process is too
complex and one that does not have knowledge of finance cannot apply mentioned technique in proper manner on cash flows. Thus,
wrong results can be obtained. Apart from this, it is very difficult task to estimate discount rate. If it will be wrongly estimated then in
that case calculation will reveal the firm may select wrong results and unprofitable project. Calculation can be done by measuring the
profit of the organization by subtracting the present value of the total cash outflows from the total cash inflows. Incoming and
outgoing of the cash flows, which denotes the benefits and cost cash, flows. NPV is helpful in knowing the present value of the
product and useful in measuring the future profit or loss on the product.
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IRR
IRR for project that is for 10 years is -2% and same for project that is for 20 years is 0%. This means that project is not
profitable for company.
Challenging the proposed plan:
The CEO of the new life brewery proposed a plan to expand the line of products by introduction of a new line of beverages.
The plan also specifies the to expand into the brewery market by distilling gins, vodka and cognac and then storing all in used beer
casks to infuse the flavours of the New life brewery beer. The original plan proposed had following details.
Cost of extending the brewery for allowance of distillation process £5.0 million
Cost of purchase of new equipment for production £2.0 million
Wholesale price per bottle £8.00
Cost of staff production is per bottle is thought to be £2.50
The new equipment’s have been estimated for a life of 6-8 years.
The sales expected for first 1-3 years was 100000 bottles and raising up to 500000 upto eight year. This is estimated because demand
of product is increasing in market and due to this reason, estimated number of volume can be sold in the market.
Building small portion can be given on lease and from same earning of £250000 can be made in the business, which will help firm in
repaying 5 million amount easily.
Alternate plan:
This report is to propose an alternate plan for the current plan, critically analyse its financial feasibility and appropriation of all
costs and revenues of the alternate plan proposed.
In challenge to the current plan the alternate plan has few changes to increase the profitability and also consider the factors
omitted in the current offer.
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1. The alternate offer is planned with the consideration of ingredient cost in the cost of total production. The ingredient
cost was originally omitted in the current offer which adds up to £1.00 per bottle in the total production.
2. The alternate planning has been done with the far sightedness that the production will be increased by 25000 units in
the third year of production and the trend will be followed thereafter to have a regular growth in the production of the
products.
3. The growth in production will be matched by the increase in price of the product by end of end of second year from 8
to 9 to cover the extra cost incurred from the introduction of the ingredient cost which is omitted in the current plan.
4. The cost of staff production remains the same in the alternate plan as well.
5. The plan considers the total cost during production to be £40000 by the first year and increase with the increase in the
production.
6. The investment done on the production is counted to be £1000000, which is to carry in the years of production.
7. The average rate on return after initial six years of production of calculated to be 62.17% in the alternative plan of
production.
(d)Conclusion and recommendation
Conclusion
The report concludes that the current plan made by the company is not viable and has not enough profitability to cover the
installation cost within two years of start of the new production line. The breakeven point was calculated to check the viability of the
plan, it was concluded after the analysis that the breakeven point calculated was much less and the company can run even on low sales
of the product. Thus, it can be said that firm is in good condition. However, it needs to follow rules and regulations that are prepared
by UK government very tightly. This is because in case its employees failed to follow any rules strict action can be taken against the
firm, which may lead to facing a loss in the business.
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Recommendations
The report suggests that the current plan is viable and can be used. However, an independent liberty was taken to re model the current
plan to increase productivity. The alternate plan suggests some changes in the current plan.
1. The alternate plan suggests counting the cost of ingredient, as they measure up to £1.00 per bottle.
2. It also suggests increasing the production from the third year of the production, as it is important to enhance production and
increase it in alignment to trend.
3. The alternate plan also suggests increasing the wholesale by £1.00 from the third year, so the extra cost of ingredients can be
covered and profitability increases.
It also recommendations to increase the features in the product by the third year to justify the price increment.
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REFERENCES
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Galbreath, J., 2011. To what extent is business responding to climate change? Evidence from a global beer producer. Journal of
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Hanf, J.H., Belaya, V. and Schweickert, E., 2012. Power play in the German beer business: Are German beer co-operatives able to use
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Online
Beer trade regulations, 2012. [Online]. Available through :< https://www.gov.uk/guidance/beer-trade-regulations>. [Accessed on 5th
August 2017].
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